THE EFFECT OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ( A CASE STUDY OF OGBE SECONDARY SCHOOL, EFFURUN, WARRI DELTA STATE STATE)

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                                           ABSTRACT

 This paper presents the findings on bullying behaviour among secondary school students in Ogbe Secondary School. The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of teachers and students about bullying behaviour among secondary school in Ogbe. More specifically, the study explore the element of bullying, characteristics of bullying, factors and consequences of bullying behaviour among secondary school students as perceived by both teachers and students. Both qualitative and quantitative approach was used through out the study. In which a cross sectional survey design was adopted. The study gathered 160 informant, where 100 teachers who were obtained through random sampling participated in the study. Purposive sampling was used to identify discipline teachers and students who participated in the interview. It was found that physical aggression was perceived to be the dominant element of aggression. Boys were highly preferred to be bullies than girls.  Also, watching violent films was the dominant factor for aggression and poor academic performance was mostly preferred as the impact of bullying.

 

The study recommends a collective collaboration among all educational stake holders to combat the problem.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ……………………………………………………………….….i

Certification…………………………………………………………………ii

Dedication …………………..……………………………………………….iii

Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………..iv

Abstract……………………………………………………………………v

Table of content………………….…………………………………………vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study……………………………………………………1
• Statement of the problem…………………………………………………..5
• Objective of the study……………………………………………….7
• Research question……………………………………………..….…8
• Research Hypothesis……………………………..…………….……8
• Significance of the study……………………………………..……….9
• Scope of the study …………..………………………………..………9
• Operational definition of terms…………………………….………..10

 

CHAPTER TWO:

2.1     Literature Review…………………………………….………….…11

2.2     Types of Aggression………………………………………….…….16

2.3     Prevalence of Aggression in school………….………………….…21

2.4     Characteristics of Aggression and violence …………………….…24

2.5     Psychological effects of Aggression ………………………………..28

2.6     Intervention strategies………..………………………………….…31

2.7     Causes of school aggression……………………………………….35

2.8     Theoretical frame work ……………………………………………37

 

CHAPTER THREE:

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1     Research Method ……………………………………………………39

3.2     Research design……………………………………….…………….39

3.3     The study population………………………………………………..39

3.4     Sample size and sampling technique………………………………40

3.5     Data collection instrument…………………………………………41

3.6     Method of data analysis…………………………………….………41

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR:

Data Presentation and Analysis.

 

4.1     Socio demographic characteristics of respondent…………..….……43

4.1.1  Sex distribution of respondents……..……….…………….………43

4.1.2  Age distribution of respondents………..………………………….43

4.1.3  Distribution of respondents by religion………………………..…44

4.1.4  Staff level of respondent………………………………..………….45

4.1.5  Respondents level of education……..………………………………45

4.1.6  Analysis of sex differences in bullying

behavior of the students……………………………………………..48

4.1.7 Analysis of level of involvement of the students

in bullying behavior …………………………………………….….50

4.1.8  Analysis of the bullying behavior of the students

in junior and senior secondary school classes …………..………..52

4.2     List of research findings …………………………….,…….………..53

4.3     Discussion of findings ………………………………………………54

 

CHAPTER FIVE:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 

5.1     Summary …………………………..…………………..……………56

5.2     Conclusion……………………………………………………….…57

5.3     Recommendations…………………………………………………..57

 

REFERENCE

APPENDIX

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION:

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

          Aggression among students of secondary school occur world wide, among all problems of secondary school, none is as debilitating as aggression because of its effect on the bully and the victim as well. Aggression is a pattern of  behaviour in which one individual is chosen at the target of repeated aggression of one or others; the target person (the victim) generally has less power than those who engage in aggression (bullies). Baron and Bryne, (2005). Social psychologist in their definition says that aggression is a psychological violence; a sustain aggression that strips a person of control and dignity Paszkiewicz (2010). Based o n this definition, the researcher will accentuate that aggression is using power to hurt or humiliate other person. Aggression is rampart in our secondary school and it has a lot of effects on the students. It’s difficult to discover a secondary school today was aggression does not exist.

 

According to the journal of the American Association; out of more 15,000 public school student surveyed in the United States, nearly 30% reported occasional to frequent involvement in aggression. Whether as a bully, or target or both. In the United Kingdom, the British School Health Education unit found that a quarter of 10 – 11 years old survey were bullied either everyday of “often”, another report says that 15% of Australian children admit to have being bullied weekly, the case with Nigerian school may not be different if appropriate statistic is taken. These figures can be higher in percentage depending on how one defines the problem and view its prevalence. If we will accept nicknaming children and excluding them from games as bullying, then these figures we see would get up to 100%.

 

The characteristics of aggression have two basic parts. Firstly, researcher on aggression indicate that relatively few children are purely victims or pure bullies, rather a long number play both role, they bully some students, and are bullied in return by others (Vermande, Oart, Goudenard Rispens 2000). Secondly, aggression seems to be common all around the globe. Baron and Bryne (2005) asserted that, on this topic bullying has been truly international in scope and has been examined the occurrence of bullying in many cultures. Aggression is played out with alarming frequency now a days and bullies and their victims may be of either gender. Consequently, concerns of parents, policy makers, educators and the public have escalated in awareness that bullying has serious damaging effect for bullying victims, foods and communities.

Countries around the world with the rise in the reported incidents of violence and the links that have been established between violence and aggression. In the western world, much attention has been devoted in stemming the act of aggression but in Nigeria, this act goes on in many schools unnoticed. (Bonke, 2009). Aggression has been defined variously by researchers.

 

According to Lunmdtti cited in Bonke 2009. Aggression occurs when a person will fully and repeatedly exercise power over another with hostile or malicious intent. A wide range of physical or verbal behaviour of an aggressive or anti-social nature are encompassed by the term bullying. This involves insulting, teasing, a busing verbally and physically, threatening, humiliating, harassing and mobbing. Pepler and Craig (2000), cited in Bonke (2009) observed that bullying is the most common form of violence, it is what drives the culture of violence, permitting the most power to dominate the less powerful. Nickel (2005) and Bonke (2009) also defined bullying as the “international”, unprovoked abuse of power by one or more children to inflict pain or cause distress to another child unrepeated or occasion, aggression is a growing and significant problem in many schools around the world. It is the experience among children of being a target of aggressive behaviour of other children who are not siblings and not necessarily age mates. Generally students who get bullied can be regarded as being passive or being submissive victims. They are usually quiet, careful, sensitive, and they start crying easily. They are unsure of themselves and have poor self confidence of negative self-image (Oghiagbephan, 2010). A broad definition of aggression as opined by (Olweus, 1993; Coloroso, 2002 and Bonke, 2009) is when a student is repeatedly exposed to negative action on the part of one or more other students. This physical action can take the forms of physical contact, verbal abuse or making faces and rude gestures, spreading rumours and excluding the victim from a group are also common forms of bullying. This negative actions are not necessarily provoked by the victims for such actions to be regarded as bullying, an imbalance in real or perceiving power most exist between the victims and the persons who victimize him or her.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

          Educational stake holders including the parents, teachers and policy makers in Nigeria have different attitude towards bullying. For instance, in the study conducted across Nigeria by global initiative in 2008, revealed a high prevalence rate of corporal punishment and strong support of parents in both urban and rural schools. Eighty-five percent (85%) of parents accepted corporal punishment as the form of bullying and all pupils dislike corporal punishment. Punishment included contorted body position, frog jumps, and push up, kneeling down, standing in bright sun, lying on sand and lifting stones, with most pupils being subjected to more than two types of corporal punishment (Rawg, 2008).

 EFFECT OF GENDER AND LOCALITY ON ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR AMONG ADULTS.

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CHAPTER ONE:  INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study   –       –       –       –       –       –       1

Purpose of the Study –       –       –       –       –       –       –       5

Statement of the Problem  –       –       –       –       –       –       6

Operational Definition of Terms –       –       –       –       –       7

 

CHAPTER TWO:  LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Review    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       8

Empirical Review       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       14

Summary of the Review     –       –       –       –       –       –       26

Hypotheses       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       27

CHAPTER THREE:   METHODOLOGY

Participants      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28

Instrument       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       29

Procedure –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

Design and Statistics –       –       –       –       –       –       31

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Results     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35

Implications of the Findings       –       –       –       –       40

Limitations of the Study-   –       –       –       –       –       –       41

Suggestions of Further Research        –       –       –       –       42

Summary and Conclusion –           –           –           –           —         –           42

Recommendations     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       43

References        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       44

Appendix I

Questionnaire on Altruistic Behavior     –       —      –

 

Appendix II

Calculation of spilt Half Reliability Coefficient

using pearson product moment correlation

coefficient based on data obtained from pilot study     –

 

Appendix III

Raw scores and squared scores of gender and

locality on Altruistic behavior among Adults       –       –

 

Appendix IV

Calculation on Two-Way ANOVA     –       –       –       –

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table I:    Summary table of mean on the effect of

gender and locality on altruistic behavior

among adults.

 

Table II:   Summary table of two way-ANOVA on the

effect of gender and locality on altruistic

behavior among adults.

 

ABSTRACT

This study investigated gender and locality on altruistic behavior among adults. A total of 100 participants comprising 50 males (25 rural and 25 urban), 50 females (25 rural and 25 urban) were used. The  participants who were within the age range of 25-55 years has a mean age of 41 years. A 15 tem questionnaire designed to measure-altruistic behavior was used. A 2 x 2 factorial design was adopted based on 2 levels of gender as factor; male/female, and 2 level of locality as a factor; Rural/Urban areas. Hence two-way ANOVA – F Test was applied as a statistical test to analyze the data. However, the findings showed no significant effect of gender on altruistic behavior [F (1,96) = 1.13, P>.05]. There was a significant effect of locality [F (1,96) = 67.95 <.01]. Those in the rural area were found to have higher level of altruism than those in the Urban areas. There was no interaction effect of gender and locality on altruistic behavior [F (1,96) = 34.92 >.05]. The findings were discussed in relation to the literature reviewed and recommendations were also made.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

We have considered whether helping could be a genetically transmitted product of evolution. But perhaps helping ruin in families rather than through the whole human race.  Some individuals have a stronger genetically based prosperity to keep than do others. One of the classic puzzle about social behavior is why human perform action that keep society.

In 1944, a young Swedish diplomat named Raoul Wallenberg was sent into Baudapest, Hungary, with instructions from the Nazis. Wallenberg was an imaginative young man whose heroes were Charlie Chaplin and Mark brothers. Wellenberg decided to collect assortment of official-cooking Hungarcain documents, such as driver’s license and tax receipts, and try to pass them off to the German as “Swedish” protective “passports”. In a typical act of creative heroism, he dimmed? On top of a moving train carrying hundreds of Jews to the death camps. He then ran along the roof, dropping the passport through the air vent.

Finally, he ordered the train to stop and release all the “Swedish citizens”. Raoul eventually saved more than 100,000 women, men and children through creative but exceptionally risked actions as (Folge man 1944 Wellenberg, 1990). Another example of altruism is that of Suzu Valadez, the woman who bring food and supplies to people living near the mellican garbage dump.         Altruism is a voluntary help fullness that is motivated by concern about the responsibility of personal reward (Midlarsky Kahana 1944).

Altruism as a prosocial behavior is voluntary action that benefits another person. Prosocial behavior can include; comforting, helping, rescuing sharing, and co-operating, (Elsenberg 1992). In general, prosocial children have parents who are nuturant and supportive, often providing a model of prosocial behavior Zahn and Smith (1992). For instance individual who were active in the civil right movement during the 1950’s and 1960’s were likely to have parents who had vigorously worked for social cases in previous decades (Elsenberg 1992). Batson (1995) aggress that altruism is often selfishly motivated. However, people are sometimes purely altruistic and not the least but selfish. Batson (1995) proposes that we often help other people because we experience empathy, which means that we feel the same pain, suffering, or other emotion that someone else feels for example, you may feel empathy for a friend who did not get the job he hoped for.

We mentioned that altruism is often selfish motivated, specifically, we may help other people for two major selfish reasons:

1. We want to avoid the personal pain of seeing someone suffer or else the guilt of not helping someone in distress.
2. We want to share vicariously the joy that someone feels when his or her life improves.

Notice, then that these reasons represent two different kinds selfishness, the first avoids personal pain and the second seeks out personal pleasure. Batson primary contribution is the research in altruism is that he has demonstrated how people can be altruistic when their empathy is roused, even when neither the “avoiding personal pain” nor the “seeking vicarious joy hypothesis can operate.”

Altruistic people were likely to come from families who encourage their children to think how their own action would have consequences for other people. This focus seems likely to encourage compassion. The parents themselves also served as model of altruistic behaviors. They encourage their children to ignore social class, race, and religion in choosing their friends. As a result, these same children grew into adult who could appreciate the similarities that bind all humans to one another. They are less likely to emphasize the kind of boundaries that separate “as” from “them”

Finally, it is obvious that we can be altruistic for a variety of reasons, we can be altruistic because we want to avoid personal pain and guilty, we are sometimes be altruistic because we want to experience vicarious joy. However, we can also be altruistic when neither of these more selfish rationales is relevant. Instead we help other people because we feel a bond with them. Our empathy is aroused, we want to reduce their distress and improve their lives.

In view of the above, the researcher want to investigate whether such factors like gender and locality will affect altruistic behavior among adults.

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aims of this study are as follows!

To determine whether gender will significantly influence altruistic behavior among Adults.

EFFECTS OF TELE-ADVERTS ON THE NATURE AND PATTERN OF CONSUMERS PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING   : A Psychological Appraisal of Tele-Advert on Consumer Behaviour

Abstract

 

This article reports the results of an experiment carried out among consumers of three competing brands of toothpaste in Lagos Metropolis. The study examined the effects of consumers’ gender, age and exposure to advertorials on the nature and patterns of psychological functioning. The study was anchored on the “associationist bond concept” which is alternatively called the principle of “connectionism” developed by Thorndike. Data were collected from 40(comprises of 20 males and 20 females) randomly selected unsuspected consumers in an experimental set up. Result reveals significant positive correlation between factual memory, visual cognition, and consumer preference and brand awareness. Also, results of MANOVA conducted shows that exposure to advert had significant effect on factual memory, visual cognition and brand awareness respectively. Similarly, interaction between gender and age and between age and exposure to advertorials were significant on consumer’s visual cognition respectively. Specifically, result indicated that visual cognition was higher among young adult irrespective of their gender when they are exposed to tele-adverts. Also, visual recognition was higher among adults who are exposed to advertisement than adults who are not exposed to advertisement. Theoretical and practical implications of the finding are discussed in the light of the challenges demanded by globalization, increased competition and the danger of deceptive advertisement on advertising as a whole.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

The present context of business organisation is situated in increasingly complex, uncertain, and dynamic business environments with multiple realities based on various values, priorities, and requirements. As a result, the challenges demanded by globalization, increased competition, far-reaching socio-cultural and technological developments, and acceleration of changes are bringing about new complexities for organizations. Therefore sustenance of existing customers and attracting new ones in recent times has become a critical factor in business. In fact the seeming growth of many advertising industries is instructive of the fact that, complex and uncertain business environment has lead many organizations to device multifaceted approaches to market their products and services through various techniques of advertisements. Moreover, the essence of being in business by any business outfits is to produce for sales and make good profits. Therefore, the hallmarks of remaining in business as a profit oriented organization is to generate enough sales from its product or services not only to cover operating cost but also to sustain the future of the organization. Indeed, for many organizations, sales estimates are the starting point in budgeting or profit planning (Ayanwale, Alimi, & Ayanbimipe, 2005). This is so because it must be determined well ahead of time, in most cases, before the actual production unit could be arrived at while production units will in turn affect material purchases. In Nigeria today, taking decision on sales is the most difficult tasks facing many business executives. It is so because of the devastating effect of declining economic fortune of people and the nation at large.  Predicting, estimating and determining with reasonable accuracy potential customers demands now requires unfathomable strategies, as there are uncontrollable factors external to the organizations. Ayanwale, Alimi, & Ayanbimipe, (2005) cited that considering the importance of sales on business survival and the connection between customers and sales, it is expedient for organizations to engage in programmes that can influence consumers decision to purchase its products or services. This is why today organizations have developed innovative approaches to brand image development and management, as well as advertising. Now, because we are dealing with rational human being marketers and advertiser have consumer’s personal and psychological factors to contend with. This is because personal factors and psychological factors may create different perception towards different media. For example according to Chang (2007) gender may play an important role in determining the relative effectiveness of comparative and non-comparative advertising appeals. Nowadays, people are moving towards online advertising, mobile advertising or well known as wireless advertising. Mobile marketing provides new revenue streams and opportunities for subsidized access, along with the potential for customers to experience more convenient and relevant content value, sponsored by advertising (Barnes & Scornavacca, 2004). However, in Nigeria tele-adverts remain  the most widely used  strategy to initiate psychological process of moving potential buyers from a state of ignorance to a brand of awareness, reinforcing attention, ensuring reliability of memory and influencing purchase decision, probably because virtually everybody has access to one except in some exceptional cases.

 

Objectives of the study

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity or perhaps the effectiveness of tele-adverts in promoting consumer preference and brand awareness. This study is also designed to achieve the following specific objectives:

• explore the nature and patterns of consumers psychological functioning after an exposure to tele-adverts