BUSINESS FAILURE AND ACCOUNTS PROFESSION IN NIGERIA

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

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ABSTRACT

The Nigeria economy within the first half of this century experienced quite a lot of business failure. Business failure can be defined as the inability of a particular business enterprise to continue to function as a going concern this development has started generating anxiety by both international and local investors in arriving at investment decision.

However, the task of identifying the root causes of corporate collapse in what this study seeks after. This study is carried out at ensuring a survival dosage of business in Enugu through the use of accounting profession (Auditing) to appraise operational performance.

Some of the causes of business failure includes mismanagement, bribery and corruption, and poor remuneration etc. the brain behind the failure of business in the political under tune in the appointment and selection of key officer to management positions.

Based on the findings in this study, the following conclusion were drawn, mismanagement mode of appointment and selection of key officers, poor coordinated management device, government interference and privatization and commercialization programme.

Finally, it is recommended that business should appreciated the importance of audit as a tool of evaluating performance, appointment of Board of Directors and top management officers should be based on skill, experience and qualification and government should also institute its commercialization and privatization programme in place etc.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content.

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
  • Objective of the study
  • Statement of problems
  • Significant of the study
  • Hypothesis formulation
  • Scope of the study
  • Limitation of the study
  • Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

• Introduction
• The going concern concept of business

2.2.1. Definition of business

2.2.2. Forms of business

• Importance of business
• When a business is not going concern
• When a business may not a going concern

• Symptoms of imminent business failures
• Nature and causes of business failures
• The development of accounting profession (Auditing)
  • Definition of Auditing
  • Types of Audit
  • Importance of Auditing
  • The Auditor and the danger of self fulfilling prophesy
  • The Audit committee

2.5.5.1. Nature of Audit committee

2.5.5.2 Composition of Audit Committees

2.5.5.3 Functions of Audit committee

2.5.5.4. Qualification of Audit committee members

2.5.5.5. Size of Audit committee

2.5.5.6.Size committee relationship with management

2.5.5.7. Audit committee and the external auditor

2.6 The effect of business failures on a depressed economy.

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Introduction
• Research design
• Sampling techniques
• Questionnaire design
• Data collection techniques
• Questionnaire distribution and collection.

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data presentation

4.3 Test of hypothesis

 

CHPATER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.2 Summary of findings

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

5.5 Suggestion for further studies

BIBLIOGRAHPY

APPENDIX

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Nigeria economy within the first half of this century (20^th century, 1901 – 2000) experienced quite a lot of business failures. There was a rapid growth in the number of indigenous companies in the country, but these companies collapsed with the same rapidity with which they were established.

Business failures are actually one of the most difficult and complex concern faced by investors in the equity market or the stock exchange market in the recent times. Even with the best of strategic cooperate planning, business failure are still a common occurrence. Business failure can be defined as the inability of a particular business enterprise to continue to function as a going concern. The going concern concept presumed that an enterprise will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and that there is neither the necessity nor the intention to liquidate

In general it was gathered that some of the causes of business failure includes:

1. Lack of capital (inadequate capitalization)
2. Inefficient management
3. Poor remuneration packages
4. Inadequate accounting records
5. Unprofitable expansion (premature expansion)
6. Mode of appointment of chief executives etc.
7. Lack of feasibility study report.

Given the divesting effect of business ailments, it become necessary to undertake a research into the problems and failures of business life as well as making suggestion on ways of ameliorating their adverse effects.

According profession (Auditing) is one of the effective tool of evaluating and predicting business failures. Auditing is a process carried out by suitable qualified auditing) where by the accounts of business entities, including limited companies characterize, trusts and professional firms are subjected to scrutiny in such details as will enable the auditors to form an opinion as to their truth and fairness (Emile W. 1997)

So many parties such as creditors, investors owners, the firm itself and the government etc. are interested with the present and expected future earning and the stability of these earning, and financially business as a good concern. Therefore they need accounting profession to evaluate and compare the profitability as well as to predict the survival of the business.

Therefore, this study seeks to use statistical tools to appraise and predict corporate failure with the aim of putting into place an integrated framework on the subject.

 

1.2     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

It has been argued in recent times that the monetary value of corporate failures is of

FRAUDS IN NIGERIA BANKS

(ANALYSIS AND SOLUTIONS)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

 

This work is designed to examine the assessment of the role of the mass media in anti-corruption campaign. It is organized into five very instructive chapters.

Chapter one deals with the background, statement of the problems, research questions and hypotheses, assumptions and limitation of the study among other things. Chapter two is devoted to the review of relevant materials in the area of study. Chapter three contains the methodology while chapter four concentrated on data analysis and the results of the findings. Also chapter five gives a brief summary of the work.

Through these chapters, the objectives of the study was in that the researcher not only found that the mass media are indispensable but they are also powerful in their influence.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Statement of study
• Hypothesis formulation
• Scope and limitations of the study
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Review of related literature

2.2 Causes of frauds

2.3 Forms of  frauds

2.3.1 Internal fraud

2.3.2 External fraud

2.3.3 Combined fraud

2.4 Types of frauds

2.5 Effects of frauds in banking industry

2.6 The legal framework and fraudulent practice

2.7 Approach to the minimization of suggestions for the prevention of fraud.

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design and Methodology

3.1 Study area

3.2 Sampling Method

3.3 Sources of Data

3.3.1 Primary sources

3.3.2 Secondary Data

3.3.3 Data treatment techniques.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of Data and Analysis

4.1 Presentation of Data

4.2 Analysis of Data

4.3 Interpretation of Results

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, Recommendations and Conclusion

5.1 Discussion of Findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1     INTRODUCTION

The commercial world today has been devastated by random breaches of business ethics. This has resulted to rampant occurrence of white collar crimes committed mostly by top and highly educated professional personnel, these crimes are sometimes euphemistically dubbed, executive dishonesty crimes like improper waiver of interest on loans, fraudulent false accounting, falsification, computer fraud, dishonesty, classification of debts as bad debt or irrecoverable, non-disclosure of vital interest by executive, and other financial malpractices, fall into this category.

Furthermore, the government has responded by churning out laws with constant regularity in a bid to meet the challenges posed by these problems. One of such problems is the incidence of fraud in financial institutions especially Nigeria banks. This has attracted at least three major legislation in the past few years. All these relevant enactments will be examined in this project.

It is a notorious fact that frauds are mostly masterminded by insiders, at times in concert with outsiders. They are mostly discovered by tip offs from other staff who feel left out or by accident. Rarely do normal official checks reveal such earth shattering fraudulent scams that are big concern of the financial world.

Moreso, there is need to arrive at an acceptable constitution for the word “fraud” and to deepen our understanding by paying some respect to the statutory construction of financial institution like Nigeria banks.

Having dealt with the general situation of things ion our banking industries, the research work is therefore aimed at pointing out the major causes of fraud in Nigeria banks etc. effects on the Nigeria economy commercial world, individuals especially the depositors (customers of the banks) after the research must have been carried out the above, the researcher then recommended the measures to be taken in order to prevent and minimize the incidence of fraud in Nigeria banks. It should be noted that no bank, big or small is immune  from fraudulent particles. However, bankers should have it as the back of their minds that dignity and hard work are not the only thing required but integrity is also required.

1.2     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to enable

THE PROBLEMS OF FINANCING GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS

(CASE STUDY OF TRACAS)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

 

This research paper is on the problems of financing government corporations (TRACAS CASE OF STUDY).

In carrying out the research, the researcher intends to find out the outlet to which commercial banks finance the activities of TRANSPORT COMPANY OF ANAMBRA STATE LIMITED, to ascertain whether the ability of TRACAS to meet debt repayment schedule of financiers militate against is availability of funds, to determine the extent to which the government of Anambra state have helped in financing the corporation.

The researcher collected data from both primary and secondary sources.  Data collected was presented and analysed and hypothesis formulated was tested using the chi-square method of testing hypothesis.

The researcher found out the following insufficient finance from commercial banks has a significant effect on the activities of TRACAS;

Inability of TRACAS to meet debt repayment schedule of finances militate against the availability of funds from TRACAS; inability of funding TRACAS has a significant effect on as activities and performances; inability of government of Anambra state to finance TRACAS.

The following recommendation, were made government should try and provide enough fund to corporations through commercial banks.  They need to act as their guarantor in searing the fund.  The high interest changed is to be looked into to enable corporations to service their borrowed fund.

I suggest that if all these recommendations were properly implemented it will go a long way in improving the efficiency of corporations in this nation.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Objectives of the study
• Research Questions
• Research hypothesis
• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation of the study
• Limitations
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Overview of government corporation finance
• Government participation in public corporations
• Rationale for public enterprises
• Problems of public enterprises
• Issue of financing government corporations
• Characteristics of public corporation and their impact on their pricing policy and financial situation
• Financial problems of public corporation
• Commercial banks financing and interest rate.
• Inadequate funding and its impact on corporations

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling technique
• Sources of data
• Method of data collection
• Procedure for data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• A brief introduction of the chapter
• Questionnaire / distribution
• Presentation of data
• Test of hypothesis
• Interpretation of results

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

Bibliography

Questionnaires

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

          Public corporations are enterprises which are partly or wholly owned by the government, which private enterprises have been unable to take care of due to lack of adequate capital.

In any organization, there are so many components put together that make for an effective performance.  One of these components is the fund.  The problem that arises is the adequacy of the fund for effective other of the operations of an organization, through out its life time many organization which started well at the initial stage have failed by the wayside due to shortage of available funds.

Government have generally started playing a major role in economic development and in starting large enterprise in public sector.  Many parastatals care into being when it was believed that rapid economic development required the state to table on the role of an enter premier.  I should also be known that government movement in running public sector help in shaping its economy.  Government ownership of these enterprises is to help improve its social and economic well being of her people and those amenities that the entrepreneurs cannot provide.

Public enterprise could be classified into four categories according to the degree of government participation in ownership and intervention in management.  Firstly, governmental enterprises – composed of various government departments.  Secondly government invested enterprises, where the government held at least 50% of the equity and appoint to management.  Thirdly, subsidiary company of governmental invested enterprises which allow the government to invest indirectly through government invested enterprises and others.  Lastly, governmental backed enterprises where the governmental holds less than 50% of the stock.

In developing nation there is a general believe that government should own and control enterprises due to insufficient capital on the side of these enterprises; and government gave majority control of than and appoint top management.

Over the past decades, the number and variety for public enterprises in developing countries have greatly expanded.  In a developing country like Nigeria, the overall performance of these enterprises has been rather disappointing.  They have supported staggering losses, thereby becoming a major drain on National budgets and the principal source of heavy external borrowing.  They have equally purled to generate the expected job opportunities.  Before independence, government establishments were the major employers of labour, but these days with many private enterprises set up by entrepreneurs more people have gained employment with these enterprises and this has reduced the dependence on government establishment and large firms for employment.

However, the followings have contributed to the poor performance and poor efficiency in these enterprises:

1. Obscure and sometimes conflicting managerial goals.
2. inadequate management accountability and autonomy
3. Excessive government interference in day to day management.
4. poor personnel and incentive systems
5. Complicated budgets and procurement processes.
6. inappropriate pricing and credit policies
7. Poor financing.

They have contributed to poor performances of public enterprises.  The financing and management of these parastatals caused a serous problem in our economy. Its only very few government enterprises that are independent in the issue of financing, others solely depend on government.  The fate is yearly tied on the national budgets because they are financed by way of grants, subsidies or loan from government.  This equally means that if the government budget is delayed or cut down proposed expenditure, the funds of these enterprises will also be affected.  This will determine their performance for that very year whether surplus or deficit is to be made.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The transport company of Anambra state limited (TRACAS) was launched on 12^th September 1988 by the military Governor of Anambra state co. Robert Nnaemeka Akonobi under the spices of the federal urban mass Transit programme (FUMTP).  This programme is aimed at alleviating the transportation problem of the people which was occasioned by the dearth of computer vehicle (buses, cars).

To ensure that the traces are efficiently managed, the Anambra state government decided to privatize it, thus; TRACAS was incorporated on the 8^th December 1988.  The Anambra state government has a 30% hold in TRACAS while remaining 70% will go to the public.  Staff will also own shares in the company.  The motto of the company is service and comfort.

 

LOGO

          The TRACAS Logo is the map of Anambra state and a palm tree.  The palm is a tree of immense economic value to the people of Anambra state palm wine, palm oil, palm kernel oil, etc are all products and by product of this tree, its significance in the economy of the state cannot therefore be looked over.

 

• THE COMPANY’S FLEET

The transportation company of Anambra state ltd has a fleet of 200 vehicles as at the time of writing this project comprising the following.

1. Luxury buses
2. Mini buses
3. Station wagon cars
4. Small buses

 

SERVICES OFFERED

Tracas affers two types of services which are as follows:-

1. charter service
2. normal depot to depot service

 

DEPOT TO DEPOT SERVICES

This type of service are made up of

1. intra – city services
2. inter- city services

 

INTRA-CITY SERVICE

          The intra-city service is in operation in Enugu and Onitsha.  In Onitsha the company operates five routes.  Each of these routes is depicted with a particular number/ colour for easy identification by commuters.  In Enugu they operate only one route.

INTER-CITY SERVICE

Four major routes are operated on the inter-city service to major t

MANAGEMENT CRISIS OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY : (A CASE STUDY OF SOME DISTRESS BANKS)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

In the banking industry, effective implementation of banking rules and regulations, organizational policies and procedures is very important in other to achieve the goal of the organization.  In other to achieve this, managers, operators of the banking industry will sit up for their responsibility in bringing about the much desired goal where this fails, distress crept in aid this is followed with loss of public confidence in the industry because they cannot meet the needs of depositors.  This work is designed to bring about the causes and possible solutions to this dreaded diseases.  This work will equip the managers to face the challenges ahead in other to build a more write banking industry that will stood for the test of time.

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1     Background to the study

• Statement of problem
• Purpose of study
• Scope of the study
• Operational definition of terms
• Hypothesis
• Significance of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of literature

2.1     History of distress in Nigeria

• The development of regulatory / supervisory authorities
• General causes of distress
• Other causes of distress
• Characteristics of distress banks
• Holding action – success, failures and measures
• Summary of related literature review.

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology

3.1     Research design

• Areas of study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling procedure
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity of the instrument
• Reliability of the instrument
• Method of administration of the instrument
• Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis

4.1     Data analysis

• Test of hypothesis
• Data interpretation

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

5.1     CONCLUSION

• COMPLICATION OF THE RESULT
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The first banking activity in Nigeria was carried out by African Banking corporation in 1892.  this was followed by the first bank in 1884 incorporated as Bank of British west African (BBWA).  According to porter (1980).  After the establishment of first Bank, Union Bank came on stream in 1917 as Barclays Bank.

The first indigenous Bank, according to Ndukwe (1994) was established in 1929 and that was the emergence of DISTESS in the Nigerian Banking sector.  This period also stressed rapid growth in number of Banks in Nigeria.

Between 1951 and 1952, Ndukwe (1994) asserted that a total of 16 banks were established.

Onyima (1994) also observed that the increases was effectively matched by high rate of failure such that by 1954, 21 out of 25 banks had failed.

The salient causes for this failure are;

1. The Dominimcation of the market by foreign firms.
2. Lack of experienced personal and prudent managers.
3. Under capitalization and poor loan profile.

The 1952 Banking ordinance was the only cause attributed to the government and it was this ordinance that brought about this failures in banks.  The reason being that most indigenous banks could not meet the demand of this ordinance and they had no other option than to close down.

However, since 17^th of March, 1959, when central Bank ordinance and independence in 1959, government had through direct support mechanism, ensured that the banking public was no longer exposed to th hazards of bank failures.

The introduction of structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1986 and the friancial system in 1987 Ebhodaghe (1903) noted that since that time, there has been a phenomenal increase in the number and type of financial institutions leading to staff competition in the industry.  This growth of Banks gave this impression that banking is an all was business as all types of investors with fund to throw about established and inconpetant and inenperienced hands assumed serior positions, people without very clean ordential joined as one.

According to the Banker (1994), these entrants prepared the ground for this virus infections known as ‘DISTRESS” which the monetary authorities are correctly battling to ensure it does not spread to other Banks.

Onyima (1994) admitted that the now beed financial after the deregulation took advantage of the premises rules incept regulators, firstling depositors and in utter disregard of the elementary test of solvency and going concern concert.

He further said that government economic policy shifled emphasis from direct support of banks to perent failure to one of protecting the deposits of customers, especially the small scale depositors.  It is in support of this that the “National Deposit Insurance Corporation” (NDIC) was established under decree no 22 of 1988.  one can reasonably assure that government knew that most banks or some Banks will collapse as a result of (SAP) and the deregulation of the financial system and that is why it creasted (NDIC) National Deposit Insurance Corporation.

In addition to the development noticed since 1986, the Banker (1994) adds that the general macro economic instability resulting in apredicatable monetary policy environment has equally played a magnificent role in bringing about distress in Banks also that the incessant mopping up of excess liquidity through the assurance of stabilization securities has creased liquidity crisis in the system and has adversary affected some banks.

 

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The laminating effect of the events aforementioned is the birth of distress in the banking sector which according to Ebhodagher (1993) surfaced in 1980 after the withdrawal of beasury fund from banks.  From then, one can deduce that the causes of distress or the factors that gave rise to distress in the banking sector is sponsored partly by the regulation / supervisory authorities and the operators of these banks, sometimes the depositors or the debtors of such banks, are blamed.  It could be as a result of this observation that Ebhodaghe (1993) said that the incident of banks distress is not peenliar to Nigeria.  It occurs in various Economics of the world.  In support of this Onyima (1994) observed that there has been.

1. The American / European experience during the 1990’s.
2. The late 1980’s American experience in the saving and loans scaudal which was described as the biggest financial mess in the history of united state of America.
3. the Nigeria experience of the 1950’s, if the American and Europeans should be at one or the other, victims of banking distress them Nigeria’s case should not be seen as a stronger or exceptional case.

However, the Banker 1994 admitted that historically, we can ensure that phase as another in the enduring growth of the banking sub-sector that will definitely come to pass.  Thus the uproar and various scape-goatism being

FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

(A CASE SUDY OF NIGERIA)

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of problem

1.3     Objectives of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

1.5     Significance of the study

1.6     Scope of the study

1.7     Selection of sample cities

1.8     Limitations and delimitations of the study

1.9     Definitions of technical terms

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
  • Financial infrastructure in developing countries earlier approach
  • Financing urban infrastructure and services in Nigeria

2.2.1 Immediate priorities

2.2.1.1 Reorientation of public expenditure

2.2.1.2 Targeting the urban poor

2.2.1.3 Counterpart funding from state annual budgets

• Medium term agenda
• Mobilization of state and local revenues
• Property taxes potential –IDF experience
• Public sector borrowing
• Alternative infrastructure financing options
• Private investment

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• General features of the research
• Method of data collection
• Sources of data
• Location of data
• Tools for data analysis
• Basis selection of sample
• Bases of selection
• Location of sample cities
• Overview of sample cities
• Limitations of information
• Method of data analysis
• Data analysis techniques

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation
• Data analysis
• Test of hypothesis
• Inter predating data

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

• Summary of findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is urbanizing at an astonishing pace.  The share of Nigeria’s population increased from 20% in 1970 to about 38% in 1993 (the world banking) of the nearly 110 million Nigerians, about 40 million are now living in cities and towns.  The urban population grew at around 5.5% per year from 1980 to 1993 (compared with 2.9% for the national population).  This is among the highest urban growth rates in the world, due mainly to migration from rural areas.  At current roles, the number of urban dwellers will double in only 13 years.  This is equivalent to a city of three million each years.  Such growth is creating an immense and largely unmet demand.  For urban services such as water, sanitation, road, public transport, waster disposal, health and education.

The physical condition of Nigeria’s infrastructure water supply, sewerage, sanitation, urban road, electricity, drainage, waste disposal, school hospital is generally poor.  For example only about half of the people in Nigeria’s urban areas have access to pipe-born water in and, or around their homes.  All types of infrastructure suffer from a massive backlog of neglected rehabilitation and maintenance, not to talk of the investments needed to serve future growth.  Periodic and routine maintenance by for the most management of municipal wastes – sewage, seepage, and refuses Nigeria major urban environmental problem.  Improving waste management is more of a policy and management issue than a technical one.  Industrial waste is another major urban environmental concern.  The most critical firms with 50 or more employees, these extra costs amount to some 10% of the total machinery and equipment budget.  For small firms, the burden is an high as 25%.  According to the world bank reports, inadequate public services can also raise cost.  For the urban poor, who wither rely on alternative, costly provides (such as water vendors) or spend large amount of time (as in fetching water from inconvenient sources) the world banks, 1995.

A large number of people in Nigeria’s urban area do not have enough income to meet their basic needs of food, shelter and cloth.  About 21% of the urban population-8.5 million people (as per 1991 population census) was estimated to be below the poverty line in 1992/93 (the world bank, 1995). Of these, about 1.1 million were classified as “several poor” by the world bank.  The vast majority of the urban poor are in cities other than Lagos, such as Onitsha, Kano, Kaduna, Abuja, Enugu, Port Harcourt etc.  Their cash income is insufficient to cover minimal standards of food, water, fuel, shelter, medical care, and schooling.  The urban poor live in airborne emission are sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, which pose serious health hazards in urban areas.

Industrial and air pollution need to be dealt with by enforced regulation coupled with economic incentives to change the behavior of industries and users of motor vehicles.

From the foregoing, one will notice that our infrastructures have deteriorated an urban services collapsed.  But no one is left in doubt the crucial role urbanization plays as a positive force in economic development.  Cities and towns are the home of most industry, commerce, and services.  These sectors of the economy can be highly productive.  World wide, higher per capital incomes are closely related to higher levels of urbanization.  Urban based, non-oil industry and services accounted for about half of Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) between 1995 and 1994.  thus, average per capital income in urban areas is around one third higher than in rural areas.  This is the basic reason why attention should be focused on financing strategies for urban infrastructure development in Nigeria to boost productivity and growth of our developing economy.

It is on this premise that the author (researcher) wishes to study empirically the sources of finance available and financial strategies available to finance the urban infrastructure and services with regard to Nigeria economy.  The problems associated with government past option and agenda towards the restoration of urban “decay”.  In this work also, the writer dealt on the institutional arrangement from the world bank and other similar bodies-both in short term (immediate) and medium term.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As have been noted, the benefit that an economy can derive from infrastructure development cannot be over emphasized.  The economic pressures behind urbanization are very powerful.  Cities and towns are the home of most industry, commerce, and services.  These sectors of the economy can be highly productive. World wide, higher per capital incomes are closely related to higher levels of urbanization