A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

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ABSTRACT

 

Internal control is an important tool by which management aims to achieve its object, of ensuring as far as practical  the orderly and to efficient conduct of the business of the enterprise it is an indispensable aid to efficient management particularly in large scale organization where it is impossible for management to be physically present to all sense of action.

The research project is control in the private sector in order to find out whether move is a difference between the two and also to find out reason for these of suggesting ways of improving internal control in the public sector.

In order to  achieve the objectives of this research four organization are used two from the public sector (Enugu state Institute) ie (PROUDA) and also two from the private sector (Eastern shop Nigeria limited Enugu all in Enugu State, were made use of properly  validate research and oral interview were used in a means of data collection for the purpose of the study.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1     Purpose of the study

• Significance of the study
• Scope of the study
• Limitation of the study
• Definition of terms

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Definition of internal control

2.2     Functions

2.3     Relevance of study

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Summary of finding, Conclusion Recommendation

3.1     Summary

• Finding
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

• INTERODUCTION

1.1     INTERNAL CONTROL

This is the system by which management  maintains control over the purchase  reserving storing and selling of merchandise strong internal control we needed not only for purchases and sales transactions, but for all other types of transaction as well. In fact the concept of internal control  we needed not only for purchases and sales transactions, but for all other types of transaction as well. In fact the concept of internal control affects all assets and liabilities the revenue control is to provide assurance that the entire business operates in according with management’s plan and policies.

A system of control within the organization included all measure taken by an organization for the purpose of the following.

1. Protecting its resources against western fraud inefficiency.
2. Ensuring accuracy and reliability in accounting and operatry data.
3. Security compliancy with company policies
4. Evaluating the level of performance in all division of the company.

Many people wants of internal control as only a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and liabilities and preventing fraud. This is only a port of it role. A primary objective of me system of internal control is to ensure my reliability of the accounting and operating data used in decisions –making.

The public sector or social corporations the moves corporation in which Government investment are made and which provide basic amenities that cannot be price and even if they are prices are usually provided free or almost free to my people because may are politically expedient. The public sector also includes companies an organization in which the government has a computer control or at leas 81% of the equity.

The comparative as used in the contextual this study is aimed at evaluating the equity of internal control in the public  sector and the quality of the internal control in the private sector.

 

1.1     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

          An agency’s management is required to include an assurance statement on the internal controls over financial reporting in the annual performance and accountability report as described  in section Vi reporting on internal control. This statement is management assessment of the effectiveness of the agency’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30 of the fiscal year (see exhibit 2), this assurance statement is required to include the following.

A statement of management’s responsibility for establishing and

THE IMPLICATION OF COMMON CURRENCY FOR WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1

1.1     Background of the study                                         1

1.2     Statement of the problem                                         4

1.3     Purpose of the study                                                5

1.4     Research questions                                                  6

1.5     Significance of the study                                         6

1.6     Scope and limitation of the study                             7

reference                                                                  9

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                10

• Introduction 10
• West African Countires – ECOWAs 12
• Problem of ECOWAs 17
• West African Currency Board (WACB) 18
  • West African Currency Board operation 20
  • The concept – common currency 21
• Global common currency 23
  • The Euro – Dollar                                         23
• The need for global common currency 24
• Management, headquarters and mode of operation of West African Common Currency 31
• The prospect o common currency for West African 33
• The problems facing the establishment of common currency for Africa.                                                             35
• References 39

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

• Method of investigation 42
• Instrument of data collection 42
• Primary sources of data 43
• Secondary sources of data 43
• Population and determination of sample size 44
• Validity and reliability of research instrument 46

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis                                           47

• Data analysis techniques                                                47
• Analysis of questionnaires 48

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, recommendations and conclusion

• Summary of findings 65
• Recommendations 66
• Conclusion 68

Bibliography                                                                      69

Appendix                                                                           73

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          The actual study for establishment of a common currency for west African state (ECOWAS) and drafting of a programme of monetary and fiscal polices of members states was between 1985 and 1986 period (Arah, 2001: 29). In response to the study, the sub-region monetary co-operation programme involving short and long term measures were seen to be economic flight (Ogwuma 1998:3). The highest level of economic integration is the monetary union, which involves the integration of trade and micro-economic policies and establishment of a common central bank and a single currency.

The establishment of a monetary union is however consequent on the member states, meeting the convertibility condition of monetary and fiscal prudence and other macro – economic convergence indicators which are the short and long term measures. The short term measures were settlement of areas in the west Africa monetary agency (WAMA), clearing system establishment of a credit guarantee fund, introduction of new payment instrument like ECOWAS travelers cheques and extension of the range of products eligible for transactions through the clearing system. According to Ezema (2001;30) the long term measures include liberation of trade and payment system in all member countries, liberation of all interest and exchange rate, reduction of inflation to a single digit and creation of a single currency zone within the sub-region by the year 2000 (the deadline for achieving the measure by all member countries was set for 1988). However, most member states beat the deadline while the traveler cheques issues was delay due to political and economic muscle flexing between the Unions Economiuqe Manetaire Quest Africa (UEMQA) members and the rest. The traveler cheques afforded one of the most realistic steps towards achieving economic integration and a single momentary zone, but had to suffer several postponement due to various reasons. The initial disagreement among member states was on the modalities for finding the cheques out of the ‘ghost” or imagined position to the members in the scheme of things. In the words of Olajide (2001:31) at another attempt in 1998, some CFFA zone members did not attend the summit on the ground that the delegates wanted to conclude some contracts with their home governments. This was done without notice even as it suffered postponement for another meeting with France before that of the travelers cheques launch.

In February 1998, at the planned launching in Abuja, all disagreement were resolved under the auspices of an adequate-hoc committee set up by the ECOWAS heads of states composing Cote D’ voice, Ghana, Mali, Togo and Nigeria. Univocally, the CFA zone members were in vanguard of the launching of the travelers cheques in 1999. Ostensibly due to the successful establishment of Euro (the European common currency which will take over the  national currencies in Europe in 2004), and therefore effectively terminate the French Support for CFA. On December 15, 2000, heads of state and governments of ECOWAS in Bamako, Mali approved the decision to establish a common currency by 2003. the decision was the result of the initiative take by Ghana and Nigeria in a bilateral economic meeting on December 1999 to adopt  a two – track system called FAST TRACK APPROACH (FTA) to the implementation of ECOWAS integration programmes for West African  in 2004. The fast track approach recognize the need to have a parallel zone christened West Africa monetary Zone (WAMZ) the UEMOA to work for a gradual merger of the two at appointed period in line with the deadline.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In spite of the numerous efforts made by the ECOWAS member states to establish a common currency in West Africa which will help to foster economic integration international the sub – region by implementing ECOWAS monetary measures, the issue of common currency is still a mirage because of the following reasons;

1. The strength of the economics of these West African countries vary, so there is no common relationship between their monies.
2. Divergent tariff structure among member countries.

Low level of intra-regional trade in the sub region since less than 5 percent of the total

ACCOUNTING AS AN AID TO INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

This research project is on accounting as an aid to internal control system.

The problem study of this research is to find out whether Enugu State Government Accounting records are properly kept according to the provision of the state financial instruction as it concerns the state government. Again to know if there is any loophole in the accounting records as it concerns their internal control.

Any organization wishing to conduct its business in any orderly and efficient manner and to produce a reliable financial accounting information both for himself or others use, needs some control to minimize the effect of endemic human facings. And such control is known as internal control.

Internal control can therefore be define as a system of control, financial and otherwise established by the management of an enterprises in order to carry out the business of such enterprise in an ordinary and efficient manner, to ensure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of records.

Finally the researcher is faced with problems of summary of all the findings, recommendation based on findings. From this findings accounting has been proved to be the best aid to internal control system. All this endemic human failings such as fraud, missing of files, misappropriation of funds, loop holes, distraction and so on and so forth will minimize where accounting as internal control is followed.

The main objective of this research is to ascertain if the internal control is effective and to analyze ethically the soundness, adequate and application of various internal controls on accounting records. This will also educate the government staff, of various duties expected from them. And also determine the degree of reliance, completeness and accuracy of the accounting records as is contained in the accounting records.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                     II

Approval page                                                                             III

Dedication                                                                                   IV

Acknowledgement                                                                       V

Abstract                                                                                       VII

Table of contents                                                                         IX

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• General overview                                                             1
• Statement of problem 3
• Objective of study 4
• Significance of the study 5
• Scope and limitation 6
• Definition of terms 7

References                                                                         9

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 General approach to internal control system                          12

2.2 Local related and foreign related literature                             13

2.3 Objective of internal control system                                       17

2.4 Principle and characteristic of internal control                       19

2.5 Types of control of internal control system                            21

2.6 Internal control and management                                           24

CHAPTER THREE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

3.1 Summary                                                                               26

3.2 Recommendation                                                                   27

3.3 Conclusion                                                                            30

Bibliography                                                                           32

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     GENERAL OVERVIEW

One major problem of management is planning but planning is useless if it is not implemented. And the success of any plan is based on adequate control and monitoring in order to achieve the required objective.

Therefore any organization wishing to conduct it business in an orderly and efficient manner and to produce reliable financial accounting information for its own and other use, needs some controls sot minimize the effect of the inherent limitation?

The researcher is researching on accounting as an aid to internal control system. (Enugu State).

Accounting can be defined as the art of recording and giving result of business transaction to the client. Accounting like any other filed has its origin. Accounting probably came into existence between 14^th to 16^th centuries. As development come in day-by-day the managements of who are not directly involved needed summarizes of transactions so as to enable them understand the positions of the business without the need of going through the books in details.

On the early Greek and Roman account the principle was centered on the need to keep tracks of the assets and they exercise control over those entrusted with property. The primary purpose of accounting is for stewardship. It will be rightly said that the earliest form of accounting reveals the preoccupation with internal control. Internal control is an important tool by which management aim to achieve its objective.

DE PAU L FRM, AND DE PAUL F.C. defined internal control as:

“Practically a continuous internal audit carried on by the staff itself through which individual is independently checked by other member of the staff”.

Internal control system does not make fraud impossible but makes it more difficult thereby giving chance of direction, and act as a valuable moral check. The essence of internal control being therefore to show whereby true ownership is separated from the management, the owners will be in no doubt that their assets and resources are efficiently managed.

Control has to be exercised over all the aspect of business without which the system is likely to be ineffective and too costly to operate in relation to benefit relieved.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Government accounting system has a way of presenting an accounting for the fund. Foe example, income and expenditure or revenue and expenditure accounts and held by government establishment in government system, officers do not keep the account like profit making organization. There is a lots of lapses in cash office and pay roll section of many government ministries, cases of fraud and missing of office and files containing important documents like bills,

 

EFFECTIVE WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN PAINT INDUSTRIES (A CASE STUDY OF MARSHAL PAINT AND CHEMICAL LIMITED ENUGU – ENUGU STATE)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
• Statement of problem 3
• Objective of the study 5
• Research hypothesis 7
• Assumption of the study 8
• Scope of the study 9
• Significance of the study 9
• Limitations of the study 11
• Historical background of Marshal paints & Chemical company13
• Organisation of the study 15
• Definition of operational terms                                         16

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of related literature                                               21

2.1     Meaning of working capital                                               21

2.2     Composition of working capital                                         23

2.3     Factors of affecting the composition of working capital    24

2.4     Current assets                                                                    26

2.5     Current liabilities                                                               28

2.6     Management of working capital                                         29

2.7     Types of working capital                                                             30

2.8     Characteristics of working capital                                      30

2.9     Sources of  working capital                                               31

2.10   Uses of working capital                                                     33

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology and procedures 37

3.1     Selection of data                                                                38

3.2     Collection of data                                                               38

3.3     Nature of data analysis                                                       41

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis 45
• Presentation of data 46
• Analysis 47

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary and recommendation                                                   69

5.1     Summary and findings                                                      69

5.2     Recommendations                                                             71

Bibliography                                                                      74

Questionnaire                                                                    77

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

One of the major objectives of most business organisation is profitability. However, in financial management, it is generally believed that liquidity is more important than profitability. One of the reasons for this is that most organisations make profits, but do not possess enough or adequate liquid asset to off-set current obligations. Inability to make payment as t when due may definitely have serious consequences on the organisation. This situation may give rise to a loss of goodwill and furthermore any result to technical insolvency which may lead the organisation to unintended liquidation.

A second reason is that uncertain inherent in this present days economic/business environment threatens the survival of every business, thus making sound liquidity and cash management a necessity points in corporate planning. This claim is substantiated in the recent times by the fact that the importance of management  of liquid asset has been gradually and systematically gaining prominence and growth in most manufacturing companies or firms. This incidental prominence and growth of liquidity management makes it very apparent that no firm can survive without an effective and efficient management of its liquid resources which is the working capital.

The working capital by all standards is been and regarded as the life –wire of any business organisation it is particularly important in the daily maintenance and running expenses involving cash. For the purpose of this project, the working capital of a firm comprises of the cash balance, marketable short-term securities, inventories and accounts receivables. On the other hand, net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Therefore, working capital management refers to the efficient administration of both the current assets and current liabilities.

The rationale of working capital management is on the realization that current asset holding should be increased to the point where marginal returns on increases in such assets are equal to cost of capital required to finance such additions while current liabilities should as much as possible be used instead of long term debt whenever this reduces the average cost of capital. Current assets characteristically constitute more than half the assets of most businesses and the size and relative volatility of these assets make it necessary for such assets to be closely monitored. Thus disproportionate amount of time of the financial controller is devoted to the management of working capital.

Finally, efficient management of working capital is important to both large and small firms, especially during this austere period because if the efficiency of managing working capital is not available, no amount of finance provided will transform a financially weak organisation performance into a strong and dynamic organisation with a remarkable reputation.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It has been recognized that one of the greatest problems of this present day firms is the lack of effective and efficient management of the resources at their disposal. This problem is worsened considering the present fiscal policy of banning the importation of some essential raw materials, leaving the manufacturing firms with meager source of locally few produced raw materials.

Decisions effecting liquid assets are influenced by an obvious fact and subjective judgment of most companies. The financial controller of a company my have some of the facts of the cost of borrowing from a bank but these facts are only part of the information that he requires

APPRAISAL OF TECHNIQUES FOR EXPENDITURE CONTROL IN GOVERNMENT OWNED HOSPITALS

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

THESIS ABSTRACT

 

The researcher has primary examined some of the expenditure control techniques that are and could be applied in government owned hospitals. Noting the obstacles and their rate of effectiveness, emphasis are laid on the techniques already in application.

Data for the research were gathered through interviews, questionnaires and financial regulations. Percentages were used in the data analysis. The following are the research findings.

Budgeting, internal control and audits are commonly used by government owned hospitals in order to curb expenditures, cost  benefits, analysis and management audits that could be applied are not in use.

Variance analysis is the budgeting review technique universally applied for analyzing budgeting estimates. The effectiveness of each of these techniques are hindered by obstacles inherent in the implementation.

Government indicates the goals to be achieved with a given outlay. It is therefore essential to control the expenditure to serve the allowed purposes. Expenditure controls may be positive or negative. Expenditure controls essentially reflect a managerial process that is both political and administrative. The type of expenditure controls employed and their effectiveness are dependent in the external and internal environment of the ministry and the respective hospital.

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the study
• Objective of study
• Significance of study
• Research question
• Scope and limitation
• List of abbreviations
• Definition of terms.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Internal control

2.2 Responsibility for internal control

2.3 Internal control as expenditure control techniques

2.4 Internal auditing

2.5 Internal Audit as an expenditure control technique

2.6 Management Audit.

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1. Summary of findings

3.2 Recommendation

3.3 Area for further study

Bibliography

References.

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In all organization, except possibly the tinnest, there is a process called expenditure or as used in the most commercial organizations , cost control process. Expenditure control has been defined as the process by which managers use effectively and efficiently the scare resources of the enterprises in the accomplishment of the organizational objectives. Most studies of the expenditure control techniques have been done in business organizations and most of the new control techniques applied in not – for – profit public corporations were developed in these organizations. Most description of the management expenditure control processes therefore tend to assume, usually implicitly but sometimes explicitly, that the process of expenditure control is taking place in a business enterprises.

The research report in contrast, is a study of expenditure control in government owned not for profit organization. Its thesis is that the basic control concepts are the same in both profit oriented and non-profit organization but that because of the special characteristics of non-profit organizations, the application of the techniques developed in profit oriented organization are subject to certain modifications before they can be effectively applied especially to the non-profit organizations owed by the government.

Many business persons, as well as many accountants approach not for profit organizations expenditure control with a certain amount of trepidation because of lack of familiarity with such accounting. There is no real reason for this uneasiness because except for the few special characteristics, non-profit organization expenditure control follow many of the same principles followed by commercial enterprises. One of  the special characteristic lies in the reason for their existence. In over simplified terms, it might be said that the ultimate objectives of a commercial organization is to realize net profit for the stockholders. As such the decisions made by their management are intended to increase (or at least maintain) profits, and success is measured to a significant degree by the amount of profit that these organization earn. Were as the ultimate objective of a government owned non-profit organization is to meet some socially desirable need of the community. The primary concern of the government in relation to its not-for-profit organizations is to inquire whether resources are being used in a manner consistent with goals of alocative efficiency and stabilization of the economy. The role that transcends the narrow concerns of the shareholders and arises from the government functions as a protector of the consumers interest. Thus, the decision made by the management of these organizations are intended to result in the best possible service within the available resources and their success is primarily measured by how much service they render and by how well they render it.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF STUDY

The need for effective management of resource in government owned not-for-profit organizations cannot be over emphasized. This is because while goal attainment is an important index of public service efficiency, the government can no longer pretend that the question of cost is secondary. This has necessitate in government instructing public service organization to “count down costs” as it embarks on its programmes. No wastage of financial resources should therefore, be permitted.

It is therefore essential, that expenses should not be incurred  more than is just necessary. Extensive expansion within limited supply of funds necessitates an optimum utilization of expenditure control system designed in a manner that can allow for maximum utilization from minimum resources. Also available financial resources can only be managed optimally it there exist effective techniques for expenditure control.

This study is thus conducted in order to appraise and review some of the available techniques for control of expenditure opened to government owned non profit organization and its applicability to those owned by the Nigerian Government especially hospitals.