THE ROLE OF  LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN MINIMIZING BUILDING COLLAPSE IN NIGERIA

 

ABSTRACT

The incidences of buildings collapse has become very frequent in recent times, particularly within the country. These incidences of collapse buildings have continued “embraces’ professionals and stakeholders alike in the construction industry, even as all efforts are being made to stem the side of occurrences and mishap. We read on the pages of newspapers or hear from our radios or television sets, news of buildings collapsing and killing or maiming of occupants or workmen on what may now be regarded as a recurrent feature of our national life. It is in dead a very sad aspect of our socio-economic life that we should allow those who do not possess the skills at appropriate levels to design and supervise the erection of buildings and other structures. In view of the every rising prices of goods and services in the country, I think it is about time that those whose duties, it is to act, come out with suitable building codes and bylaws that will guarantee the lives and properties of innocent citizens, who may still perish due to such avoidable mistakes, that have been responsible for the untimely death of occupants of building structures in the recent past. This study is also addressing the need for the local government-authorities to play their roles in the construction industry to stem the spate of building collapse in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION                                               1

1.1  Background of the Study                                         1

1.2  Statement of the Problem                                 5

1.3  Objective of the Study                                      5

1.4  Relevant Research Question                              6

1.5  Scope and Delimitation of the Study                   6

1.6  Significance of the Study                                         7

1.7  Definition of Terms                                          8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                       9

2.1  Historical Background                                       9

2.2  Roles of the Local Government Council Areas              11

2.3  National Building Code                                      15

2.4  Supervisor Control Measure                               17

2.5  Design and Construction Deficiencies                  18

2.6  Negligence, Ignorance and Poor Supervision        19

2.7  Maintenance of Buildings                                   19

2.8  Mis-use of Building                                           20

2.9  Soil Conditions                                                       21

2.10 Construction Malpractices                                 21

2.11 Post Construction Activities                               23

2.12 Materials Quality                                              24

2.13 Fire Hazards                                                    25

2.14 Structural Failure                                             24

2.15 Inexperience of the Builders                              28

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Research Methodology                                      30

3.2  Sources of Data                                               30

3.2.1 Primary Data                                                 30

3.2.2 Secondary Data                                              31

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1  Presentation of Data Analysis                            32

4.2  Responses Collected from Individuals

in the Questionnaire                                                34

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  SUMMARY, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS                                 50

5.1  Summary                                                       50

5.2  Conclusion                                                      52

5.3  Recommendations                                           55

References                                                      66

Appendix                                                        68

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian experience have shown that buildings collapse have taken a lot of lives and properties hence, the need to stop the large increase in the number of buildings collapsing in the country. In the last quarter of 2011, there was a catastrophic collapse of a 5-story hospital building under construction in pape Abuja that led to loss of lives and injuries. There has been series of buildings collapse in Nigeria from North to South, West to East, the story is the same. These ugly incidences that have now become some reoccurring decimal all over Nigeria have sent a lot of Nigerians to their early raves and have equally turned hundreds to disables and also make them homeless.

Whenever this ugly monster shows its face stakeholders always look for whom to blame, because this incidences of collapse buildings has continued to “embarrass” professionals and stakeholder alike in the construction industry. Most at times, the largest proportion of the blame goes to the institutions that are responsible fro the training of professionals in the building industry are ready to accept the blame, infact, they prefer shifting the blames on each other. Even as all efforts are being made to stem the tide. There I should be urgent need to set in motion a mechanism that would ensure that the incidences of collapsed buildings was eradicated or reduced to the barest minimum.

However, it is the work of the architect and the structural engineer to ensure that the structures will not be liable to collapse in Nigeria, were considered as design errors. Failure in design is often attributed to coincidence of factors rather than just a single cause a greater attention is being placed on design errors or inadequacies, where a major factor is the chain of events leading to collapse. The cause of the above is obviously structural and is common in Nigeria, as a result of quacks who practice as structural engineers and architects. These quacks often make errors in their assumptions regarding loading and flexural conditions, coupled with poor detailing and drafting, carelessness in treatment of constructions, improper location, inadequate attention to thermal and shrinkage effects; others are inadequate site investigation, improper planning and absence of professionals to give the technical input, improper selection of materials and lack of maintenance.

A look at most collapsed buildings, shown that often, it is the absence of building code and regulation leads to collapse, mostly due to structural issues.

According to Parker Gay, Mac Guire (1958), the negligence and ignorance constitute building collapse in Nigeria. Majority of owners of collapse buildings are illiterates who are ignorant of the existence of professionals in the building industry. Failure in building also occurs as a result of misuse of buildings. Buildings of different structural designs serve different purpose, structural design for residential building is different from industrial building.

Despite the various efforts, the rate of building collapse to date has continued unabated with two building collapsing in Lagos within a week. Government at all levels have not shown or displayed concern for the ugly occurrences. Most of design and plans are good but no monitoring and supervision. Most time, owners of buildings and other professionals want to cut corners. Howe can good quality work be guaranteed when there is no sincerity on the part of those involved and professional are not allowed to the job.

Thus in Nigeria today, all building specifications are to maintain the British Standard (BS). This gave to the Enugu Urban District Council Building Bye Law. This has undergone a lot of modification since 1954 and the most recent which was standard for the whole state.

Regrettably, the operatives noted, the increasing rate of buildings collapse witnessed in Nigeria in recent years has reach such a disturbing state that governments and federal and sate levels had to step up attention at adopting intervention measures to minimize the ugly situation in the building industry.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The building collapse syndrome has taken a lot of lives and properties in Nigeria due to

–             Non-professionals and quacks involved in the construction process, in the Nigerian experience;

–             The use of sub-standard materials, components and products;

–             Improper planning;

–             Absence of building code/regulations in the industry;

–             Lack of maintenance culture;

–             Inadequate soil investigation;

–             Poor detailing and drafting, etc.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

(i)         The aim of this project is to stop the increasing number of the building collapse in the country, so as to protect the health, safety and general welfare of the building users.

(ii)       To eliminate the incessant collapse of buildings in the country, so as to protect image of the country within the comity of nations.

1.4  RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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AN APPRAISAL OF BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN BY FACILITIES MANAGERS IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT
Happenings all over the world have shown that no business facility is devoid of disaster. It is in the light of the above that good facilities management practice, demands a proactive approach to such problems by preparing business continuity plan (BCP). This research project is undertaken to appraise the plans prepared by the facilities management firms in Nigeria as fall back measure in case of any disruption in organizations business procedures. Field survey was undertaken with structured questionnaire and oral interviews with stakeholders as the instruments of research. Purposive sampling was adopted in the interview. Seventy questionnaires were distributed out of which forty three were completed and returned, giving 61.4% response. Results showed that although facilities managers in Nigeria are well aware of the risk portfolio of their organizations, but adequate measures are not put in its proper place to prevent and prepare for any eventuality. For example, respondents opinion on how often BCP is being used in managing facilities shows that 65.1% do not use it often, 69.8% agreed that BCP is based on demand by client/organization. The outcome of the result of the study showed that even if BCP is in use, it is not proactive, also refusal of government and clients to request for BCP contributed to the lack of preparation of plan. It was recommended that government should make it mandatory for all organizations to request facilities managers to prepare BCP to guide and prepare for any eventuality in the form of disasters and their position as part of their financial statement. Professional bodies and associations affiliated to disaster management, should assist organizations by organizing workshops, trainings, awareness campaigns for personnel of such organizations.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
While governments, not-for-profit institutions, and non-governmental organisations also deliver critical services, private organisations must continuously deliver products and services to satisfy shareholders and to survive. Although they differ in goals and functions, business continuity planning (BCP) can be applied by all governments.

Elliot et al (1999) defines business continuity planning as identifying an organisation’s exposure to internal and external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention and recovery for the organisation, while maintaining competitive advantage and value system integrity.

There is much misunderstanding of business continuity management (BCM) and as yet no commonly practiced methodology for the assessment of an organisation in this regard (Honour 2001). Elliot et al (1999) noted that there is no structured implementation of capabilities to directly address the risks presented to us in the modern world. These newly emphasized risks in partnership with the inherent vulnerabilities resulting from the lack of a structured approach to BCM calls for a more robust and measurable means of protecting our continuity management that is continuity assurance.
As the name implies, continuity assurance is concerned with actively planning to avert the threat or reduce from the act, though this recovery is implicit in the approach detailed in this work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Management of facilities in developing countries like Nigeria is replete with a lot of problems. Prominent among them is the disruption of business operations, delays, ineffective or poor quality service. This is due to lack of clear understanding of those organisations risk profile or portfolio and absence of proactive measures that will ensure the continuation of critical business operations. As a result of the aforementioned, this affects the organisations in many ways, e.g. service provision is poor or substandard, profit maximization is seriously affected and the reputation of the organisation is equally affected, etc.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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USE OF BUILDER’S PLANT IN CONTRACT EXECUTION BY INDIGENOUS CONTRACTORS IN NIGERIA

(PROBLEMS AND REMEDY IN THE USE OF BUILDER’S PLANT IN ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

This project report explains the use of builder’s plant in contract execution by indigenous contractors in Nigeria and the maintenance management of those builders plant. This report also deals on the scope and definition of builder’s plant. Furthermore, this project report deals with the aim, objective and importance of the study and also provide the literature review which deals with the need for application of plant in contract execution and the implications of the relevant plants in various contract particularly in Enugu state. Down is some possible factors that militate against a successful contract made by unavailability of builder’s plant. In addition, it also emphasizes on the method adopted in the research of this study. The write up further explains how long a particular machine can be use and it will be due for maintenance and also how breakdown are being taking care of in some construction companies. At the end, it deals with the corrective measure to be apply in upgrading the use of construction plant in contract execution in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  Background of the Study                                         1

1.1      Statement of the Problem                                 2

1.2      Aims and Objectives of the Study                      3

1.3      Scope of the Study                                          4

1.4      Significance of the Study                                         4

1.5      Limitation of the Study                                     6

1.6      Research Questions                                          7

1.7      Definition of Related Terms                               7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                       10

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                               24

3.1      Research Design                                              24

3.2      Area of Study                                                  25

3.3      Scope of Work                                                25

3.4      Population                                                      25

3.5      Instrumentation                                              26

3.6      Validation of Instrument                                   28

3.7      Method of Data Collection                                 28

3.8      Method of Data Analysis                                   28

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      Findings and Data Analysis                                29

4.2      Statement of Breakdown in Plants                      29

4.3      Presentation of Data Analysis                            34

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  DISCUSSION, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATION                                   36

5.1      Discussion of the Study                                    36

5.2      Conclusion                                                      39

5.3      Recommendations                                           40

Bibliography                                                    42

Questionnaire                                                  4

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Science and technology have been striving hard to enhance the living standard of man by eliminating stressful method of production with the invention of more efficient and productive methods. This scientific advancement is spread over all areas of human endeavor.

Therefore in the indigenous construction, where the traditional method of construction was providing difficult and tedious with such problem of high work load without adequate skilled labour to carry out the work efficiently and effectively to meet the societal demand.

Hence, the use of builder’s plant by the Nigeria indigenous contractors to supplement the shortage of labour, there by requiring a minimal skilled labour for a relatively large volume of work, and by increasing the speed of construction, can result to earlier completion, enabling the building owner to occupy the building and recover his capital outlay at an earlier date.

Mechanical plant/builder’s plant may also be introduced to carry out operations for which manual labour is not available or is in short supply or to carry out operation which cannot be done either economically or physically by manual labour.

The introduction of this builder’s plant can reduce the effort required to be made by the operators in carrying out his work and can improve his working condition.

1.1  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Certain setback exists over the years to militate against the various indigenous construction firms in Enugu state from the use of builder’s plant in construction work. These operational problems may includes the following:

–             Lack of exposure – The ability of the indigenous contractors to be expose to construction plant as professional.

–             Lack of capital – The money involve for purchasing or hiring of the construction plant which is needed by the indigenous construction firms.

Availability of trained manpower – The use of powered and sophisticated factors based, mobile and fixed machinery in building construction industry, etc.

Meanwhile, these operational problems confronting the indigenous contractors if overlook or neglected might impede the industrialization process of the construction industry in Enugu state.

Therefore in view of these observations, there is absolute need for remedy and prevention of the problems from further confrontation of the indigenous contractors.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

AN APPRAISAL OF BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN BY FACILITIES MANAGERS IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT
Happenings all over the world have shown that no business facility is devoid of disaster. It is in the light of the above that good facilities management practice, demands a proactive approach to such problems by preparing business continuity plan (BCP). This research project is undertaken to appraise the plans prepared by the facilities management firms in Nigeria as fall back measure in case of any disruption in organizations business procedures. Field survey was undertaken with structured questionnaire and oral interviews with stakeholders as the instruments of research. Purposive sampling was adopted in the interview. Seventy questionnaires were distributed out of which forty three were completed and returned, giving 61.4% response. Results showed that although facilities managers in Nigeria are well aware of the risk portfolio of their organizations, but adequate measures are not put in its proper place to prevent and prepare for any eventuality. For example, respondents opinion on how often BCP is being used in managing facilities shows that 65.1% do not use it often, 69.8% agreed that BCP is based on demand by client/organization. The outcome of the result of the study showed that even if BCP is in use, it is not proactive, also refusal of government and clients to request for BCP contributed to the lack of preparation of plan. It was recommended that government should make it mandatory for all organizations to request facilities managers to prepare BCP to guide and prepare for any eventuality in the form of disasters and their position as part of their financial statement. Professional bodies and associations affiliated to disaster management, should assist organizations by organizing workshops, trainings, awareness campaigns for personnel of such organizations.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
While governments, not-for-profit institutions, and non-governmental organisations also deliver critical services, private organisations must continuously deliver products and services to satisfy shareholders and to survive. Although they differ in goals and functions, business continuity planning (BCP) can be applied by all governments.

Elliot et al (1999) defines business continuity planning as identifying an organisation’s exposure to internal and external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention and recovery for the organisation, while maintaining competitive advantage and value system integrity.

There is much misunderstanding of business continuity management (BCM) and as yet no commonly practiced methodology for the assessment of an organisation in this regard (Honour 2001). Elliot et al (1999) noted that there is no structured implementation of capabilities to directly address the risks presented to us in the modern world. These newly emphasized risks in partnership with the inherent vulnerabilities resulting from the lack of a structured approach to BCM calls for a more robust and measurable means of protecting our continuity management that is continuity assurance.
As the name implies, continuity assurance is concerned with actively planning to avert the threat or reduce from the act, though this recovery is implicit in the approach detailed in this work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Management of facilities in developing countries like Nigeria is replete with a lot of problems. Prominent among them is the disruption of business operations, delays, ineffective or poor quality service. This is due to lack of clear understanding of those organisations risk profile or portfolio and absence of proactive measures that will ensure the continuation of critical business operations. As a result of the aforementioned, this affects the organisations in many ways, e.g. service provision is poor or substandard, profit maximization is seriously affected and the reputation of the organisation is equally affected, etc.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity is one out of the eleven (11) core competencies in the management of facilities. This needs a holistic study of the core competencies to see ways and means for effective facilities management. Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is suppose to be properly put in place for any business to strife, be it small, medium or big.
It is in the light of the above that a critical look at plans that are supposed to be put in place by FM for business to continue and also to mitigate any negative effect of any disaster on the organisation.
It is an acknowledged fact that one of the important and necessary conduction for smooth successful and effective management of any facility devoid of any interruption that may have far reaching impact on the organization is the putting in place proactive measure to ensure the continuation of critical activities considering the facilities management practice in Nigeria (being at the development stage) a feedback system is needed or information is needed on how this important activities were undertaken especially the approach adopted, (1) quality of the plan, (2) how they are implemented and (3) problems relating to the implementation and above all the quality of human resource who prepares and implement (facilities management) this will enable the facilities management practice to benefit from such results.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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