IMPACT OF MOTIVATIONAL INCENTIVES ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA BREWERY

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

It is known fact that the principal motive of management of any organization is to make individual and people contribute positively towards the activities which it consist. So as to achieve the mission and goal of the enterprise employee motivated.

 

Hermman motivates are based on need such as the physiological requirement for water food sleep and shelter other need may be regarded as secondary such as self esteem status. Affiliation with others compliment and self assertion or satisfaction (Daniel, 1982).

 

A motives as well as directs motivate their subordinated is to say why they do those thing, which they hope will satisfy, these drives and desire as to induce in the subordinate so as to act in a desired manner if the motivation of employee is to be more productive and for it to produce at a high level of quality often required what a variety of an incentive be used in varying proportion as can best be esteemed by managerial personnel. Because of the differences in need patterns and their ever changing natures, the incentives that may be best for one group or an individual may not be effective for another of a particular time.

 

The use of motivational tool does not only involves the monetary aspect but also comprise non financial incentive such as transportation facilities accommodation facilities welfare services etc one need to explain the non-financial incentives aspiration the typical employer.

 

It is usually the responsibility of the supervision to ensure that the employees feels that the up (the organization) came about their views and suggestion on work emplacement, income simplification and such other routine matter (Ibekwun 1984).

 

It is describe that job should be varied or given to employee accomplished which boost their age and gives them a feeling of pride and sense of achievement more also job security can serve as an incentive which includes some individuals to remain with an organization so as to reach animal satisfactory level of performance.

 

Hence motivation tend to be cost to their employee while it is a benefit or major source of income to employees. No organization can hopefully succeed without the effort of the employees performance with focus on Nigeria Breweries Plc as case study.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the past years there has been a steady increase in most Nigerian industries, the crisis is as a result of a poor working condition, strigent rules, poor and delayed payment of workers wages and salaries.

 

 

 

 

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Impact of Insurance Service on Business Survival in Niger Insurance Plc Kaduna

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

The research is to be conducted on “The impact of insurance service on business survival in Niger Insurance Plc Kaduna. Insurance is meanly concerned with provision of financial security or protection of industries, institution and individuals against their economic losses, since they have content with the risk and uncertainties associated with business properties and life.

 

Therefore, Insurance creates awareness for the society since they are faced with a lot of risk such as accident, job termination, fire-outbreak, thief, flood, death. Insurance exists in order to ensure the survival of the business, there by fastening economic development and growth all over the world. Insurance is actively wolves in the protection of investment by providing cover against risk which may disrupt project and encourage individuals and organization to harvest good result. The Insurance insuring Public (Individual’s corporate organization and Government) in the economic transfer risks associated with the lives and economic transfer risks associated with the lives and economic activities to ensure companies, they are providing a means of protecting and conserving the wealth of the Nation.

 

 

• Statement of the Problem

Insurance exists in order to ensure the survival of the business, but in these modern days, the rate of unawareness about insurance policies in Nigeria is very low, compared to the developed Nation. The Nigerians are under insured because Insurance companies do not fully appreciate the importance of Insurance marketing in the Security Sector and these are due to adequate training of personnel within and outside the organization that will convince the General Public. Another poor situation of the industry is the insufficient advertisement placement to ensure public enlightenment of Insurance policies. Some Staff never exhibits their ability and technical know-how, because of lack of motivation especially in the Marketing department. Also these above mention are also what Niger Insurance plc faces.

 

 

 

 

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IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ON OPERATION OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

The effect of information and communication technology (ICT) on the operation of stock markets has been a subject of debate in recent times. A school of thought led by authors like Shiller (1989),Summers (1988), Porteba and Summers (1988) would argue that stock markets have become excessively volatile since the adoption of computer assisted trading strategies as the latter increase short-term price volatility and risks.

 

They also argue that very few investors have access to online trading systems. Few actually own computers and have easy access to the Central Securities Clearing System. Many investor, they claimed, do not have access to a system that sends orders to stockbrokers for automated execution.

 

They also contend that ICT driven stock market operations are fraught with fraud and manipulation, which mostly affect individual investors. A case in point relates to the sale of shares without authorization of the stockholders, a practice that is given impetus by greed and dishonesty of some market participants.

 

They further argued that surveillance problems and the lack of proper enforcement of penalties by the legal system make the adoption of a fast-paced ICT system dangerous to investors.

The second school of thought, which includes authors Fama and French (1988), on the other hand, argued that information technology have made stock markets more efficient as attendant stock prices now reflect important information and investors perception of stocks more swiftly.

 

In their contention, ICT has made the capital market more efficient by providing all participants with faster and more effective means of exchanging information. They maintained that new products and instruments have been made readily available as a result of the advent of sophisticated ICT. Evidently, stock markets can be more resilient, possess greater depth and breadth with the intervention of ICT.

 

It must be observed that the premises of the above theorizing are capital markets in developed countries. Would their arguments hold true for the less Developed Countries (LDC)? Which school of thought would appropriately explain the experiences of the LDCs? Perhaps the critical questions that need to be addressed would include: Has the adoption of information technology had a positive or negative impact on the operation of Nigerian stock exchange? Has ICT transformed the way business is conducted on the Exchange? Has ICT benefited the Nigeria investor? The plethora of research questions can go on and on.

 

However, this paper seeks to ascertain how the adoption of information technology has impacted on stock market operation indicators and the way business is conducted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. A possible area of future research would relate to the benefits of ICT adoption by the stock market to the Nigeria (individual) investor, which is not covered in previous studies.

 

 

1.2       Statement of Problem

Information and Communication technology has made a tremendous impact on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in recent time. This has increased investors confidence due to the speed and accuracy at which information is disseminated to stakeholders.

But inspite of this laudable impact of ICT in the operation of Nigeria Stock Exchange, individual in Nigeria do not still have access to stock market trading online other than by going through the brokerage station, as against global trend where investors in other part of the world browse the internet and go for stock market information available on the webpage in order to have an instant informed decision about investment i.e., either to buy or sell the share of a particular firm.

These gap dramatically nudged up the overall volume and volatility of stock market in recent time. As such doubt is expressed to a large extent about the extent of usage of information and communication technology in the Nigerian Stock Exchange with particular reference to automated trading system (ATS).

It is against this background that the subject matter of this research is seen as an empirical problem

 

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THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2010)

 

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of industrialization on economic growth in Nigeria. Because of the link between industrialization and economic growth, both theoretical and econometric analysis are used to examine the contribution of industrialization to economic growth in Nigeria, using GDP as the dependent variable and industrial output, labour force, capital stock and human capital as independent variables from 1980-2010.

 

The results show that industrial output, capital stock, significantly contribute to economic growth while human capital and labour force do not contribute significantly to economic growth. The detailed results are: in industrial output, an increase in industrial output by 1 unit increases GDP by 2 folds; an increase in capital stock increases GDP by over 100 folds; an increase in human capital does not stimulate increase in GDP because the t-statistic is insignificant; and in labour supply, the same remark on human capital applies. On the whole, the adjusted R²value shows that the explanatory power of the model is as high as 92%.

 

The study recommends that government should develop policy measures to improve formal education that will produce graduates relevant for industrial needs of the country, improve legal frame works to protect human right, and property rights, and improvement on social and economic infrastructure to make the industrial sector competitive.

 

KEY WORDS: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

 

 

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION

 

1.1     Background to the Study

Industrialization has been regarded as a veritable channel of achieving lofty and desirable goals of improved technology and improved quality of lives of the citizens of the country. Countries develop their industrial sectors for many reasons: (i) industries have more backward and forward linkages to the other sectors of an economy; (ii) they exhibit increasing returns to scale; and (iii) they have the ability to diffuse technology in the economy wider than the primary sector. According to Bolaky (2011), industriesare very essential in a developing country like Nigeria because the marginal revenue products of labour in the industrial sector are higher than the marginal revenue product of labour in the agricultural sector.

 

Based on this, the releasing of labour force from agricultural sector to the industrial sector increases the marginal product of labour in the agricultural sector and increases the overall revenue and output of the society and hence contributes to economic-growth. Therefore, industrialization is an ideal policy option for sustainable economic growth in Nigeria and it is what the present regime needs to achieve its transformation agenda.

 

Based on the above, Nigeria has designed policies to attract manufacturing and industrial activities during the colonial and postcolonial periods. In the jcolonial era, the focus was to extract rawmaterials from Nigeria to foreign based industries. Like the rest of African countries, the colonial government in Nigeriawas interested in extracting raw materials for its industries at home. For this reason no conscious efforts was made to industrialize Nigeria. It used to be argued that countries should specialize in areas of production that they are best suited. Between the periphery and the centre, the centre had more advantage in industrial output and the periphery in raw materials ( Jhingan, 2008).

In the post-Independence Nigeria, the indigenous government that emerged was very ambitious not only to industrialize, but also to ensure indigenous participation. This led to the emergence of Indigenization policy along with Import substitution strategies. Nigeria had practiced this from 1960s to the early 1980s. It was noticed that the twin policies of import substitution and indigenization could not yield the expected industrialization in Nigeria.

 

Two main problems were encountered here. One, the Nigerian citizens to whom import substitution and indigenization policies favour lack the financial capacity, the technical knowhow, the entrepreneurial ability and the managerial acumen.Second, import substitution necessarily entails inefficiency of local industries because they are not established to face foreign completion and so were over protected. To industrialize, it became necessary to abandon these twin policies.

 

In 1985, Nigeria adopted the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) that was supposed to restructure the Nigerian economy, encourage both local and international investors to invest in Nigerian economy. The implementations of the policy, rather than improving the Nigerian economic performance, worsen the situation, leading to under capacity utilization of the economy.

 

SAP was finally abandoned in the 1990s for private sector to take the leading role in the manufacturing and the industrial sectors of the economy.Government has agreed to take up boosting local technology expertise and promoting small scale industries. It is not yet clear how government intends to improve local technology and encourage small and medium scale industries for stimulating industrial growth in Nigeria.

 

Now that the Nigerian government has decided to play the role of motivating industries through provision of infrastructure and improving the environment where businesses are done, it is not clear how this can affect industrial growth in Nigeria. After one and a half decades, there seems to be no remarkable improvement but rather industries have folded up without new ones coming up. What is the way forward?

 

 

1.2 The Statement of the Problem

The tendency of the industrial sector to stimulate more economic growth has prompted many economists to formulate theories to encourage industrialization. Famous among the early theories formulated are: Leibenstein’s (1957) theory of critical minimum effort thesis; Nelson’s (1956) theory of low equilibrium trap; Rosenstein – Rodan’s (1943) theory of the big push; the doctrine of balance growth; Hischman’s (1958) doctrine of unbalance growth; the import substitution strategy; and export promotion strategy.

 

Overtime, the influences of these theories on policy decisions have been varied. The first three of these theories(the theory of critical minimum effort thesis, the theory of low equilibrium trap and the theory of the big push) emphasize market constraint as a main barrier to industrialization and advocated state intervention to help minimize this constraint through massive investment of resources.

 

The middle two (the doctrines of balance growth and unbalance growth) acknowledge market constraint but advocated piecemeal approach to minimizing the market constraint. The last two theories (import substitution strategy and export promotion strategy) also identified market constraint as the main factor impinging industrial growth in developing countries and advocated the taping of existing domestic market and external market in tackling the constraint to industrialization.

 

Policies of the first theory (the theory of critical minimum effort thesis) were applied by the erstwhile USSR, Chinaand countries           in Eastern European to develop through huge investment in public resources; while the last method (the export promotion strategy) was first applied by Japan, later by the Asian Tigers (Singapore, Hong kong, South Korea and Taiwan) and more recently by the Newly Industrialized Countries: Malaysia, South Africa, Indonesia, etc. (Clunies-Ross, fosyth and Huq, 2010).

 

 

Given the above scenario, can we say that the present levels of industrialization efforts in Nigeria have contributed in stimulating economic growth in Nigeria? What are the impact of labour force, capital stock, and human capital on Nigeria economic growth? These are the questions this study is supposed to address.

 

 

 

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EFFECTS OF LABOUR TURNOVER IN KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD

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ABSTRACT

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study

In all economic activities human effort is the key. It is the human knowledge transferred into activity that give utilizes or value to all commodities. And that means who cultivates and whether he uses a hoe or tractor. It is the same who saws, weeds, processes, store and sells. It is also man who extracts iron ore, processes it into steel.

It postulates that who invents, designs, makes and operates machines is man who creates, transmits and seeks knowledge etc. thus, every human endeavour here one earth has man’s finger print. Thus without human effort which is considered vital for production so many managerial effort would been proved abortive. This effort also is usually called labour.

Labour is the most important resources in organization. This is why labour is define as human effort both mental and physical assertion legitimately applied in production of goods and services so as to satisfy human needs for a reward known as wages and salaries.

In this sense, labour include all labour, semi skilled labour and unskilled which all gear towards the production of goods and services to earn a living through their wages and salaries.

 

 

Statement of the Problem

The problem of labour turnover attract a reasonable percentage of attention in an organization because labour represent the life wire of any organization. The rate at which employee have organization is

 

 

 

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