THE ROLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN PUPILS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This project work was undertaken to survey the role of instructional materials in pupil’s academic performance. In some selected primary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State. to find solution to the problem which gave to undertaking the survey q1uestionaire were raised to check the availability use and the attitude of teachers towards the instructional materials in teaching in the selected primary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. From the findings, it was discovered that instructional materials in the teaching of subjects so as to enhance the promotion of learning among pupils towards improved yearly performance and daily use.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One: Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two      

Literature Review

Chapter Three- Methodology

Research design

Population of study

Sample and sampling procedure

Instrument for data collection

Validation of the instrument

Reliability of data collection

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four               

Results on observation and discussion of results

Chapter Five      

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

References

Questionnaires

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Research has proved beyond questions that learning is more effective when as many serve as possible are used and of all the serve sight is powerful. The need, therefore to present information to students visually as well as verbally is now generally accepted. In school  today, emphasis is laid on qualitative and quantitative, curriculum contents techniques and methods of teaching of qualified teachers with great increase in the number of school as well as students enrolment is on increase, and the quality and quantity of teachers are needed to match this increase in enrolment of students and in this regard.

Educational technology cannot be rules out as an instructional innovation. According to Broom and Thornton (1960) “The gradual shift towards the use of instructional materials in education has been encouraged by increased availability of effective appropriate and convenient materials, devices, machines and classroom facilities designed for improving instruction. Throughout history, media and technology for learning have influenced education. Recently, the computer has invaded instructional settings such tills offer powerful possibilities for improving the learning process.

The use of instructional materials is necessary to supplement the available instructional resources and qualified teachers. The current use of instructional materials in Nigeria school is very low and unsatisfactory. The following are ways instructional materials can contribute to qualitative education.

1.     Instructional materials provides for the teachers tools to carryout creativity in the minds of the students.

2.     Instructional materials makes learning process to be easy

3.     It helps the teacher to be able to stimulate pupils to learn.

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Statistics has shown that most of our primary school teachers no longer make use of instructional materials when teaching and this have a negative effect on the teaching and by extension having negative effect on the academic performance of the pupils. Some of these effects include, the pupils will not be able to concretize the lesson that is been taught, they are unable to visualize what the teacher is teaching because the pupils do not have a mental picture of what the teacher is passing across to them. This makes the students to easily forget what they have been taught in the school. without the use of instructional materials, learning becomes boring to the pupils and they can easily lost interest when there is nothing like instructional materials to motivate them to learn, so whatever the teacher is teaching them, they cannot assimilate it easily.

 

Again, when instructional materials are not used when teaching, it makes the pupils to be passive, they don’t have the chance to participate in class activities. They mainly become passive listeners and this reduces their thinking ability and they are unable to reason out things on their own. Statistics has also shown that most primary schools lack these instructional materials in their schools and also they lack trained teachers who know how to use these materials. it is this lack of instructional materials in the teaching learning process that prompted the researcher to investigate the role of instructional materials and its effects on the performance of pupils in primary schools.

 

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The objective of this research is stated as follows;

1.     To find out the type of instructional materials available in primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State.

2.     To determine the extent to which primary school teachers utilize instructional materials.

3.     To determine the factors that militates against the use of instructional materials in primary school.

4.     To find a lasting solution to the problems of instructional materials availability and utilization in primary school.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.     Can the wrong use of instructional materials affect the academic performance of pupils?

2.     What are the effects of instructional materials on the academic performance of pupils?

3.     Does non-availability of instructional materials affects the performance of pupils?

4.     Does instructional materials have any role to play in the academic performance of pupils?

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The grindings of this research would be used for the following, firstly, the findings of this research work will be used to enlighten primary school teachers of the need to make use of audio materials in teaching and learning process. Secondly, the findings of this research work would be used to encourage the government and school management to provide instructional materials for primary school. Thirdly, the findings of the research study would be used to enlighten the school management of the need to enlighten the school management of the need to provide in-service training and learning process. Lastly, it would also prompt the government to organize seminars and workshops to teach teachers on the use of instructional materials.

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research study will cover ten randomly selected primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. the result obtained however, from the analysis of data collected from this schools will be taken as a time representation and reflection of the prevailing condition in all the primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area in particular and Edo State in general.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS   

Performance: The act of doing something, either good or bad.

Process: A series of things that are done in order to achi8eve a particular result.

Concretize: To make something concrete.

Respondents: A person who answer questions.

 

 

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FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RATE OF DROPPING OUT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL

 

 

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to attempt to find the role of dropping out from senior secondary school. This question has raised other questions for varying reasons. And scholars in education and psychology have attempted to proffer a solution in this regard, which would lead students not to drop out from school. To help this questions some statements were drawn up such as:

1.           Students’ dropout from school because of financial difficulties.

2.           Children from poor homes are prone to dropout from school.

3.           Unexpected pregnancy makes students dropout from school.

The methodology of this study shows statistical comprehension of the research based on the data collected. Data collected were analyzed with the instrument of a percentage. The last chapter is a summary of the work, Conclusion and recommendations of the project. From the findings, some recommendations were made such as:

1.           The mass literacy campaign programme should be intensified. Parents and guardians should be well informed that education is not only for employment.

2.           Free education at least to secondary school level should be pursued.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE  

Introduction

Background of study

Statement of problem

Research questions

Basic assumptions

Purpose of the study

Scope of study

Limitations of study

Definitions of terms

CHAPTER TWO 

Review of literature

Unemployment

Students financial difficulties

Marriage

Unexpected pregnancy

Change of career

Parental factor

CHAPTER THREE       

Method of study

Population of study

Sample and sampling procedure

Distribution of sample

Instrument for data collection

Validation of the instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Results of observation and discussion of results

CHAPTER FIVE           

Findings, recommendation and conclusion

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendations for further study

Suggestions

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRE     

 

 

 

           

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Secondary education can be defined as the transition between the primary education and tertiary education. It aims at preparing children for useful living in the society and at the same time prepares them for higher education. The national policy on education (1981) divides the secondary school into junior secondary (JSS) and senior secondary school (SSS) each stage is for a period of three years. The three years in junior secondary school is like the primary education, which is both prevocational and academic. The curriculum of the senior secondary school on the other hand is diversified. According to Ehiametaler E. T et al (1989) students at this level are streamed into science inclined, art inclined, commercial subjects oriented teacher, training inclined and technical subjects oriented.

 

 

But in spite of the many career opportunities open to students in the senior secondary school programme, students are dropping out especially in Evboesi areas of Edo State. Secondary schools are being closed for low environment. Statistics on student’s environment in the post primary schools in the defunct Bendel state as a wholly available at the ministry of education shows that the population of students in the senior secondary school is on the decline. Another evidence of decline in senior secondary school environment in the recent method adopted by the West Africa examination council (WAEC) where by schools with many students for the senior school certificate examinations are grouped together to form a single centre. Many students who had sought admission into the senior secondary school had prematurely withdrawn and dropped out before graduation for one or two reasons. This is caused for concern of interests are some of the factors responsible for this untimely withdrawal.

 

 

In the first place, the current economic lesson in the country has left many graduates but from secondary school and institutions of higher learning unemployed. According to Gerald Bernbanu (1979) the disappointed people who had earlier looked to educational expansion both to reduce social and economic inequalities and to improve the performance of the economy going to school was still regarded as the surest way to gainfully employ especially in the public sector. The non-employment of most of the graduates for all levels of our educational institutions makes the current students in the senior secondary school to see attending school as a waste of time. The point that is being emphasized here is that because school leavers and graduates of higher institutions do not richly secure gainfully employed in the public or private sectors of the economy as the case, many years ago students are no longer motivated to continue their education through the senior secondary school (SSS).

 

Government also contributes to the rate of dropout from secondary school in charging tuition fees, which many parents cannot afford in view of the present economic crisis the country. Even when many of them have struggled to pay the tuition fees, final accommodation fees are often unaffordable. Another factors which make students to withdraw from the senior secondary school is early marriage. It has been postulated that many girls dropped out of school because their parents wanted them to get married some other girls had dropped out of school because they had unexpected pregnancies which had forced them into early marriage. Some students who had originally enrolled into the senior secondary class had dropped out due to change in career goals. Some have taken up such careers like carpentry, tailoring, hairdressing and other types of vocational training. Parent’s attitudes level of education, family size and socio-economic status contributes to the rate of dropout from the senior secondary school. According to Oraemesi J. L (1987) parents no longer encourage their children to pursue secondary education, one argument for this is the education these days do not yield economic benefits whereas investing the same number of years and fund which have been budgeted for education in trade or business will yield greater profit.

 

 

A good number of students withdraw from senior secondary school due to poor socio-economic status of their parents. The serious economic crisis in the country has impoverished many homes and as a result they are unable to afford school fees, uniforms, books for their children. These and many other attendant problem facing students and parents have made them disillusioned by what formal education can give them hence the dropping of the senior secondary school.

 

 

 

1.2      STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Dropout from the senior secondary is an aspect of educational wastage and should be treated as a problem facing secondary school in particular and education in general.

As been established in the previous section of this chapter, senior secondary school classes are empty due to the rate of dropout from school.

It has also been established in the background to the problem that institutional administrators, educational planners, policy makers both at state and national levels, students and guidance and counselors have reacted out differently, times to the rate at which secondary school in the rural areas especially are becoming depopulated.

But the problem of interest – this study is to determine the relationship between the rate of dropout from the senior secondary schools in Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo state and the factor is as follow:-

Graduate unemployment, early marriage, unexpected pregnancy, financial difficulties, change in career goals, parent’s attitude, educational levels, socio-economic status and family size.

The study is also interested in determining what other factor might be related to the rate of dropout.

 

 

1.3      RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions are devised to guide the following investigator:

1.           Does the current trend of graduate unemployment contribute to the rate of dropout from school?

2.           Are early marriage and unexpected pregnancy factors in the dropout from the senior secondary school?

3.           What is the relationship between financial difficulties and dropout from senior secondary school?

4.           Do students dropout from senior secondary school due to change in career goals.

5.           Do parent’s attitudes and levels of education affect dropout from senior secondary school?

6.           Do socio-economic status and family size of parents contribute to the rate of drop outs from senior secondary school?

7.           What other factors contribute to dropouts from senior secondary school?

 

 

1.4      BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

Major asumpti0ons made in this study were:

1.           The absence of employment prospect for school leavers and graduate of higher institution make students to dropout from senior secondary school.

2.           To both parents and students the making purpose of education is to secure gainful employment either in government service or private sector.

3.           Early marriage and unexpected pregnancy make students to dropout from senior secondary school.

4.           Student’s dropout from senior secondary school because of financial difficulties.

5.           Change in career goals makes students to dropout from senior secondary school.

6.           Children from poor homes are prone to dropout from school.

 

 

1.5      PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study was to determine the main factor responsible for the rate of dropout from school in Orhionmwon local government.

The study examined the effect of factors such as graduate unemployment, early marriage, unexpected pregnancy, student’s financial difficulties and educational levels, socio-economics status and family size on the rate of drop out from school.

It further sought to ascertain other relevant problems relating to the rate of dropout from school.

 

 

1.6      SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Dropout often entails unproductive expenditure. They suggest that society has neglected its responsibility of equal educational opportunity to its citizens. Therefore this study is undertaken in a strong belief that would make meaningful contributions to how government administrators, and parents can find lasting solutions to the problems of children retention in schools generally and especially in the senior secondary school.

The study would reveal the impact of unemployment on children attendance and completion of school. The recommendations that may be given would be important to our government policy makers at the federal, state and local state levels.

Finally, guidance and counsellor would find the finding of this study useful. They could use tem to detect and prevent such symptoms that are likely to head dropping out in the selected school subjects.

 

 

1.7      SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is delimited to Orhionmwon Local Government Area. Ten of the different secondary schools were used. One hundred identified dropouts from five towns in the local government area were used.

The sample drawn from the population is not fully a representation of the whole senior secondary school dropout in the area. As a result the extent generalization could be made fro the study is limited.

However, it is believed that the sample is not altogether inadequate as subjects are drawn from towns in the local government were dropout can be identified.

 

 

1.8      DEFINITION OF TERMS

Drop out: For the purpose of this study, the term ‘dropout’ means students who had originally planned to obtain the senior school certificate {S.S.C} but who had left school before graduation. The term includes all these who withdrawn from other trades.

Senior Secondary School {S.S.S}: This reflects to classes 1 to 3 after junior secondary school leavers and graduates of higher institutions.

Large family size: This refers to a polygamous family. It also refers to a family with more than four children.

Unexpected pregnancy: This refers to teenage pregnancy which occurs when the teenager has not married and she is still in the school system.

Junior secondary school {J.S.S}: This is the first tier of all secondary school. It is for the period of three years.

 

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PERFORMANCE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER

 

 

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ABSTRACT

The term frustration has almost become endemic within the teaching profession in Nigeria due to the poor service conditions of teachers. Teachers and foot dragging approach which has culminated in teachers being dissatisfied with their job. This research study was therefore designed to establish whether there is a relationship between job satisfaction and the performance of secondary school teachers in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State. The study wanted to find out specifically whether:

1.                 Teachers participation in schools decision making process has any influence on their performance

2.                 Delay in the payment of teachers salaries and allowances can affect their performance

3.                 Performance can be affected by the availability of teaching aids

4.                 The availability of equipment and facilities as chairs library and laboratory etc can influence performance.

The extensive review of literacy related to the subject of study was carried out. Equally, a simple questionnaire was used to collect data from six secondary schools in the area of study for the purpose of analysis and testing from the results of the data analysis the following findings were made.

1.                 That a delay in the payment of teacher’s salaries and allowances affect performance.

2.                 That performance is affected by participation in the school decision-making process.

3.                 That lack of equipment and facilities affects teacher’s performance.

4.                 That lack of teaching aids can affect teacher’s performance.

Based on the findings above, the researcher makes the following recommendations:

1.                 That effort should be made to regularize the payment of teachers salaries and allowances.

2.                 That efforts to geared towards the procurement of standard teaching aids to help teachers live up their teaching.

3.                 That equipment and facilities be made availability to teachers.

4.                 That teachers be given the chance to participate in the schools decision making process. Along this line, they should be given other responsibilities apart from their normal teaching assignments.

5.                 The ministry of education should organize workshop to educate school principals on managerial skills and human relations.

6.                 That the NUT be involved in making policies that affect teachers welfare.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter one

Background to the study

Statement of problem

Purpose of study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of study

Limitation

Chapter two

Literature review

Chapter three

Research method and procedure

Research design

Population

Sample and sampling

Technique

Research instrument

Administration of question

Naira and data collection

Data analysis

Chapter four

Presentation and analysis of data

Research question one

Research question two

Research question three

Research question four

Chapter five

Summary, conclusion and recommendation

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Reference

Journals and magazines

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Man is a “wanting animal” so says Abraham, Maslow in his work, theory of motivation. This implies that no sooner is one of the needs satisfied than another emerges. The process is unending. It continues from birth to death. This assertion no doubt is cogent with the economic theory of human wants. According to the economist, human wants are unlimited. Thus the more you satisfy them; the more you observe that others are queuing for satisfaction. Wants, they observe particularly increase with the progress of civilization. Both assertions go to suggest that has numerous desires, which he constantly seeks to satisfy. As a result, it is the desire to fulfill these unending needs so as to live a comfortable life that compels man to join an organization where he hopes to get the means of satisfying these needs. This the organization does by boosting the morale of the employee and this is seen in “the extent to which an individuals need are met or satisfied, and the extent to which the individuals perceives that satisfaction as steming from his job situation”.

Keith Davia observes job satisfaction

is thje favourablenessor unfavourableness

with which employee view their work.

It results when there is a fit between

Job characteristic and wants of employees.

It expresses the amount of congnence between

ones expectations and of the job and the

rewards that the job provides.

In other words, job satisfaction means how an employee views his job whether it is satisfying his needs or not. Basically people not just working for working sake, and organizational goals/objectives and for industrial harmony to prevail. It workers, teachers inclusive, find every thing satisfactory in their jobs, then there will be no cause for them not to perform or live up to the expectations of both the management and general public. The performance or a teacher in particular or any other workers for that lies on the degree of satisfaction he/she gets from the job. Since job satisfaction involves expectations compared with rewards, it late to a psychological contract which an individual makes while joining an organization.

 

The contract stipulates each employees, psychological involvement with organization. In making the contract, the employees agrees to give a certain amount of work and loyalty to the organization and in return seek economic rewards, security, treatment as human being etc. the honouring of the terms of the contract by both parties leads to job satisfaction. However, where and when an organization honour only part of the contract as the economic aspect, leaving the others, the workers will be dissatisfied. Where there are prolonged frustration, poor quality of work, lateness, absenteeism, quarrelling with colleagues, disputes with management etc are always the negative actions.

 

 

The word frustration has almost become endemic within the teaching profession in Nigeria due to the governments, attitude towards teachers remuneration, allowances, promotion, provision of working tools and recognition of their services as nation builders. More often than not, the yardstick for measuring teachers in public examinations such as the senior secondary certificate examination (SSCE) drop out rate and rate of indiscipline among the youths. When these parameters show negative, teachers heads are called for along this line, the present assumption of a falling standard in our educational system has been blamed on teachers by the government and the general public.

 

Teachers on their par blame the government and the general public. Teachers on their part blame the government for falling to provide the conducive atmosphere that would enhance the teaching learning process. At this point in time, the questions that readily come to mind are: are teachers in our public/state owned secondary not willing to work and why? Secondly, are teachers in private owned and federal owned hence perform better than their counterparts in state/public secondary schools. It is an open secret that when teacher from the state owned secondary schools are privately employed by parents to coach their children at home, they perform better. This is a point to the fact that their failure to perform lies not in their training but in their relationship with their employers. The situation simply put arise from the failure of the management to honour her own side of psychological contract said H. Koonts no system is bad in itself but the management of its human resources. He further observed the primary task of managers it to get.

People to contribute activities which hen to achieve the

mission and goals of the enterprise. Be that it may,

to guide peoples, activities in the expected direction

requires knowing to the best of any managers,

ability, what leads people to do things and what motivates them.

Based on these, one can presume and confidently too, that teachers will perform credibly well if they are rightly motivated. By this is meant, paying their salaries and other entitlement regularly and promptly, and providing them with adequate working facilities. There is no gain saying that people work harder when there are incentives, for remuneration according to Armstrong  “is part of the reward system used by an organization to motivate people to join, to stay and to work hard and efficiently while, they are there”. Thus school administrators and particularly employers of teaches must have to inject into their schools those salient ingredients that will motivate teachers to achieve.

 

Teacher’s salaries are known to have been delayed for up to a month or more while working tools are particularly non existence. As a result, teachers can hardly be expected to be happy with their conditions of services. This has resulted in a massive drift from the profession and general feelings of apathy among the youths towards taking up the chalk. In fact, many teachers look towards taking up at the job as a stepping-stone towards something better. All these account for the barrage of strike action and threats of some by teachers in the different states of the country.

In the 1977 National Policy on Education, a lot of moral boosting promises were made to teachers, some of which include:

1.                  To enhance teachers commitment to the term of their performance

2.                  Promotion opportunities will be created at all level of education to allow for professional growth.

Despite the good intent of this, teachers still grumble. However, it is one thing to recommend or propose but another to implement. It is therefore, this situation of dissatisfaction among teachers that moved the researcher to try to find out what is responsible for job dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Isoko north local Government Area of Delta State and how it affect their performance.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Complaints about poor condition have become endemic to members of the teaching profession in all ages and times. In Nigeria teacher’s problems have always been treated with levity and foot dragging approach, a situation not unconnected with the mistaken notion of our leaders that teachers cannot constitute a formidable threat to the corporate policy. What more the Nigerian public had inherited from the missionaries, way back in the colonial days, the misinformed idea that teachers reward and secured for them in heaven, a notion, which has continued to shape their view of the profession. However, in a materialistic society like ours has come to be, this situation can no longer hold ground. The result has been a constant class between teachers and their employers, leading to low performance on the part of the teachers.

In view of the above, this study will seek to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and teachers performance among secondary school teachers in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State. In pursuance of this goal, the following questions will be answered.

1.                  Do teachers, performance affect the payment of their salaries been delayed.

2.                  Is their performance affected when they are denied participation in the schools decision-making process?

3.                   Does lack of teaching aids affect teachers performance?

4.                  Does lack of equipment affect teachers performance?

PURPOSE OF STUDY

According to M. S. Viteless, every industrial concern has the responsibility of fulfilling the three conditions that make for the progress of the establishment. These are to “increase productivity, promote employee satisfaction and adjustment to work and to curtail industrial strike”.

 

In Nigeria, where education is perhaps the large industry, handling the ;largest number of employees the achievement of these objectives is necessary for the sound and profitable is to achieve the cardinal goals of the National Policy of Education, accurate information must be made available through researches of this nature say to the effectiveness of various appeals or incentives which can be used to gain the co-operation of teachers in increasing efficiency and productivity.

 

This involves an exact determination of the various wants and needs of teachers, which requires gratification through the work situation. Only with such a knowledge as can be provided by a research on the relationship between job satisfaction and workers performance can the management and administrations arrive at a balanced and effective programme of personal policies and practice which will provide maximum results in the attainment of goals which simultaneously have significance for our educational system, the teachers and the nations at large. Thus, the central purpose of this study is to determine how job satisfaction affects teacher’s performance among secondary school teachers.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There was a need for this study because of the need delineated the relationship between job satisfaction and teachers performance which can only be assessed along selected components as payment of salaries and allowances, participation in schools decision making process, availability of teaching aids, equipment and facilities. However, both assertions go to suggest that man has numerous desires, which he constantly seeks to satisfy.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following null hypotheses will be dully tested.

1.                  There is no significance relationship between payment of their salaries and allowances.

2.                  There is no significance relationship between teacher’s performance and participation in school decision-making process.

3.                  There is no significance relationship between teacher’s performance and lack of teaching aids.

4.                  There is no significant relationship between teacher’s performance and lack of facilities as chairs, laboratory equipment, adequate classrooms etc.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is designed to cover all the post-primary schools in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State. In all, there are fifteen secondary schools in the government. Out of this numbers seven arte located within Olomu town while the rest are in Isoko, Ijere, Umotu, Ahgalope, and Unukpo.

 

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARITAL SUCCESS AND THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG WOMEN

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This study examines the relation between marital success and the level of education among women. The method of data collection was the questionnaires administered to respondents. A total number of one hundred (100) questionnaires were distributed to respondents and they were collected back from them and duly completed. The analysis of finding will be the same with a view to answering the questions raised in the study. For the purpose of discussion, percentages were found in order to determine the pattern. The results led to the following conclusions.

1.     Does the level of women that are educated affect their attitude toward their husbands?

2.     Does education make women to loose their sense of responsibility as a wife?

3.     Does education leads to marital success?

4.     Does education make women to have time in their home or domestic work?It is not right for a woman to be educated than her husband?

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature

Marriage and marital success

Education and marital success

Employment and marital success

Level of education and marital success

 

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Research design

Population the study

Administration of instrument

Sampling technique adopted

Procedure for data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis of data

CHAPTER FIVE         

Summary, conclusion and recommendations

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendations

Suggestion for further study

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRES

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The education of women has been recognized for several decades as a fundamental human right and a development necessity. Education not only provide basic knowledge and skills to improve health and livelihood, but it empowers women to take their rightful place in society and development process. Education gives women the status and confidence to influence household decisions. Educating women is the key to breaking the cycle of poverty.

 

In the Nigerian society between the early 1970s and early 1980s experienced growth in terms of social, economic and educational development. This brought about increased movement away from the traditional way of life due to industrialization, education, influence of electronic media and the exposure to foreign cultures. In the traditional setting, the Nigerian woman was brought up right from youth in ways which will get her ready for marriage and make her settle down to a successful marriage. She was taught the different roles she would play as a woman, in terms of home making, motherhood, having good relationship with her husband and in-law. She was taught the art of patie4nce and submissiveness towards her husband in order to be able to play these roles successfully.

 

Traditionally, parents were satisfied with a female child playing only the role of a wife and a mother as stipulated by the Nigeria culture. Today parents have realized that their female children attain positions of honour in the society and marry men of high social standing. They have seen education and exposure to other cultures as a means of achieving these objectives.

 

At a very early age, the Nigerian female child is sent to school where at the very beginning she is placed in the same compound with them for class grades and marks. She learns to see the male as her equals as they do not seem to possess more intelligence than herself.

 

The Nigerian female child is exposed to Western cultures having values that are quite different from those of the Africa and hence, the Nigerian woman is gradually slufting from the patience and submissive person she used to be, who was ready  to restrict her life to the narrow boarders of the environment in which she had been born and bred to a more pushful person, competing with men in terms of educational attainment and positions in the world of work.

 

In the Nigeria society, if a woman has obtained a particular age and educational standard and is not yet married, she is frowned at by society and seen as a frustrated and unfulfilled person.

 

It is therefore not usual for Nigerian parents to be overly anxious over seeing that their children are married and success at marriage. Due to this anxiety, some parents go to the extent of arranging meetings between their daughters and members of the opposite sex and eventually match-making them into marriage.

 

In order to make the marriage of their children successful, parents a times who are well to do, provide facilities for the young couple to make them comfortable in their new home, they also make it mandatory to enquire from time to time about the problems that could be arising from the marriage with a view to helping in solving such problems.

 

The role of the man in the Nigerian culture is that of the master and controller of home. He wants to maintain this role all the time and does not want a situation that will militate against it lest society sees him as a weakling.

 

Some men are weary of marrying women who have acquired higher education. Men in this group will contend that it will be easier for them to be able to have control over women who do not have more than a school certificate education or those who do not attend school at all, regardless of their own educational background. This is with the believe that such will not see them as equals and as such give them enough respect and thereby enabling them plat their roles as expected by the culture as the master of the home.

 

The man may soon realized that he requires for a successful marriage is not supremacy band absolute submissiveness by the wife. A graduate marrying a primary school certificate holder, will soon realize that their varying social status could create a gap between himself and the wife especially were related to other people belonging to their varying social groups with varying societal values that cannot match. This would be a source of conflict and possible failure of their marriage.

 

It may be assumed that such gap could be bridged by time when the couple must have grown to understand themselves better with time. A woman with primary school certificate who did not bother to know how to relate to people in her graduate husbands’ social class will with time learn more about her husband and what is expected of her in her marriage if she has to succeed, and this also applies to the man.

 

Some men, due to the exposure in higher institutions of learning believe that they will be more compatible with women who are also well educated like themselves. They believe they will be able to communicate effectively with such women and be easily understood by them.

 

These men also have problems related to marital adjustment. Their wives are hardly at home due to demands of jobs that are as time consuming as those of their husbands. This leads to the feelings of being neglected and uncared by the man who is usually left to the mercy of house helps who take the place of their wives at home.

 

The man a times develops the feeling of inadequacy especially if the wife works with men who are more successful than himself and due to the wife’s sense of dressing and sophistication, infidelity is often suspected and this can lead to marital failure. In some situations, women find themselves attaining high levels of education than their husband. Men who have acquired wealth without adequate education to back it up may want their wives to acquire more education than themselves so that they become asset in the running of the family’s business and could give some degree of prestige and to her husband and family.

 

When the man has a lower educational qualification than the wife and is financial standing is also lower, he may develop feeling of resentment, jealousy and incapability at being able to have a control over their household, especially if the man did not approves of such educational attainment. The situation may lead to friction and eventual breakdown of the marriage.

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Marriage is considered to be very important in the life of an individual. In modern times, acquiring education can be seen as one of the preparation a woman has to make towards marriage.

 

The acquisition of good education brings about the acquisition of positions of honour in the society, good jobs and increased financial standing which will enable a woman to asset her husband in alleviating financial problems in their home.

 

The acquisition of education on the part of a woman can also militate against her marital success especially if there is disparity in her level of education and that of her spouse.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The stability of marriage has a lot of factors militating against it and the educational attainment of the participants may have a lot to do with it.

The acquisition of a higher level of education would have been seen as an added asset to women but have their own varying preferences as to the level of education spouse should possess. These preferences are expectations they feel would lead to the stability of their marriage.

 

While some men who possess higher degree would prefer women who are not educated at all or women with a maximum of a secondary certificate, others in this category prefer women with university d higher degree like themselves. Some men with little or no education are not content with women in their category but would prefer women who have attained higher university degree and would even go to the extent of sponsoring their wives towards achieving such educational heights.

 

It is assumed that the level of education of a woman is very important in consideration when a man is going to make a marital choice.

 

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between marital success and the level of education among women.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will be useful to both married men and women as well as intending couples.

1.     Married men will be exposed to the effect of different level of education of women and how when compared to their educational background can lead to marital success or failure.

2.     They will therefore be able to take decisions on the marital adjustment they will make as related to their spouses’ educational level for a stable marriage.

3.     Married women on their part will find the result of this study useful in that they will be exposed to the relationship between their level of education and the marital success. The needs of their spouses will be brought to force and they in turn will be able to take decision as to how they can help their spouses fulfill these needs and bring about marital success.

4.     Parents will also find the result of this study useful since they     participate actively in the upbringing and the decision relating to the educational attainment of their children, they will through the findings of this study be able to give adequate guidance to their children as related to educational attainment and marital success.

5.     Guidance counsellors will finds the result of this finding useful, for the counselling of individuals who have problems of marital adjustment as related to education. This will eventually help them in the improvement of the quality of marriage in the society.the findings of this research will provide a base for further research in the area of marital adjustme4nt and above all, it will contribute to the acquisition of knowledge in general.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Based on the statement of problem, the following research questions were stated:

1.     Does the level of women that are educated affect their attitude towards their husbands?

2.     Does education make women to loose their sense of responsibility as a wife?

3.     Does education leads to marital success?

4.     Does education make women to have time in their home for domestic work?

5.     It is not right for a woman to be educated than her husband?

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study concentrates on educating women only. This is to avoid as much as possible the unreliability and invalidity of information likely to be obtained from oral interview which is the feasible means of obtaining information from the illiterate women. The scope of the study is limited to Oredo local government area of Edo state since it includes Benin City, a cosmopolitan city and a university town, a true representative of the Nigerian women can be obtained.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Education: This a process of teaching, training and learning, especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and develop skills.

Marriage: This is the legal relationship between a husband and a wife.

Marital: This has to do with connected marriage or with the relationship between a husband and a wife.

Success: The fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to.

Relationship: This is the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal with each other.

Culture: This is the customs and beliefs, arts, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group.

 

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THE ROLE OF MORAL AND MORALE IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS

 

 

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Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which moral and morale affect the pupils studies and consequently their academic performance in English and to suggest some possible solutions to the heart-breaking problem in the school system. The basic problem that children have today is not their concentration span which is roughly as long as the life of a smoke rings, based on their stereophonic approach to studying. There is an increase in moral, social and cultural decadence. Youths now parade themselves with arrogance, cultism, vandalism and great lack of morals. The youth and children are now like sheep without a shepherd. They can no longer concentrate or remain focused even on their academic work. Moral and morale towards learning of English Language beside opinions and belief have an obvious influence on pupils behaviour and consequently on their performance.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1         Background to the study

1.2         Statement of problem

1.3         Purpose of the study

1.4         Research questions

1.5         Significance of the study

1.6         Scope of the study

1.7         Limitation of study

1.8         Definition of term

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.0Introduction

2.1         Definition of moral

2.2         Moral and education in Nigeria

2.3         Definition of morale

2.4         Importance of morale

2.4.1    Behavaiour aspect of morale

2.4.2    Cognitive aspect of morale

2.4.3    Emotional aspect of morale

2.5          Role of moral education on the academic performance of students

2.5.1    Current approaches to moral education

2.5.2    The infusion approach

2.6         Factors contributing to the development and expression of morality

CHAPTER THREE         

Methodology

3.1         Research design

3.2         Population of the study

3.3         Sample and sampling techniques

3.4         Research instrument

3.5         Validity of the instrument

3.6         Method of data collection

3.7         Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

CHAPTER FIVE   

Summary of findings, Recommendations and Conclusion

5.1     Summary of findings

5.2     Recommendation

5.3     Conclusion

REFERENCES     

QUESTIONNAIRES   

 

 

 

    

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The problem of declining morality, especially among the youth, is an age-old and worldwide issue. This is especially true in Nigeria, Syria and South Africa where the ever-decreasing levels of morality affect communities as well as the entire country. For example, the economy of Nigeria is affected negatively due to lowered investor confidence, which is influenced by the high instances of violence and crime. As far as the family is concerned, Nigeria is also suffering. For example, more children are becoming orphaned due to HIV/Aids, and many parents have lost children and even entire families to violence perpetrated by (Boko Haram).

 

This issue has steadily gained  importance in Nigeria and has become a “National Attention” as highlighted by the President, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, in one of his addresses on the need for peace: when he said “the lines between right and wrong are continuing to plague our communities” (Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 24 May, 2012). This viewpoint has steadily been gaining support from various arenas, including Religious, Educational and Political leaders.

 

Morality is therefore seen as an antidote to the ever-increasing incidence of crime such as violence, Kidnapping and even HIV/Aids (Carlo et al. 1999; Judy & Nelson 2000). It is essential that the issue of morality in the country be addressed. Until recent years, public schools had since deflected from their original roles in morality, though many outside the school system continued political pressure to move schools either towards or away from a value oriented curriculum.

 

(KILPATRICK, WILLIAM, 2008). This poses questions and ideas about the appropriate approach to learning and the effect of morality in our teaching-learning process.  DUNCAN, (2009) opined that there is no doubt that things are falling apart many people behave as if there is no need for decency and diligence for things that matter. There is an increase in moral, social and cultural decadence. Youths, now parade themselves with arrogance, cultism, vandalism and great lack of morals. The youths and children are now like sheep without a shepherd. They can no longer concentrate or remain focused even on their academic works.

 

Kara (2009) stated that morale towards learning of English Language besides opinions and beliefs have an obvious influence on students’ behaviours and consequently on their performance. It is argued that those students who possess positive morale about learning have a tendency to increase more positive attitudes towards language learning. (www.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 8, No. 2; February 2012). Conversely, negative beliefs may lead to class anxiety, low cognitive achievement, and negative attitudes (Victori & Lockhart, 1995).

 

According to Alhmali (2007), the purpose of education in Nigeria is to obtain high grades and pass the exams. He went further to say that the creativity and understanding of the nature of students and their needs are not taken into account. The teachers’ role is basically to transmit information to their students effectively. There exists little knowledge about the best strategies to develop the students not just cognitively but also behaviorally and emotionally. In Nigeria, English Language textbooks are based on the communicative approach. (Orafi & Borg, 2009).

 

Meanwhile, the controversial concern is why some students attain higher grades in English language exams than others who are under the same conditions and situations. The concern on the learners’ attitudes towards the target language was emphasized by Gardner (1995), who stated that the learners’ Morale (attitudes and emotions) towards learning another language play a key role in enhancing and motivating them to learn that language. This, in turn, affects their performance, too. It is on this note, that one becomes concerned with the effect of moral and morale on the performance of students especially in English Language.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study therefore focuses on the effect of moral and morale in the performance of students in English Language; as these issues tend to form a cog in the academic wheel of students.

The basic problem that children have today is not their concentration span which is roughly as long as the life of a smoke rings based on their stereophonic approach to studying.

This research is to examine the extent to which moral and morale affect or influence the pupils studies and their academic performance in English Language.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which moral and morale affect the pupils studies and consequently their academic performance in English Language.

This is why this study has taken into consideration the effect of morale and moral on the academic performance of pupils in English Language and to suggest some solutions that would help to solve the heart breaking problems in the school systems. Another reason why this study is carried out is to contribute to research and humanity, so that the future generation can learn from and improve on it.

 

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.     Does moral affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

2.     Does morale affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

3.     Does the morale of the teacher affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

4.     Does the moral of the teachers affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

5.     Does the moral of the parents affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

6.     Does parent’s morale affect the academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

 

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work will play an important role in the academic setting such as:

1.     Enabling one to understand reasons for the fluctuation in academic performance of the primary school pupils in English Language?

2.     Bringing to light the part moral and morale play in the academic performance of the primary school pupils?

3.     Making some positive impact and improve the readability of pupils in the primary school.

4.     It will encourage and urge the pupils to improve their listening skills and pay more attention to things that really matter.

5.     It will serve as a document that can be referred to in order to clear some doubts in the area of related experiences.

 

 

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY  

This research work covered all the primary schools in Ovia North East Local Government Area. However, six schools were selected made up of two Mission School, two private (non-mission) and two public school.

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERM

Morale: This is the state of psychological wellbeing of an individual or a group in terms of self-confidence, zeal, optimism, discipline and motivation especially when faced with adverse and hostile conditions.

Moral: According to the Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary is the standard of behaviour, principle of right and wrong. While the New International dictionary looks at it as the conforming to what is right and wrong.

 

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