FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXTENSION SERVICES IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA

FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXTENSION SERVICES IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

 

The delivery of Agricultural Extension Services vis-à-vis their effectiveness has been of great concern in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to analyze and compare both the public and private extension organizations with a view to highlighting their performances. The study identified the relationships between personal and demographic characteristics of beneficiaries of both the public and selected private extension organizations on their perception of extension as well as benefits derived from these organizations.

 

A three stage sampling technique was used for the study. The first stage was the random selection of three states namely: Ogun, Osun and Oyo

 

States from the six states in South Western Nigeria. The second stage was a random sampling of three extension organizations comprising of two private extension outfits namely Justice Development and Peace Movement Rural

 

Development Programme (JDPM –RUDEP) and Farmers’ Development

Union (FADU) out of the four existing private extension outfits in the region and public extension outfit in each of the sampled state. The third stage was a random selection of 30 respondents in each of the three selected organizations in the three states. A total of 270 respondents were sampled for the study. Data collected were analyzed with Spearman’s rank correlation analysis to establish the relationships between farmers’ selected personal characteristics and their attitude as well as benefits derived from the organizations. Kruskal Wallis test of difference was used to examine the degree of difference in benefit and attitude of respondents to extension programmes of public and private extension organizations.

Results indicated that in public extension, age was related to benefit (r=0.254, p<0.05) and attitude (r=0.180, p<0.10) of the beneficiaries. Significant relationship (r=0.279, p<0.10) was indicated between attitude and benefits derived by respondents. In JDPM-RUDEP, result showed that age

 

(r=0.254, p<0.05) was significantly related to attitude of beneficiaries towards the extension programmes of the organization. Also, in FADU organization, age (r=0.254, P<0.05) was significantly related to attitude while there is significant relationship (r=0.290, p<0.10) between attitude and benefit in the organization. Results of Kruskal Wallis test of difference ( 2 =0.709) indicates no significant different between farmers’ attitude towards the extension programmes of public and private extension organizations. However, there was a significant difference ( 2=12.074) in the benefit

 

derived by the respondents which include increased quantity of crops produced, farm income, skill acquisition and improved education in public and private extension organizations. Based on these results, it could be

 

 

 

 

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inferred that age of respondents relate to benefits derived and attitude to extension programmes in public extension organization. In (JDPM-RUDEP), age and marital status were related to beneficiaries’ attitude to the extension programme. Strong relationship also exists between attitude and benefit in

 

FADU organization. Beneficiaries of private extension organizations (JDPM-RUDEP and FADU) achieved more levels of benefit from their extension programmes than in public extension organization.

 

The study had clearly shown that public extension services were deficient in their performances which have therefore led to private extension organizations’ involvement in extension services in order to disseminate their research findings and benefits to the rural people. Synthesis of public and private sectors efforts is therefore recommended in Nigeria. This is because government cannot completely hand-off her responsibilities in extension provision due to limited scope of coverage by private organizations especially in South Western Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION  
1.1 Background to the Study 1-3
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3-7
1.3 Objectives of the Study 8-9
1.4 Hypotheses of the Study 9-10
1.5 Significance of the Study 10-11
1.6 Limitation of the Study 11
1.7 Definition of Terms 11-15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW  
2.0 Introduction 16
2.1 Concept of Agricultural Extension 16-22
2.2 Evolution of Extension Provision 22

 

 

 

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2.3  History and Development of extension in Nigeria 22-35

 

  • The Unified Agricultural Extension services (UAES)

 

  in Nigeria 35-36
2.5 Public sector Extension Delivery 36
2.6.1 Criticism of the Public Extension 37-8
2.5.2 Private Organization in Extension Provision 38-42

 

  • Extension Roles Agricultural Development

 

  and Farm Business Management 42-53
2.7 The concept of participation 54-55
2.8 The Concept of Attitude 55-58
2.9 The concept of Achievement 58-61
2.10 Hybrid Sector – Alliance between Public and  
  Private Sector 61-71
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  
2.11 Theory of Community Development 72
2.12 Theory of Farmers’ Participation 72-74
2.13 System Theory 75
2.14 Diffusion of Innovation 76-77
2.15 Synthesis of Theory 78
2.16 Conceptual Explanation of Extension Delivery 78-84
2.17 Conceptual framework for the study 85
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY  
3.1 Area of Study 86
  3.1.1 Geographical Location 86

 

 

 

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  3.1.2 Climate and Vegetation 87
  3.1.3 People and Occupation 87
3.2 Population of the Study 88
3.3 Sampling Procedure 89
3.4 Development of Instrument 90
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Research Instrument 91
  3.5.1 Validity Test 91
  3.5.2 Reliability Test 92
3.6 Measurement of Variables 93
  3.6.1 Independent variables 93
  3.6.2 Dependent Variable 97
3.7 Data Analysis 98

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

 

4.1  Introduction 102

 

  • Personal and Demographic Characteristics of

 

Farmers   102
4.2.1 Age of Respondents 103
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents 104
4.2.3 Marital Status of Respondents 105
4.2.4 Religion of Respondents 106
4.2.5 Level of Education 107
4.2.6 Cosmo politeness of the respondents 108
4.2.7 Sources of Agricultural Information 109

 

 

 

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  4.2.8 Farming Experience of the farmer 110
  4.2.9 Size of Farm Holdings 113
  4.2.10 Land Ownership Pattern 113
  4.2.11 Farming System 114
4.3 Beneficiaries Participation in Extension Works 115
4.4 Reason for choice of organization s’ programme 117
4.5 Frequency of Extension Agent/Farmers Contacts 119
4.6 Performance Rating of Extension Personnel 120
4.7 Beneficiaries Attitude to the Extension Strategies 122
4.8 Achievement of Beneficiaries 125
4.9 Testing of Hypotheses 130
  4.9.1 Hypothesis One 130
  4.9.2 Hypothesis Two 135
  4.9.3 Hypothesis Three 138
  4.9.4 Hypothesis Four 141
  4.9.5 Hypothesis Five 143
  4.9.6 Hypothesis Six 144
  4.9.7 Hypothesis Seven 145
CHAPTER   FIVE: SUMMARY,   CONCLUSION   AND
RECOMMENDATIONS    
5.1 Summary     148
5.2 Summary of Major Findings 151

 

  • Personal/Demographic Characteristics 151

 

5.2.2             Socio-economics characteristics                 152

 

 

 

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  5.2.3 Tested Hypotheses 155
5.3 Conclusions 156
5.4 Recommendations 158
5.5 Suggestions for further studies 159

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

APPENDICES

 

  • Questionnaire

 

  • Emergence of Hybrid Sector

 

  • Authors Conceptual Framework

 

  • Organizations Frame of Operation

 

  • Correlation matrices

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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LIST OF TABLES

 

Pages

 

Table 1                    Distribution J.D.P.M. – RUDEP

 

Beneficiaries

 

84

 

Table 2                    FADU Beneficiaries

 

85

 

Table 3                    Public Extension Benefit

 

85

 

Table 4                    Total sample size of Beneficiaries

 

According to the Organizations

 

in the three states of study

 

97

 

Table 5                    Distribution of beneficiaries

 

responded (Questionnaire returned)

 

98

 

Table 6                    Personal Characteristics (age, marital

 

status, Religion and family size and

 

Gender)

 

102

 

Table 6b                  Distribution of respondents by level

 

of Education, and Cosmopoliteness

 

Table 7                    Distribution of respondents by sources

 

of Agricultural Information, Years of

 

 

 

15

 

Family Experience and size of Farm

 

Holding

 

107

 

Table 8                    Distribution of respondents by pattern of

 

land acquisition and types of farming

 

system

 

109

 

Table 9                    Distribution of respondents’

 

participation Level

 

111

 

Table 10                  Distribution of respondents by reason

 

for choice of extension organization

 

113

 

Table 11                  Distribution of respondents by frequency

 

of extension agents/farmers contacts

 

116

 

Table 12                  Performance rating of Extension agents

 

117

 

Table 13                  Summary of Performance rating of

 

Extension Agents

 

117

 

Table 14                  Distribution of Respondents Based on

 

attitude to extension programmes

 

119

 

 

 

16

 

Table 15                  Distribution of respondents based

 

on achievement from organizations’

 

extension programme

 

122

 

Table 16                  Distribution of respondents

 

based on benefit/achievement category

 

123

 

Table 17                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

between benefit and selected

 

personal  characteristic  in  public  extension

 

126

 

Table 18                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

between benefit and selected

 

personal characteristic in JDPM-RUDEP

 

127

 

Table 19                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

Between Personal characteristics and

 

benefit in FADU

 

128

 

Table 20                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

between attitude and selected

 

personal characteristics in Public

 

130

 

Table 21                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

 

 

17

 

between attitude and selected

 

personal                                                          characteristics   in   JDPM-RUDEP

 

 

131

 

Table 22                  Correlation matrix of relationship

 

between attitude and selected

 

personal characteristics in FADU

 

133

 

Table 23                  Krustal Wallis Ranking of beneficiaries

 

Attitude under public and private

 

extension organization

 

134

 

Table 24                  Krustal Wallis Ranking of beneficiaries

 

benefit under public and private

 

extension organizations

 

136

 

Table 25                  Summary of correlation between

 

attitude and benefit in public

 

and private organizations

 

138

 

Table 26                  Summary of correlation between attitude

 

and patronage of extension activities

 

in public and private organizations

 

141

 

 

 

 

 

 

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  LIST OF FIGURES  
FIGURES PAGE
1. Farinde’s Nodal Extension Delivery Model 74
2. Conseptual Framework for the study 80
  1. Map showing study location in South Western

 

Nigeria 81

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

 

  • BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

 

The role of the public in agricultural extension is currently undergoing a process of change, renewal, and experimentation. It poses not capable to attend the entire demand for extension services by the world’s farmers. In the past, public sector extension was severely attacked for not being relevant, insufficient impact, ineffective, and sometimes, not pursuing programmes that foster equity (Williams and Qamar, 2003). A critical turning point occurred that affected the way information transfers, considered the purview of public sector Agricultural Extension, was conceived and practiced. Not only did the Public Extension System came under public scrutiny and political attack, but was confronted by heightened competitive interests from the private sectors. Public extension is described as the extension activities provided by government under the authority of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) in all states of Nigeria to cater for the needs of farmers. Agricultural Extension is expected to foster a sustainable and dynamic approach to agricultural development and which has remained of great

 

 

 

 

 

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concern to the government and priority for discourse in policy arena (Agwu, et al, 2008).

 

It is the realization of this fact that has made successive Nigerian governments, to make efforts towards raising the productivity level of rural people. The country has therefore, over the years, tried many Agricultural Extension Systems which include Agricultural Development Project (ADP).

 

Agricultural Development Project was initiated in 1975 at the pilot project level, the success of which resulted into many designs which prominently include the statewide project. The statewide ADPs are extension of the enclave projects to other Local Government Areas (LGA) covered by the initial ADPs. Presently, all the States in the country are implementing the statewide ADP.

 

Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) focuses on rural integrated development strategy for agricultural and rural development. The establishment of these statewide ADPs raised the hope of farmers in government genuine commitment to the eliminations of the social political and economic problems that kept them in cycle of poverty (Akinbode, 1989). The ADPs across the country adopted the Training and Visit System (T&V) in order to boost production, solve the prevailing extension problem, foster self-reliance, and sustain the agricultural sector. It is observed

 

 

 

 

 

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that Training and Visit System used by many extension organizations (including ADP) has many weaknesses.

 

These include excessive cost of input delivery, bureaucratic inefficiencies that have aided the poor formulation and implementation of extension programmes, and the failure to address the peculiar needs of farmers.

 

Other problems are poor staff training, inadequate coordination with University and Research Centre, inadequate content of extension message, inconsistent government regulations, inadequate farmers’ involvement, national policy and sustainability.

 

All these have caused much bureaucratic inefficiencies in public extension. It is against this background that the study attempts to compare the agricultural extension delivery and benefits accrued to the participants in the public and selected private agricultural extension outfits in Nigeria.

 

 

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 

There is growing concern for provision of effective and sustainable agricultural extension services to majority of the resource poor farmers in whose hands the bulk of agricultural production is left. Resource poor farmers belong to a complex, diverse and risk prone (CDR) agriculture, which supports several million of people in Africa (Rivera et al, 2003)

 

 

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The importance of agricultural extension system therefore, remains that of a service to enhance the ability of farm families to respond to old problems and meet new opportunities. Agricultural extension system is characterized by shape and character of the institution to which they belong. Rivera and Wheeler (1989) posited that extension is a component of the system operating with other agro-support system in the context of agricultural and technology development. They classified determinants that influence agricultural extension system and characteristic. These are sector difference, institutional structure, socio economic and political goals, and extension approach.

 

Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP) in Nigeria, especially in South West Nigeria, is an agricultural extension outfit designed to achieve, among others

 

  • Establishment of well organized extension programme through Training and Visit (T & V) System.

 

  • Strengthening the co-ordination, supervision and implementation capacity of the ADP.

 

  • Unification, Expansion and Improvement of the quality of services.

 

  • Introduction of effective media support to assist extension agents through the use of diary, radio, television, leaflet and wall blackboard.

 

 

 

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  • Intensification of work with women and

 

  • Intensification of essential farmer/extension/research linkages.

 

Agricultural extension programmes are therefore under pressure to change, because of growing fiscal pressures and questions about effectiveness and efficiency of their service (Rivera et al, 2000). To remedy this problem of bureaucratic management, the public sector has been shifting its services to private sector, sometimes totally as in Nether

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