ANALYSIS OF SOURCES AND USES OF FUND IN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA )

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ABSTRACT
The Effect of Sources and Uses of Revenue in Kaduna Polytechnic is the title of the Project work. In carrying out this research study, the researcher examines the effect of sources and uses of revenue system in an institution with respect to its effectiveness and tested information were obtained through the use of questionnaire and personal interview. Data collected were presented analyzed and discussed and hypothesis was tested using statistical method. The result of the study gathered from different authors views showed that most of the practices as carried out in the institution were in compliance on the subject matter. Among other things narrated were the significant of sources and uses of revenue not only in the area of the study i.e. Kaduna Polytechnic, but to other institutions. There is need to employ skilled and experienced people to handle the affairs of revenue generation and its utilization in an institution and not just employing layman to carry at the function.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Money is an organization tool which is used for proper management, control and co-ordination.
Economically, it is said to be scare in supply and the scare nature of it makes it necessary for good and effective management. Every organization whether small or large, requires good Accounting system for efficient management and control of her finances which may be done through a specified method as:
i. Controlling of Assets
ii. Internal/External Auditing
iii. Keeping of Proper Books
iv. Preparation of Financial Statement
v. Compliance with Legislation/Statutory Requirement.

A good Accounting System would provide orderly assembly of Accounting Information and from the basis of continuity. Polytechnics though tertiary institutions like any other organization are required by law establishing them to prepare accounts which are in conformity with general accepted principles of accounting so also with Kaduna Polytechnic which form the basis of this study.
Higher institution of learning established by Decree/Act (Kaduna Polytechnic) been one, operate accounting system some how similar to a great extent. It is of paramount importance at this juncture to have a broad knowledge of accounting system and funds accounting as it applies to tertiary institution.

Accounting system is the art of recording and controlling an organization by keeping accurate book-keeping of business transactions articulate to form an accounting process.
Finney and Miller (1971) define Funds Accounting as “an independent fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of recording cash and other resources together with all related liabilities, obligation, reserves, and equities which are segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with special regulations, restriction or limitation.

Public funds accounting tends to vary due to management policies differences. Though this higher institution of learning which are established for objective reasons are not profit oriented , there accounting systems are based on Historical cost concept, which indicates that Assets and liabilities are shown in the accounts at their Historical cost rather than current market value.

It is a common knowledge that all businesses and non business organizations including government runs on money equally, like there are wide range or ways of spending (expending funds). So also there are also variety of ways of generating it.
Source of fund refer to the different ways available to business enterprises through which it can mobilize money (fundsO to finance its operation i.e. from planning, conception, take up buying of fixed assets to day to day operations. Example of this are:
a. Decrease in assets i.e selling off your business assets such as land, building equipments, machineries to raise funds which can be recycled back into the business.
b. An increase in liabilities i.e borrowing from banks and other financial institutions in a form of loans, overdraft and debentures.
c. Plough back profit (Net profit re-injection). Instead of paying dividend to shareholders, the •profit is recycled back into the business.
d. Reserves and depreciating: This is an amount kept aside for some special purposes and for the rainy day. It is normally taken out of the net profit yearly during appropriation.

e. An increase in equity holding: That is creation and issuance of additional common stock and preferred stock to raises more funds.
f. Sales of stock of goods: By stock of goods, we mean both raw materials, work in progress and finish goods. Any of them, can be disposed off, to a willing buyer to raise additional funds.
g. Grants, Aids and Donations from government and nongovernmental agencies both local and foreign donor agencies, multi-lateral organizations, economic and financial institutions across the world.
h. Internal sources, sale of forms, transcript forms employment forms, sales of bread and tender fee.

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THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA ECONOMY

(A case study of Central Bank of Nigeria, Kaduna Branch)

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ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at the examination of the role of central bank of Nigeria in the development of Nigeria economy. The banking industries in the public and private sector whose main activities are valuable. Usually such companies are characterized by heavy capital. The Role of central bank in development of Nigeria economy, the method of data collection for this research it content analysis and this data on table and percentages, etc. these data were from C.B.N. Annual Report of financial economic review. Reports made by previous researchers and statistic bulletin. Monetary policy which is aimed at development and growth of the economy should also focus on the stability of foreign debts resulting in the smooth running of the countries.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The Central Bank of Nigeria as the Apex Financial institution within the financial structure, consist of commercial banks and the Allied Institution, it’s primarily created to promote monetary stability and sand financial system. The important of the central bank of Nigeria (C.B.N) can be fully appreciated when one understands its dominant role in development of Nigeria Economy. The major role of Central of Nigeria includes:-
Issuing or mounting the National currency such as maintaining its values, enhancing the mobilization of funds and facilitating the competition among banks and other non financial banking institutions within the systems and other role of central bank of Nigeria includes moderation of inflation, reduction of unemployment, enhancing external reserve position and creating appropriate monetary and financial environment to whether the development of Nigeria economy is facilitate the growth and development of Nigeria Economy.

However, if the Economy condition of a Nigeria can be a yardstick or index to judge the effectiveness of central bank of Nigeria, then the current economy depreciation is unfortunately the manifestation of poor performance of the central bank of Nigeria, this can be justified by raising confusion in the financial Institutions, such as distress, syndrome, problems in the foreign exchange, Transaction, particularly, the continuing depreciation of Naira it value of much should be maintained and stabilized by the Central Bank of Nigeria.
In the light of these, the researcher is inspired to examined the expected role of the central bank of Nigeria against the existing performance in order to establish enhancing not the focus of the study is the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) Kaduna branch, which control the monetary and fiscal policies and also of the recent recapitalization which as been introduced by central bank of Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The central bank of Nigeria, despite its credibility still have short coming. The short comings are:
i. The central bank of Nigeria is supposed to serve as a lender of last resort, but some times, there is delay in granting assistance to some commercial banks. When they run out of enough funds to pay their customers.
ii. Sales and purchase of securities are riot timely and adequately done to curb inflation
iii. The bank (Central bank of Nigeria) is constrained in selecting the tools to enhance the realization of the mandates.
iv. The appointment of official in the bank is based on political influence rather than merit and has created inefficiency in same section of the bank.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this research work is to example the expected role of the central bank of Nigeria against the existing performance in order to establish whether the development of Nigeria Economy is enhancing or not and also to find ways of solving particular problem associated with the smooth running and operations of the central bank of Nigeria, particularly, the Kaduna Branch.
Therefore the purpose of this study will be determined as follows:
i. The legal framework of the central bank has to be strengthened in other to address Lapses in the financial system.
ii. The roles which central bank of Nigeria has played in the development of Nigeria since inception.
iii. Ways and how to make other financial institutions comply with the central bank act of 1958, Which were largely unregulated.
iv. To streamline the practice of the banking operations, so as to ensure monetary in the economy.
v. The Amendment of the banking acts which depends on the operations and stipulated penalties and effectively carried out.

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AN EVALUATION OF COMPUTER IN BANKING SECTOR

(A case study of Access Bank plc Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT
The prime aim of this study has been to assess the performance of banks with the introduction of computers and to evaluate the role computer plays in banking sector. The study also went on to assess the contribution of computers to economic growth. The entire work is made up of a population size of twenty-nine (29), which are staff Access Bank Plc., Kaduna Branch. For the purpose of this study data were obtained from the primary and secondary sources of data. But in general, most of the data obtained were from the primary source, that is through the administration of questionnaires. The data collected were duly analyzed by the use of percentage, tabulation and descriptive analysis. From the researcher’s findings, the use of computers in banks is very essential to enhance better services by banks, with a view to satisfying the customers.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The role in which the computer plays in our everyday lives cannot be overemphasized. In fact, the computer is one of the greatest things that has happened to mankind and it should not be seen as a mere invention but a “revolution”.
One may be wondering how the world would be without computers and how we would actually cope without it. Before the advent of computers in early 1980’s, most of man’s jobs were performed manually and mentally, which were tedious and tiring and of course, these approaches did not provide desired results because the rate of productivity was very low. But now, we have an inevitable, non-living assistant to mankind known as the computer which simplifies the manual and mental procedures, enhances efficient mass handling of data and information and facilitates greater periodicity.

As the topic suggests, “An evaluation of computer in banking sector” this project work focuses on the impact of computer in banking with Access Bank Plc at Au Akilu Road, Kaduna being the case study.
Bankers have enjoyed the benefits of computerized banking over the years and they would testify that computer has done much good to banking sector. In Access Bank Plc banking services have been improved and even the customers can feel the efficacy of computer in the wide range of services provided by the bank.
It should be borne in mind that the computer does not only enhance banking services, but also other areas like Accounting, Agriculture, Education, Commerce, Medicine, Engineering, Communication, Aviation and Military to mention a few.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Years ago, banking services were not dependent on computer. Actually these banks performed their functions manually. With the manual procedure in those years a lot of work has to be done just by a few staff and this perform the tasks that a man-made device would have done just in the “twinkle of an eye”. Obviously, the computer has helped a bank like Access Bank Plc to employ just few staff and computers to execute various tasks that and would have been performed by many staff for days. Computer provides the banking sector with great packages that help various banks enhance the services provided to customers. We shall be looking at this later in the course of this project report.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Every individual including those in the banking sector knows that computer plays a key role in the day to day activities. But at this juncture, there is a need to state the inherent problems associated with the invention of computer.

In banking, Access Bank Plc. to be precise the researcher came to understand that most, if not all of the work carried out in the bank are performed by computers. This is good because they make our work faster, but where the problem lies is that human beings (ie the users of computer) have totally submitted to computer as if without computer, no work can carried out. Remember that these computers were made and configured by human beings so, the computers should be put in their rightful place. Note that the adverse effect of over-relying on computer leads to laziness on the part of staff of an organization.

Also, human effort is affected. Most of the computerized efforts in the past years were taken care of by humans. Today in banking for example, in the account section various transactions or documentation are performed by computer, instead of men and women. But the efforts of these people are obviously not needed. Therefore computer gives room for more and it does not allow humans to exercise their mental and intellectual abilities.
The problems associated with this study are many that one can go on and on to list and discuss them one after the other. This is the reason why the researcher has embarked on this work to point out the significant role computer plays in banking sector.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF EXCHANGE RATE POLICY MEASURES IN NIGERIA
(A Case Study of central bank of Nigeria Kaduna Branch)

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ABSTRACT
This research work is based on an Assessment of Exchange rate Policy measures in Nigeria has been written to explore the exchange rate policy measures in Nigeria during the period 2003- 2006 which is of great importance to the survival of banking industries and financial institutions. The aims of this research work is to determine the relevance of exchange rate policy measures in banks and financial institution and to highlight the necessity for maintaining adequate and effective exchange work is certain around the relevance of exchange rate policy system; the need for this research work is to enlighten banks and other financial institution on the importance exchange rate policy. The first chapter discussed related issues in the understanding of research work such as general introduction to the research topic identification of research problem, the historical background of the case study and the significance of the study. The second one focuses in review of related literature made an extensive analysis of the exchange rate policy measures. The research methodology for this research work was observation and questionnaire. The presentation and critical analysis of the finding of the research was frequency distribution method was used and single percentage (%) method was used to proof the hypothesis. And finally, this chapter five summarizes the whole research, recommendations were made thereby for improvement and conclusion was drawn. In conclusion, the researcher recommends that there is need for CBN to maintain a sound exchange rate control of dollars with naira in financial sector for stability to enhance adequate efficient and effective transmission of the monetary policy to the real sectors.

Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
Exchange rate is the price of the unit of one country quotes in terms of another country’s currency i.e. it is the mathematical or quantitative expression of one country currency in terms of another’s.

Exchange rate is a very vital price mechanism that directs the movement of other prices in the domestic economy and tries to equilibrate the balance of payment. It is also the variable which affects the economics activities in a country through the impact on investment, output and inflation among others. This eventually leads to depreciation of a country’s currency.

The inadequate foreign exchange earnings. A derivation of the steep fall incurred oil prices exploring the inflation in 1984 which stood at almost 40% as a result of acute shortage of imported goods and services.

SAP was adopted in July 1986 to among other things get the price right using the foreign exchange rate reform as its century tool. In pursuit of the second tier foreign exchange market was introduced in late September 1986 and since that time the naira has depreciated sharply against the us dollar and other major currencies the development shows that a depreciation of the naira has a role to play in Nigeria’s recent inflation trend.

1.1 Background of the Study
During the period of an independent exchange rate management policy the naira was pagged to other the us dollar or the British pounds, a policy of gradual appreciation of naira was pursued. The persistent external surplus in balance of payment which supported the appreciation of naira from crude oil export.

This cheapen import of competing food items agro based and industrial raw materials to the detriment of local products of similar goods. When it because obvious that aggregate import has outstripped total foreign exchange for import trade restriction was introduced. In 1976 there was deliberate measure to depreciate the naira. In September 1986 the fixed exchange rate had to be discovered and a flexible exchange rate was introduced following the adoption of SAP. With the foreign exchange were subjected to market forces under on auction system and now naira become under valued. Exchange rate depreciation has since resulted in domestic increase in the naira price of import and the is export to discourage importation and the naira cost of imported items have also risen the dismal performance of the economy as the end of 1994 compelled the authorities to re-introduce the market-based approach under the autonomous foreign exchange market (AFEM) from January 1995 until October 1999. The exchange rate which depreciated from the fixed rate of N21.8881: US$1.00 In 1995, it further depreciated to N128.75 between 2002 and 205. However, relative stability was achieved from 2003 with the rate actually appreciating between 2005 and 2008.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS

(A case study of Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT
The defectiveness of an organization depends on the effectiveness of the management body. An organization that wishes to develop and grow must be involved in budget preparation, so as to make long term plans. Whether or not the capacity of building made and prepared by management in their annual corners stone of this study. This project present some findings on the contributions of budgeting through interview, questionnaire and personal observation and analysis of the data shown in chapter four (4) despite that the budget system and budgetary control an effective towards decision making of management without forecasting, the business may suffer in future, deficiency of cash which may in turn resistant curtailment of their operation thereby forcing management to engage in borrowing at substantial interests rate with precise reference to the findings of the project work. The contribution of budgeting and budgetary control to management making budgeting and budgetary to other decision making techniques finally, a skillfully prepared budgeting program should be properly implemented to ensure effective budgeting via control.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Every organization set out to achieve one objective or two other such objectives are usually streamlined through the planning process. In planning process involves setting out objectives, examine the various ways of achieving them and directing on the best ways future it brings about the problem of budgeting.

Consequently, every business organization employs the principle and concept of budgeting as a tool in order to attain management performance efficiency and effectiveness to achieve set of goals.

According to Fiomgen, James M. (1973:144)” a budget is a comprehensive and coordinated plan expressed in financial terms, for the operations and resources of an enterprise to some specific period in the future.

M.O. Peter (1984:28) went further to defined a budget as simply as financial and or quantitative statement prepared prior to a defined period of time of the policy to be pursued for the propose of attaining a given objective. On the other hand, it may be regarded as a plan expressed in financial and quantitative terms which may involve income, expenditure and the use of capital.

Budgeting is a conscious articulation of plan of an organization for a given time period. As such a budget can also be a plan expressed in monetary terms prepared and approved prior to a given period of time usually stating the objectives to be pursued within the period and the resources to be employed in achieving those objective. It is a well known fact that without a plan control it is not possible and as such budgeting is an integral part of planning.

The basic element of budgeting are:-
1. It is a comprehensive and co-ordination plan
2. It is expressed in financial terms
3. It is a future plan for the firms operations and resources
4. It is a plan for a specific period
It is therefore imperative for management of any organization to have plan of actions as a means of protecting profit in a continuous basis. It is very rare for an organization to operate successfully without planning for the future. Since any integral part of effective planning is budgeting which invariable is interned to fall. An assist management in the process of economizing the use of business resources and efficient decision making process.

1.2 Statement of the problem
For an organization to achieve its objective effectively there has to be efficient budgeting and budgetary control in the organization. Lack of proper budgeting and budgetary control in the organization may result to officers including expenditure without approval which may subsequently lead to deficit budget. This study is designed to find out whether money deposit bank (union Bank particular) comply with as specified in their internal control.

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