GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA

GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION                                                                                                     

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Monodoramyristica (Gaertn.)Dunal.,also known as African nutmeg or calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae (Custard-apple family).  Its seeds are widely used as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute becauseof the similarity between the two in odour and taste. Nowadays, however, it is less common outside its region of production(Celtnet recipes, 2011)

 

The genus Monodora contains approximately 15 to 20 species includingMonodora borealis, Monodoraclaessensii andMonodoragrandiflora.Monodoramyristica is easily recognizable by its very long and pendulous pedicels, an undulate upper bract, a large globose fruit with a black and smooth but finely ribbed surface (Burkill, 1985).

 

The Calabash nutmeg tree is native to tropical West Africa, where it grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon. It is also native to Angola,Uganda and West Kenya (Weiss, 2002). Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and became known as Jamaican nutmeg (Barwick 2004). In 1897, it was introduced to Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia, where the trees flowered on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected (Weiss, 2002).

 

 

1.2 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PLANTS

Genetic diversity refers to any variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms. At its most elementary level, it is represented by differences in the sequences of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) that form the DNA within the cells of the organism. Nucleotide variation is measured for discrete sections of the chromosomes, called genes. Thus, each gene comprises a hereditary section of DNA that occupies a specific place of the chromosome, and controls a particular characteristic of an organism (Harrison et al, 2004).

 

Diversity enhances the chances of populations’ adaptation to changing environments. With more variation, it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of alleles that are suited for the environment. Such individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele. The population can thus continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals (NBII, 2011).

 

Most organisms are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, and therefore two copies (called alleles) of each gene. However, some organisms can be haploid, triploid, tetraploid or more (having one, three, four or more sets of chromosomes respectively) (Harrison, et al, 2004). Within any single organism, there may be variation between the two (or more) alleles for each gene.

 

This variation or polymorphism is introduced either through mutation of one of the alleles, or as a result of reproduction processes,especially if there has been migration or hybridization of organisms, so that the parents may come from different populations and gene pools. Harmless mutations and sexual recombination may allow the evolution of new characteristics which increases diversity(Andayani,et al.,2001).

 

Each allele codes for the production of amino acids that string together to form proteins. Thus differences in the nucleotide sequences of alleles result in the production of slightly different strings of amino acids or variant forms of the proteins.These proteins code for the development of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism, which are also responsible for determining aspects of the behavior of the organism (Harrison, et al, 2004).

 

Plant diversity is part of the biological diversity and contributes towards achieving food security, poverty alleviation, environmental protection and sustainable development(Frankel 1984).

 

It is being eroded rapidly in important spice plants and other crops mainly because of replacement of traditional landraces by modern, high yielding cultivars, natural catastrophes (droughts, floods, fire hazards, etc.), as well as large scale destruction and modification of natural habitats harboring wild species(Frankel 1984, Bramel-cox and Chritnick, 1998).M. myristica population is threatened by urbanization which damages its natural habitat, and leads to the cutting of most of the trees without replanting.

 

Additionally, the plant is listed under Kew’s difficult seeds due to its inability to easily grow outside its natural habitat(Burkill, 1985). Genetic variation in traditional landraces and wild species is essential to combat pests and diseases and to produce cultivars better adapted to constantly changing environments(FAO, 1994).

 

Molecular tools such as have been found to be more useful and accurate in the study of inter-species and intra-species genetic diversity in several plants. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been successfully employed for determination of intraspecies genetic diversity in several plants. These include Phaseolus vulgaris (Razviet al., 2013),Ocimumspp (Sairkaret al., 2012), Chrysanthemum (Martin et al., 2002), Annonacrassiflora( Cotaet al.,2011), Prosopis ( Goswami and Ranade, 1999), date palm (Corniquel and Mercier, 1994), papaya (Stiles et al., 1993), poplars (Bradshaw, et al., 1994) and amaranths (Ranade, et al. 1997). No such attempt has so far been reported for Monodoramyristica

 

1.3 RATIONALE

M. myristica is largely harvested from the wild and greatly affected by wild fires, urbanization, reckless and uncontrolled felling of trees for timber and firewood without replanting. There is need, therefore, to initiate breeding programs for this orphan crop by first documenting available genetic and phenotypic variations in this crop. The present report was done with this in mind, and should provide the much needed baseline for further studies.

 

 

1.4 OBJECTIVES

The general aim of the project was to characterize accessions of African nutmeg inSouth eastern Nigeria and estimate the range and distribution of genetic diversity.

The major objectives of this work were:

v  To determine the level of genetic diversity among 21 accessions of Monodoramyristica using RAPD technique

v  To compare morphological and yield related traits among the accessions using analysis of variance tests

v  To confirm the efficiency of RAPD technique in genetic diversity studies of this important plant.

v  To identify traits contributing significantly to variation in this species.

 

 

 

 

This article highlights various college of education website in Nigeria. We provide free school Past Questions and answer, jamb exams, jamb registration Form and Admissions List to various students to gain admission into Federal, State and Private College Of Education In Nigeria.  This article will also help students to check admission status of various institutions in Nigeria at a go.

Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list

Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list

Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal college of Education, Kontagora, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Obudu, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Pankshin, past questions, form and admissions list

 Federal College of Education, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list

State college of education Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List

College of Education, Agbor, past questions, form and admissions list

Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list

Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, past questions, form and admissions list

Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Azare, past questions, form and admissions list

Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama, past questions, form and admissions list

Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list

Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Ekiadolor, past questions, form and admissions list

Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Gindiri, past questions, form and admissions list

Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Port Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list

Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto, past questions, form and admissions list

Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list

Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list

Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Ikere, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list

Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Benue, past questions, form and admissions list

Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list

Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Oju, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list

Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list

www.eacoedoyo.com

College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list

FCT College of Education, Zuba, past questions, form and admissions list

Private college of education in Nigeria Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List

Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, past questions, form and admissions list

Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun, past questions, form and admissions list

Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu, past questions, form and admissions list

African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education, past questions, form and admissions list

Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun, past questions, form and admissions list

Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, past questions, form and admissions list

Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka, past questions, form and admissions list

Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba, past questions, form and admissions list

Hill College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list

Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list

College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list

Diamond College of education aba . past questions,jamb news, admission form and list

Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list

ONIT College of Education, Abagana, past questions, form and admissions list

The African Church College of Education, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list

St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba, past questions, form and admissions list

Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun, past questions, form and admissions list

List of Federal Universities in Nigeria

Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University, past questions, form and admissions list

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list

Bayero University, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University of Tech, Akure, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University of Technology, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University of technology, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University Dutse, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University Dutsin-Ma, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Otuoke, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal University, Gusau

Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, past questions, form and admissions list

Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list

National Open University of Nigeria, past questions, form and admissions list

Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, past questions, form and admissions list

Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Agriculture Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Agriculture Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Benin, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Maiduguri, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Nigeria Nsukka, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Port-Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Uyo, past questions, form and admissions list

Usmanu Danfodiyo University, past questions, form and admissions list

List of State Universities in Nigeria admission list

Abia State University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list

Adamawa State University, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list

Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, past questions, form and admissions list

Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden, past questions, form and admissions list

Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list

Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list

Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau, past questions, form and admissions list

Benue State University Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list

Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list

Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list

Delta State University Abraka, past questions, form and admissions list

Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, past questions, form and admissions list

Ekiti State University, past questions, form and admissions list

Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list

Gombe State University, Gombe

Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, past questions, form and admissions list

Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, past questions, form and admissions list

Imo state University,Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list

Jigawa State University, past questions, form and admissions list

Kaduna State University, Kaduna past questions, form and admissions list

Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil

Kebbi State University, Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list

Kogi State University, Anyigba, past questions, form and admissions list

Kwara State University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list

Ladoke Akintola university of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list

Lagos State University Ojo, past questions, form and admissions list

Nasarawa State University, Keffi, past questions, form and admissions list

Niger Delta University, Yenagoe, past questions, form and admissions list

Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, past questions, form and admissions list

Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa, past questions, form and admissions list

Osun State University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list

Plateau State University, Bokkos, past questions, form and admissions list

Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech, past questions, form and admissions list

Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, past questions, form and admissions list

Taraba State University, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list

Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University, past questions, form and admissions list

Private Universities

Achievers University, Owo, past questions, form and admissions list

Adeleke University, Ede, past questions, form and admissions list

Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, past questions, form and admissions list

African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list

Al-hikmah University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list

Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list

Al-Qalam University, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list

American University of Nigeria, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list

Babcock University, Ilishan, past questions, form and admissions list

Baze University, past questions, form and admissions list

Bells University of Technology, Otta, past questions, form and admissions list

Benson Idahosa University, Benin, past questions, form and admissions list

Bingham University, New Karu, past questions, form and admissions list

Bowen University, Iwo, past questions, form and admissions list

Caleb University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list

Caritas University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list

CETEP City University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list

Covenant University, Ota, past questions, form and admissions list

Crawford University, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list

Crescent University, past questions, form and admissions list

Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, past questions, form and admissions list

Fountain University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list

Gregory University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list

Hallmark University, past questions, form and admissions list

Igbinedion University, Okada

Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji, past questions, form and admissions list

Kwararafa University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list

Lead City University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list

Madonna University, Okija

Mcpherson University, Seriki

Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list

Novena University, Ogume, past questions, form and admissions list

Obong University, Obong Ntak, past questions, form and admissions list

Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, past questions, form and admissions list

Pan-African University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list

Paul University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list

Redeemer’s University, Mowe, past questions, form and admissions list

Renaissance University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list

Salem University, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list

Tansian University, Umunya, past questions, form and admissions list

University of Mkar

Veritas University, past questions, form and admissions list

Wellspring University, Edo, past questions, form and admissions list

Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list

Western Delta University, Oghara

List of all the Federal Polytechnics in Nigeria

    Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list

    Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list

    Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, past questions, form and admissions list

Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list

     Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list

     Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list

    Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list

Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list

Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, past questions, form and admissions list

    Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list

 Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list

   Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list

     Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list

         Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list

 Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list

   Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list

  Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, past questions, form and admissions list

     Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, past questions, form and admissions list

    Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list

   Federal Polytechnic, Namoda, past questions, form and admissions list

   Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa, past questions, form and admissions list

  Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list

    Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list

 Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list

 Federal Polytechnic, Oko, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, past questions, form and admissions list

Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list

Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list

Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, past questions, form and admissions list

Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list

Yaba College of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list

List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria

 Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo, past questions, form and admissions list

Abia State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Adamawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua, past questions, form and admissions list

Benue State Poly, Ugbokolo, past questions, form and admissions list

Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list

Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

The Polytechnic, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list

Institute of Mgt. and Tech, past questions, form and admissions list

Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, past questions, form and admissions list

Kano State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list

Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list

Lagos State Poly, Ikorodu, past questions, form and admissions list

Moshood Abiola Poly, past questions, form and admissions list

Nasarawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, past questions, form and admissions list

Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list

Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list

Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke, past questions, form and admissions list

Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, past questions, form and admissions list

Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, past questions, form and admissions list

Adamawa State Poly, past questions, form and admissions list

Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list

Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list

Rivers State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, past questions, form and admissions list

Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen, past questions, form and admissions list

Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State, past questions, form and admissions list

List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria

Allover Central Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Crown Polytechnics, past questions, form and admissions list

Covenant Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road, past questions, form and admissions list

Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko, past questions, form and admissions list

Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Igbajo Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road, past questions, form and admissions list

Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State, past questions, form and admissions list

Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa, past questions, form and admissions list

Interlink Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Kings Polytechnic, Ubiaja, past questions, form and admissions list

RONIK Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city, past questions, form and admissions list

Temple-Gate Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Wolex Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Prime Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun, past questions, form and admissions list

Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udota, past questions, form and admissions list

Ibadan City Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *