COST ACCOUNTING AND ITS APPLICATION TO MANAGEMENT PLANNING, CONTROL AND DECISION MAKING

(A Case Study of Nigeria Bottling Company (NBC) Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at highlighting the role played by Cost accounting information to the planning, control and decision making process of the management of an organization using Nigeria bottling company (NBC) as a case study. If identify the different costing techniques and methods available, the type of information produced by an accountant and how each information fits into the information need of management as stated in the alternative and as discovered by the researcher through questionnaire and personal interviews. That is, the prospect of a manufacturing company Endeavour is to found out, that for any organization to be successful, there must be accounting department to prove timely, adequate, relevant and correct information regarding the cost of products, processes and general running of the firm and fix selling price for products and services. An independent accountant and cost accountant need to be present for possible production of relevant information.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – v
Table of contents – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vii
Table of contents – – – – – – – – viii

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of study – – – – — – 2
1.2 Objectives of the study – – – – – – 3
1.3 Research Hypothesis – – – – – – 4
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – 4
1.5 Scope of the study – – – – – – – 5
1.6 Historical Background of NBTE – – – – 5

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 7
2.2 Meaning of cost accounting – – – – – 8
2.3 Planning and the application of cost accounting – – 9
2.4 Control and cost accounting – – – – – 15
2.5 Standard cost as a tool for control – – – – 19
2.6 Decision making – – – – – – – 24
2.7 The decision making process – – – – – 25

CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 29
3.1 Population and Sample Size – – – – – 29
3.2 Sampling Techniques – – – – – – 30
3.3 Sources and Method of Data Collection – – – 30
3.4 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – 31
3.5 Justification for the Choice – – – – – 31

CHAPTER FOUR
Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 32
4.1 Data Presentation – – – – – – – 32
4.2 Analysis of Questionnaire – – – – – 33
4.3 Testing Hypothesis – – – – – – 41
4.4 Summary of findings – – – – – – 41

CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 43
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 44
5.3 Limitation of the Study – – – – – – 45
5.4 Recommendations – – – – – – 46
Bibliography – – — – – – – 48

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The main theme of this project is to bring to highlight the importance of costing to the existence of any organization, using the Nigeria Bottling company as a case study.

Every activity and operation of an organization involves cost. In view of this, I intend to discuss the objectives, principles, techniques and methods of costing relating to the analysis and gathering of cost information for planning, control and decision making.

It must be emphasized, that the existence of a sound well organized basic costing system is fundamental to whatever use is made of the information whether for routine cost ascertainment purposes or for a one – off decision.

Decisions depend on financial factors therefore it is of utmost importance that proper costing methods and techniques suitable for an organization operations to be ascertained, adopted and operated effectively and religiously throughout the organizations` process and operations.

In essence, organization are established for a defined purpose which objective can only be seen or shown to the world by the output (product) it produces. For there to be an output the most necessary is the input. Inputs do not come for free; payments have to be made on them. Taking the Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) as a case study, it needs inputs in the form of raw materials, labour etc. to produce goods (soft drink) and payment must be made for these inputs, this boils down to cost.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In the past, many companies have witnessed considerable lapses and increasing changes in management disciplines. Costing an important element in the overall operation of an organization through the provision of relevant information about cost is one of the problems organizations are facing. Because there are no satisfactory requirements to maintain detailed cost records, some small firms keep only traditional financial accounts and prepare cost information in an ad-hoc-fashion. In all but small firms this approach is likely to be unsatisfactory.

There is a vast range of systems in operation ranging from simple analysis to computer based accounting systems incorporating standards, variance analysis and the automatic production of control and operating statements. These different costing methods are meant to suit different organization the adaptation of the wrong method, for a company will constitute a problem instead of a solution. Also poor or inadequate knowledge of a particular method of costing has constituted problems for many firms.

 

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RISK MANAGEMENT IN FINANCIAL INSITUTION IN NIGERIA

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1999 – 2004

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ABSTRACT

The project work examine the potential usefulness of adopting a systematic methodology for the analysis and control of quit within the financial services sector and discuss the resulting information processing requirements.

Two types of financial intermediaries (banks and insurance companies) are specifically examined from a total system frame work, but the resulting insight is extend to other financial institutions.  The point is made, that given the current wave of de-regulation in Nigeria, economy especially in the banking sector and the rapid process technological and marketing glufts which have resulted, financial institutions are being forced to rely more on managerial competencies and other intra-organisation factors for survival and success and it is suggested that effective risk analysis and control technologies should be an integral aspect of any sensible corporate plan in these institution.

This project is patterned into five distinct chapters.  Chapter one deals with introduction of the topic, statement of problem, scope, limitation and research    question while chapter two emphasize on the researcher’s reviews and related literature on risk management to business organisation.  The third chapter highlights the methodology of the research.  It stresses the design plan, method of data collection.

Finally, the last chapter (chapter five) summarized the entire work by inserting possible findings recommendations and conclusion.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                       1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of the problems 2
• Objectives of the study                                         4
• Research questions 4
• Research hypothesis 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                                6

• Definition and general concept of risk 7
• Classification of risk 11
• Fundamental and particular risks 14
• The risk management 15
• Definition of risk management 16
• Objective of risk management 17
• Risk management process 20

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research design and methodology                                     31

3.1     Design                                                                               31

• Area of study 31
• Population description 32
• Sample and sampling techniques 32
• Instruments of data collection 34
• Methods of data collection 34
• Proposed method of data analysis 35

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data presentation and analysis                                           37

• Distribution and collection of questionnaires 37
• Test of hypothesis                               43
• Recommendation solutions 46

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Findings, recommendation and conclusion                        47

• Findings 47
• Recommendations 47
• Conclusion 49
• Scope limitation and delimitation 49

Reference                                                                           51

Questionnaires                                                                             53

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Financial institutions, organizations both private and public operation in the world of uncertainties.  The uncertainty of environment in which organizations operate has led some management experts to fashion out a management they called “Risk management to reduce the uncertainty that face them.  Business organizations are set up for a particular aim(s) and strive to achieve them.  But the uncertainty of the objective is very difficult task to accomplish.  Because risks or uncertainty are a permanent feature that affect any business organization.  Management is expected to continuously monitor and manage those risk or uncertainty most effectively at a minimum cost been realized and accepted by most countries and some organizations among which are financial institutions which started to use the concept to minimize the losses facing them in order to achieve the organizations objective.

Risk according to Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary means the possibility of meeting damper or do suffering harm or loss.  This means that it is the uncertainty of financial loss in the concept of this study.

According to L.J. Nuldram (195) risk management is defined as “The protection of assets earnings, habitués and people of an enterprise with maximum efficiency and at minimum cost”.  This effective risk management provides protection against the possibility of asset losses so great as to course severe dislocation in the organisation.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Financial institutions are exposed to risk/problem, which affects its effective performance.  For banks two kinds of risk are important.

• Investment or default risk
• Liquidity risk Okigbo P (1983)

 

The default risk is concerned with the asset held by the bank as an auditor.  The bank faces the dangers that it debtors may not make payment due on interest and principal.  The banks also traces withdrawal or liquidity risk in connection with its abilities.  As a debtor to its depositors.  The bank faces the risks that its creditors may be unwilling to renew or even extend new creditors to it.

Also in the operation of financial institution there is a very serious problem of the loss aggregations.  This is very important.  Take for instance, the risk of loss of customers confidence which is very critical in the content of banking operations although there has not been run in any bank in recent memory, the possibilities is real enough for it to meet serious considerations.

This topical run on the bank known to most informed persons in where there is a long quince of customers at major premises of a particular bank all waiting to withdrawn their deposit.  Further in the insurance companies risk under the lending of static for example fire and theft losses, employee compensation needs, liability for industry to third parties health/property, fraud and so on.  Have traditionally been handled at the operational level solely.  Also while management at the policy level has been personally concerned with dynamic risks, a systematic method for

THE PROBLEMS OF PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF ESCO & CO WARRI DELTA STATE)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

This research is aimed at identifying the problems of partnership business in Nigeria and how to sole some of them. This as an attempt to present the frame work which will help various group of persons in partnership businesses and others desiring to become one to have a clear understand of some the problem they are to encounter in the business, especially those of them who are in a haste to form one without understanding the terms of the business neither having any form of agreement. Worthy to mention is the funding which constitute a lot of problems, lack of good planning and good management techniques not being applied which often militate against the progress of the partnership business.

In terms of organization this work is divided into five chapters enumerated as follows.

Chapter two: deals with the subject matter under review with reference to books of other authors, published journals, magazine of different opinion.

Chapter three: Discuss the methods of research the researcher embarked upon with the various instruments used in carry out the wok.

Chapter four forms the core of this research. Data’s collected were presented, analysed and interpreted and the hypothesis tested.

Summary of the findings, implications, conclusion and recommendations.

A list of bibliography and an appendix are provided at the end of this chapter for further classification and information on this study.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction1
• Statement of problems2
• Aims and objectives 6
• Significance of the study 7
• Statement of the hypothesis 8
• Scope and limitation of the study 9
• Definition of terms 11

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review 12

2.1     General nature of partnership business 16

• Historical views of partnership business 17
• Definition of partnership18
• Types of partners 19
• Banking of partners 20
• Kinds of partnership 23
• Applicable laws of partnership in Nigeria 26
• Special characteristics of partnership business 28
• Formation and operation of partnership 29
• Formation procedures 29
• Partnership deed 31
• Power and liabilities of partners 33
• Advantages and disadvantages of partnership 35
• Limitation to partners’ liabilities 36
• Dissolution and winding up of partnership 37
• Conclusion 42

CHAPTER THREE

• Researcher meteorology and design 43

3.1     Introduction 43

• Research design 43
• Data collection instrument 44
• Primary data sources 44
• Secondary data sources 46
• Population description 46
• Method of analysis 47

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Presentation and Analysis of data 48

4.1     Data analysis 48

• Presentation and interpretation of data
• Test of hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary, Findings, conclusion and recommendation

5.1     Findings

• Conclusion
• Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Long ago, many committed Nigerians have engage them self in one or two business entity to enhance economic growth. They engage them self in various sector of the economy to earn a living.

From past analysis and experience in this present economy has shown that many of these business organizations are not living up to expectation. In view of these it is hoped that a research analysis of the problems and prospect of business will be uncovered and causes of their poor performance. Orientation differs, ones the word ‘business” is pronounce, the message that rings in the mind of men especially in Nigeria is buying and selling of goods. But business is broader than that. Business can be defined as any activity one engage himself or herself with lawfully to earn a living, for the pu7rpopse of this research, I want to consider business as “every profit directed economic and commercial activities that provides goods and services necessary to a nation standard of living.

Business ownership can be classified into two namely: public enterprise and private enterprise.

Private enterprise comprises of sole proprietor ship, co-operative society partnership and limited company.

In this research we are going to concentrate mainly on issue concerning “partnership business”. According to Boron, Donan (1976) Partnership was defined as a business relationship between two or more persons who jointly own and manage a business. The maximum number is usually put at twenty people.

People find it easier to engage in sole proprietor ship and others to avoid certain problems that may arise in partnership business such as

• delay in decision making
• crisis of confidence
• chained activities of all new members to old ones.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A larger proportion of the business entities in this country are faced with similar problems. These problems hinder the growth and development of partnership business in this country, thereby limiting their enormous contribution towards the nation economic development. Some of these problems are listed below.

1. Poor finding sources

ANALYSIS OF SOURCES AND USES OF FUND IN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA )

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ABSTRACT
The Effect of Sources and Uses of Revenue in Kaduna Polytechnic is the title of the Project work. In carrying out this research study, the researcher examines the effect of sources and uses of revenue system in an institution with respect to its effectiveness and tested information were obtained through the use of questionnaire and personal interview. Data collected were presented analyzed and discussed and hypothesis was tested using statistical method. The result of the study gathered from different authors views showed that most of the practices as carried out in the institution were in compliance on the subject matter. Among other things narrated were the significant of sources and uses of revenue not only in the area of the study i.e. Kaduna Polytechnic, but to other institutions. There is need to employ skilled and experienced people to handle the affairs of revenue generation and its utilization in an institution and not just employing layman to carry at the function.

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Money is an organization tool which is used for proper management, control and co-ordination.
Economically, it is said to be scare in supply and the scare nature of it makes it necessary for good and effective management. Every organization whether small or large, requires good Accounting system for efficient management and control of her finances which may be done through a specified method as:
i. Controlling of Assets
ii. Internal/External Auditing
iii. Keeping of Proper Books
iv. Preparation of Financial Statement
v. Compliance with Legislation/Statutory Requirement.

A good Accounting System would provide orderly assembly of Accounting Information and from the basis of continuity. Polytechnics though tertiary institutions like any other organization are required by law establishing them to prepare accounts which are in conformity with general accepted principles of accounting so also with Kaduna Polytechnic which form the basis of this study.
Higher institution of learning established by Decree/Act (Kaduna Polytechnic) been one, operate accounting system some how similar to a great extent. It is of paramount importance at this juncture to have a broad knowledge of accounting system and funds accounting as it applies to tertiary institution.

Accounting system is the art of recording and controlling an organization by keeping accurate book-keeping of business transactions articulate to form an accounting process.
Finney and Miller (1971) define Funds Accounting as “an independent fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of recording cash and other resources together with all related liabilities, obligation, reserves, and equities which are segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with special regulations, restriction or limitation.

Public funds accounting tends to vary due to management policies differences. Though this higher institution of learning which are established for objective reasons are not profit oriented , there accounting systems are based on Historical cost concept, which indicates that Assets and liabilities are shown in the accounts at their Historical cost rather than current market value.

It is a common knowledge that all businesses and non business organizations including government runs on money equally, like there are wide range or ways of spending (expending funds). So also there are also variety of ways of generating it.
Source of fund refer to the different ways available to business enterprises through which it can mobilize money (fundsO to finance its operation i.e. from planning, conception, take up buying of fixed assets to day to day operations. Example of this are:
a. Decrease in assets i.e selling off your business assets such as land, building equipments, machineries to raise funds which can be recycled back into the business.
b. An increase in liabilities i.e borrowing from banks and other financial institutions in a form of loans, overdraft and debentures.
c. Plough back profit (Net profit re-injection). Instead of paying dividend to shareholders, the •profit is recycled back into the business.
d. Reserves and depreciating: This is an amount kept aside for some special purposes and for the rainy day. It is normally taken out of the net profit yearly during appropriation.

e. An increase in equity holding: That is creation and issuance of additional common stock and preferred stock to raises more funds.
f. Sales of stock of goods: By stock of goods, we mean both raw materials, work in progress and finish goods. Any of them, can be disposed off, to a willing buyer to raise additional funds.
g. Grants, Aids and Donations from government and nongovernmental agencies both local and foreign donor agencies, multi-lateral organizations, economic and financial institutions across the world.
h. Internal sources, sale of forms, transcript forms employment forms, sales of bread and tender fee.
Just like funds are generated through different means and way, so also its usage. Organizational funds are primarily spent in any or combination of the under listed ways:
a. An increase in assets i.e buying more assets such as land, buildings, equipment and machineries etc.
b. A decrease I liabilities, that is paying off debts, debentures and other sundry liabilities and commitments.
c. Payment of dividend to equity holders — funds generated can be used to settle dividend darning payable to shareholders of the business firm.
d. Purchase and or retirement of shares, stock and bonds. That is a business concerned investing its surplus funds to buy shares and bonds of another company, with a view to diversifying its investment portfolio and risks.
e. Net operating loses. Net operating loses when recorded has the potentials of eroding firm or business assets base. If the enterprise therefore, want to maintain its former position, it will then have to source for additional funds to bridge the gap.
f. Purchase of stock i.e raw materials and other inputs that are necessary for day to day operation in the firm (inventories).

 

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

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ABSTRACT

The banking business has experienced structural changes over the decades like other business.

The government continually encourages the expansion of the services rendered by bank and also facilities both in the urban and rural area. In other to provide comprehensive banking in the country.

Banking has been in existence as far back 2500 B.C. Nigeria Government intervention began in 1975 where the military government restructured and Nigerianised in stages in the banking system. It has an aim of participation to obtain a maximum benefit of the economy in its operation.

Commercial banks can either be privately or publicly owned. Some of the functions are to make currencies available to the public in domination required, providing foreign exchange transaction and also transferring funds through bills and credit for export and imports.

Based on the above, the study’s aim is to discover the ways which qualitative services can be provided by commercial banks to their customers with particular reference to commercial banks.

In conclusion, attempts were made to highlight the problems and prospects of those banks and possible solutions to the relevant problems encountered by commercial banks, while performing their functional duties given to them.

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION                                                             1

• RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 2
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2
• SCOPE OF STUDY 3
• LIMITATION OF STUDY 4
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     REVIEW OF CONCEPT                                                   6

• SERVICES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS 7
• THE ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS 17
• QUALITIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKING SERVICES19
• CRITICISMS OF BANKING SERVICES IN NIGERIA 21

CHAPTER THREE      

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 25
• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 23
• IMPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 26
• RECOMMENDATION 28
• CONCLUSION 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             32

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The services Nigeria commercial bank render differs depending on the size of the organization. For instance, services rendered to the a large organization engaged in international trade is different from that of a sole trader-irrespective of the size, banks operates the kind of account that will facilitate individuals keeping his personal asset and savings in a complete safety.

Many customers also suffer one frustration or the other from banking operation such as long delay in bank, the turn down of loan requested, poor staff/customers relationship and inadequate knowledge of the range of services offered by commercial banks to the public.

The aim of this project is to find a lasting solution to the problem of qualitative services rendered by commercial banks to customers. We will also look at the policies involved in banks lending and how it affects the relationship of the banks and customers with a view of offering suggestions that will enhance customer/bank relationship.

 

• RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

This project is aim at finding lasting