A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF AUDITING IN THE AUTHENTICATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

 A CASE STUDY OF NIGERCIAS LTD EMENE- ENUGU

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

1.0  INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NIGERIA LTD
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 

CHAPTER TWO

2:0  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2:1  MEANING AND IMPORTANT OF AUDITING

2:2  TYPE OF AUDIT

2:3  AUDIT OBJECTIVE

2:4  ELEMENT AND CONTENTS AUDIT REPORT

2:5  AUDIT REPORT AND / OR OPINION

2:6  AUDITORS INDEPENDENCE MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE

2:7  LEGAL LIABILITY OF AUDITORS

2:8  TRUE  FAIR VIEW AN ABSTRACTION OR REALITY

 

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND MCTHODOGY

3.1  SOURCE OF DATA

3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

• METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
• SAMPLE USED AND DETERMINATION OF SIZE
• STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDING

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIXES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

In an attempt to analysis the importance attached to auditing as a tool for certifying the financial statement of business enterprise, the researcher had to be very briefly re-cap the origin of auditing and above all those factors that in the first instance necessitated it. Auditing, it was noted became very prominent in the business cycle the world over precisely in the 17^th century following the inception of company form of business. The birth of this form of business arrangement allowed for the severance of this severances the need for accountability arose, and auditing has to be employed to give credibility to such stewardship reports.

Furthermore, the concept of auditing was defined and subsequently classified under two board groups namely according to the nature of work. Also, audit objectives were identified and analysed into primary and secondary objectives respectively. More so, light was shed on elements and content of every audit report, type of audit reports and opinion as well as the meaning significance and those factors.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1:1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The concept of auditing data back to antgenty, the earliest traces of its existence was found in Italy and Egypt amongst great landowners of the middle ages.

 

However, according to afounka (1993), statutory audit  which incidentally forms the main thrust of the research “arose sequel to the inception of company form of business in the 17^th century for trading and other purpose”.

 

This development made it possible for investor to commit their resources in a business without necessarily getting involved in the administration and management of such business. With the passage of time, this practice was further modified such that there was a total split between the ownership and management thus, while share holders retained ownership, the board of director took change of management . under this arrangement it is required that the management should report back to predetermined intervals to the owners of the business they hold in trust. But there are chances that such stewardship report might contain errors, misleading by deliberately or failure to disclose relevant. Information, it then follows that these possibilities will naturally give management periodic report  insufficient credibility.

 

Therefore, it is such probability that under scores the essence of auditing and exercise carried out in accordance with the law to give

’´a stamp approval on the stewardship report”  the need for auditing is heavily on the fact that by giving justification to he accounts of stewardship, users off accounting information namely:. Shareholder, investors, employee, government agencies such as accountants, economists e.t.c. can conveniently rely on such reports for sound economic decision making. It is this understanding that necessitated the making of auditing very imperative to all corporate bodies on annual basis by such government legislations as company and allied matter degree 1990. to ensure that auditor discharge this responsibility efficiently and satisfactorily, they are given unimagination powers and rights.

 

1:2  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NIGER GAS LIMITED

niger gas ltd. Commenced operation in 1962 following it official commissioning by government of the then fastern Nigeria.

 

However due to change in the political structure of Nigeria occasioned via states creation, Enugu state government at present holds controlling shareholding interest with others S.O ALINTA, E.M MICHILLETLE, AND CENTRAL INVESTMENT COMPANY LIMITED (C.I.C) ENUGU CONSTITUTING THE MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS.

 

The company was established to manufacture and at the same time market industrial and medical oxygen. Thus staff strength of the company, presently is put at one hundred and eight (180) employees. Twelve (12) of them belonged to senior management staff with the rest forming the junior and medium level manpower.

 

1:3  OBJECTIVE  OF THE STUDY

the objective of this research are not for

AUDITING EFFIECIENCY FOR IMPROVING COMPANIES PERFORMANCES

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1.4     SCOPE OF STUDY

1.5     LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

1.6     DEFINITION OF TERM

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.2     MEANING OF PUBLIC SECTOR AND SERVICE

2.3     AUDITING PROCEDURES

2.4     MEANING OF INTERNAL CONTROL

2.5     THE ROLE OF INTERNAL CONTROL DEPARTMENT

2.6     OBJECTIVES OF AUDITING

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     SUMMARY

3.1     FINDINGS

3.2     RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

Company performance is very important if such a company

want to achieve its purpose of starting its business without positive impact of any organization, it means that the way of achieving the objectives when the business has commenced will be a difficult situation for that organization.  It is obvious that the performances of companies sis not unto expectation.  That is why the researcher wants to know the impact auditing create in improving companies performances.

Since companies have been encountering some problems like fraud, misappropriation of funds and properties, lack of effective management and others that made people to be asking whether auditing plays any significant role towards ensuring efficiency and judicious use of funds set aside for various purposes.

Some activities and programmes organized by people as re- assumed to be done on behalf of the people.  They are deserved to be assured that eh resources which they put at the disposal of these programmes are effectively, efficiently and economically managed since it is known that not all are judicious in public affairs entrusted to them.

Therefore, for proper and efficient accountability, it is obvious that auditors will manifest their principles to be able to arrive at what is expected of them in order to be convinced that the financial position of the organization as presented show a clear and fair view of the organization.

Consequently, because of biased nature of the organization as a result of poor investigation of the organization position, past rulers have pledged to introduce a more responsible system of government with accountability but their subsequent conduct has shown that they have little or no understanding definition and application of efficiency in the improvement of companies performances.

Auditing which is regarded as one of the recently established professions turn out of the complexity of modern business world.  It becomes relevant so as to discourage people from erring and to expose those that gave wrong account of how they managed the funds and properties under their custody.  The account or report is usually done by means of financial statement.  In order to verify the true and fair view of this report an independent person is needed to audit the account.

The question that is normally asked is in spite of all those provisions and safeguards why is it that one still experience the alarming rate of fraud and misappropriation of public funds and properties by those they are entrusted to safeguard.  That is why a great emphasis has to be laid on proper auditing to improve companies performances in public sectors.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The practice of auditing commenced on the day that an

individual assumed stewardship over another one’s property.  Stewardship is a name given to the practice by which productive resources owned by one person or group are managed by another person or group of persons.  In reporting on his stewardship, accuracy, efficiency and reliability of that information would have been subjected to some sort of critical review.  Evidence has shown that many years ago, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and others utilized their opportunities of using check and counter check on the accounting of public funds in order to maintain efficient and effective accounting of public funds committed to them.

Historically, the Auditor had the accounts read to him since the word audit originated from the Latin ‘audire’ meaning the hear.

The original skill required by the Auditor is that which would enable him to carry out an exhaustive examination of the documents and the books which is from the financial transactions of the business especially with the intention of ensuring that all are in order and that no fraud was committed by the employees.

The main objective is to ensure that he account reveal a true ad fair view of the business and its transactions so that all the activities in the organization will be moving smoothly without any obstacle.

Therefore, since the above mentioned countries were successful on the method they used, this economy has to borrow a leaf from them or even find a better way of accounting for public funds since this is the only way the performance of the organizations will enhance.

in this section, the researcher wants to know how auditing

efficiency helps to improve the performances of the companies.  The effectiveness of an independent is not however limited to statement of credibility derived directly from audit itself.  There is a side effect of  the prospective audit on employees who might be tempted to defraud their employers and also on the side of management that might find it expedient to endeavour to deceive third party by preparing a misleading financial statement.

The problem is that the funds and properties of the organizations are entrusted to certain individuals in the organization and in most cases., those individuals are not brought under thorough surveillance.  The result is that much funds and properties are diverted to personal.

          Anoth

 

SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF PUBLIC SECTO ACCOUNTABILITY IN NIGERIA FOR THE PERIOD 1991 – 2002.

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Objective of the study
• Significant of the study
• Statement of the hypothesis / research
• Scope and limitations of study
• Brief history of Nigerian Public Sector
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Background of Nigerian Public Sector

2.2   Sources of public fund

2.3   Uses of public fund

2.4   Public sector accounting and private sector accounting compared

2.5   Problems and prospects of public sector accounting

2.6   Duties of the government

2.7   The authorization of expenditure from government funds

2.8   Recurrent expenditure

2.9   The burden of public fund

2.10   Organizational framework

References

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1   Research Design

3.2   Definition of population

3.3    Method of sampling and determination of sampling size

3.4    Sources of data

3.5    Description of the questionnaire and interview question

3.6    Method of data analysis

3.7   Statistical test for hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION ANDS ANALYSIS

4.1   Tabulation of responses

4.2   Data analysis

4.3   Test of hypothesis

 

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1   Summary of findings

5.2   Conclusions

5.3   Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix

 

ABSTRACT

 

This course of study is centered on the appraisal of the success and failure of public sector accountability. This is to say that, the essences of public funds are the provision of social benefits to the people who contributed to it. It is therefore, important that the public administrator should be given a clear account of what they did with public funds, if the aim of such an administrator is to complete its tenure in the office this is because people can resist tax payment, if they are not properly informed of what was done with their funds. This study exposes t he individual on his or her right to demand for an account from their trustee as their representatives.

The researcher made out thirty-five questionnaires which, were presently to respondents and which were gathered back after their opinions were given, regarding the basic issues being addressed out of the thirty-five questionnaires distributed, thirty were accepted for analysis.

To finalize the research work, I am saying that there is a very poor attitude towards public sector accounting in Nigeria. It was unfortunate that we could not establish or indicate out major problems. People still wallow object poverty because of corrupt government that placed no value to the individual’s welfare.

Finally, I recommended that, the government must ensure that all politicians declare their assets before assuming office. Their assets are again assessed on the completion of offices by the politicians. All banks that kept ill gotten wealth should be blacklisted and their operating license withdrawn. External auditors should be appointed to audit and publish all government account. Internal auditors should be made to report directly to the government.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every society is made up of individuals, who agree to come under one unit and to be governed as an entity for the society to function effectively, some individual must manage its affairs as it affects the society over all good, be it financial goal, social goal or political goal. Against this background of managing the affairs of the society funds must be raised and used to achieve some of the goal of the society. The funds must rest in the hands of the people’s representatives, to be administered in such a way that maximum social benefit to be achieved.

To the extent of the funds contributed by the individuals and entrusted in the hands of representatives, services will be provides by the use of funds. Eventually then, these representatives will not only keep custody of the funds, they will account to the people who contributed to the funds. This is based however, on the existing of full democratic system of government.

Back here in Nigeria when the public sector accounting did not develop to any meaningful extent, until the coming of the British accounting for the public funds has been posing a lot of problem since the past 1991-2002 era. It is unfortunate that all efforts by the government to encourage public sector accounting did not achieve the desired outcome of providing adequate information regarding the use of the public funds. Proper accountability should demand that, the extent of financial performance of any government for the period ruled by the government.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The bone of the problem of the Nigerian public sector has been the improper accountability and management of the taxpayer’s money entrusted in the hands of their representatives. These representatives have rather to wealth amassment at the expenses of the taxpayers, when it was clear that little or no punishment was meted on them. They would rather be given titles as an encouragement for their fraudulent practices.

Consequently, there is poor rate of development and very poor standard of living of the average taxpayer. The researcher is

THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A BUSINESS.

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENTTE LTD)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION                                                                       1

1.1     Background of the study                                                             1

1.2     Statement of the problem                                                             5

1.3     Objective of the study                                                                  6

1.4     statement of hypothesis                                                                7

1.5     Scope of the study                                                                                 7

1.6     Significant of the study                                                                8

1.7     Definition of terms                                                                      8

1.8     Limitation of the study                                                                 9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW                                                            10

2.1     Accounting as a language of business                                          10

2.2     Users of accounting information                                                  15

2.3     characteristic of Good information                                              17

2.4     Management of information                                                        20

• Basic Accounting concepts 21
• The financial accounting branch 26
• Other accounting branches 32

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     RESEARCH DESGIN AND METHODOLOGY                        44

3.1     The research design                                                                     44

3.2     Areas of the study                                                              44

• Population of the study 44
• Sample and sampling technique 45
• Instrument for data collection 45
• Validity of the instrument 46
• Reliability of the instrument 46
• Method of data administration 47
• Method of data analysis                               47

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     DATE PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS                              48

4.1     Data Presentation and analysis                                                     48

4.2     Test Of Hypothesis                                                                     53

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY OF FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                                                         56

5.1     Finding                                                                                        56

5.2     Conclusion                                                                                  59

5.3     Recommendation                                                                         60

Reference

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This project is one that studies the effect of finical accounting reporting  of the management of a business. Financial accounting covers those activities that relates to the preparation  of certain  reports  which  are known as  financial statement

These statement report the financial status of a firm at a particular time.

The practice of accounting stated since organized life evolved. The early man lived in caves from where he developed into living in communities. Later arose the concept of  specialization. That is each person  went  about doing those   activities  of life for which he was most  gifted. This gave rise to individuals producing certain goods in quantities in excess of what they needed while there were other goods which they need but they did not produce them selves the result was exchange. the first system of exchange was by barter. Later money evolved and replaced barter.

During the stage of barter   recording were done but only the quantities of good exchanged   were recorded. For example in things fall apart,  used white marks drawn on the  walls as record of his indebtedness to others. However as soon as money  evolved all recording were done  in  montary terms.  Another perspective worthy of note about the history of accounting is the impact of the different stage of organized business on accounting. At the stage of specialized in using their skills in creaft and developed the quid system. Here the job was done by one man at most with the aid of members of his family. The guilds system grew and outsiders were employed to work for the owner.

The industrial revolution expanded thee output and gave rise to the factory system of working. As the size of these factories grew it became impossible for one person to set up a factory alone. This gave rise to partnership and of course the joint stock companies. The joint stock act of 1844 is a very important landmark in  the evolution of accounting. It marked the evolution of accounting. It marked the beginning of auditing.

The result of this act is what is known to day as limited liability or public limited liability companies.

The essential feature of the limited liability companies is that ownership is separate from management. Large numbers of owner (shareholder) across the globe invest in companies while a few directors are elected to mange these companies.

This partiarlar development gave impetus to the evolution of auditing as an aspect of accounting. Also the size of these companies and the stiff  competition for funds, markets, new ideas and products gave rise to more rigorous accounting techniques like cost and management accounting to aid management in decision making.

Taxation is another branch of accounting  required to  and management in decision  making. Tax has a lot of implication for management decision on one hand and is an important source of revenue on the other.

Even in the public sector it has been observed that accounting is indispensable as a result government public sector accounting has now evolved to take care of this information need.

One can not do a comprehensive review of the history or evolution of accounting with has  that have been in use.  They are the change and discharge system, and the double entry system.

In the charge and discharge system, the change is made up of the balance held at the beginning of a period to which is added any receipts from the owner discharge is the on flays made to or on behalf of the owner.

It has been cleaned that the double entry system evolved in the  14^th century.

However, it was in the book written by a monk, Luca Pacioli in 1494 titled summa de arithmetic geometric, proportion et proportion that the double entry system was first documented.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

An effective information system is  very important for the functioning of any business. The financial accounting system in most business do not portray fully the principles of accounting systems.

Financial accounting  information involves technicalities such as quantitative analysis adequate recording reporting etc. Some business organization may unknowingly employ incompetent and unskilled manpower and as such the financial accounting information  prepared may not show a true and fair  view of the financial strength profitability and future prospects of the organization.

Some organization have to realism that accounting information is the only medium through which both the management and external users get a clear picture of an organization. If they fail to realizes appreciate an accountants analysis inrespect of the accounting information  generated, this  often leads to poor management decision which will have negative effects on the performance of business organization.

 

THE USE OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION AS A GROWTH AND SURVIVAL STRATEGY IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY

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ABSTRACT

 

The Nigeria business climate has been adjustment by expect as one of the hostile, turbulent and volatile and vet challenging. It stands to reason, therefore, that for tangible success or survival (as the case may be ) to be recorded the active player must know his onion, be acquainted with the train of the Nigeria economy  and be able  to interpret accurately the hand writing of the inter playing force in the economy, some of which have taken renown financial analysts to their wits end. The volatility and vulnerability of the national economy, complete with fragment changes in government policies and legist ration have under accurate fore cast as a vital manegment tool an economic mizage.

Unfortunately through as the situation may seen it offers the “wise group’’ both corporate and individual to prove its mettle when chips are down.

The concept of merger and acqnisituation, which is the theme of the study is contemporary and throw up of many unfolding challenges of Nigeria depressed economy as the wise group of business companies scheme not only to stay afloat but also to flourish.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1   Statement of problem

• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Statement of hypothesis
• Scope of the study
• Limitation of the study’
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1    acquisitions in Nigeria

2.2    Types of mergers and acquisition

2.3    Success and failure of mergers and acquisition

2.4    Reason for failure

2.5    Benefits of merger and acquisition

 

CHAPTER THREE
3.0   Research methodology

3.1   Source of data

Primary data

Secondary

3.2   Sample

3.3   Method of investigation

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data presentation and analysis

4.1   Data presentation and analysis

• Test of hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    SUMMARY, FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1    Findings

5.2    Conclusions

5.3    Recommendations

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX: (QUESTIONNAIRE)