PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION

 

 

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ABSTRACT

The study investigates problems militating against secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State. The work was guided by five researcher questions. A researcher structured questionnaire of 22 items was used for data collection. The population of the study consists of all the secondary schools in the study area. Questionnaire was administered to 4 selected secondary schools in Esan North East Local Government Area. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage. The study found out those inadequate staff personnel, finances, physical facilities/equipment, poor school community relation and indiscipline among students are major problems effecting secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area. The study recommended that government through it appropriate agencies should recruit more teachers, provide more funds and physical equipment as well as a liaise with the school in curbing the increasing cases of indiscipline in secondary schools

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE 

Background to the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significant of the study

Scope of the study

Research question

Limitation

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO        

Review of literature

The concept of administration

School staff personnel

School funds/finances and equipment

School community relation

Indiscipline among students

Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

Design of the study

Population of the study

Sample and sampling technique

Research instrument

Validity and reliability

Method of data collection

Method of analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

Discussion of result

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES  

QUESTIONNAIRE

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The principal of a school is both the teachers and administrator of the school. Edem (1998) described the principal as a leader who is endowed with authority to influence the activities, behaviour, beliefs, and feelings of his staff and students and who expects their willing co-operation. The principal ensure that the school is life to it responsibilities. This is why Ozigi (1997) opined that the school work revolves around the administrator, the school reputation depends on him, and he can make or spoil the school because the school projects are his own image. There in no doubt that the principal occupy prime position in the school system. The position of the principal also demand that the occupier must possess good qualities which among other things include dedication to duty visionary, honesty, emerge tic, mental alertness, understanding and intelligent.

In our secondary school system, many principals do not possess these stalling qualities either because they were not well trained or were appointed due to situational problem which are sometimes presented as “Nigerian factor.” This factor explains why one school performs extraordinary better than the other in major school activities. It is on this note that Griffith (2000) opined that school administrators by virtue of their positions are leaders and the quality of their leadership determine.

Some people are of the opinion that principals lack the ability to work towards the achievement of the stated goals of education of their school level and this has been attributed to the cause of the decline in the standard of education a speculated by various mass media. Many studies have show that the implementation of major school policies and programmes depend largely on the principal’s administrative capabilities and other factors which study intends to undo.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 

Parent and various mass media within and outside Nigeria have complained severally about the gradual decline in standard of education in the country as a whole and Edo State in particular. Hey attribute the ugly and   scenario to indiscipline among teachers and students, government insensitivity, incompetent. School heads, negligence to duty on part of parents and teachers, inadequate funds, personnel, school facilities and infrastructure etc. it is on the strength of these speculation that this research project sought to find out the problems facing administration of secondary school in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State.

 

To a large extent their success or failure, principal perform both administrative and supervisory duties in their schools and because of their strategic duties, they face numerous problem. Ezeocha (1992) identified examination malpractice, dropout from schools immorality and general fall in the standard of education as problem surrounding school head in their administrative leadership roles. He also reported that lack of effective leadership coordination and control, structural organizational inadequacies including over centralization of authority as problem facing the Nigeria educational system. A situation where he principal must approach the school board or ministry of education for most school of the school need undermines his initiative and creativity, it also causes the principal to move away from his school most of the time there by giving room for beak-down of major school activities.

Principals are also not given free hand to use their school finances to run the schools. This account for why must secondary school needs is never met.

Observed that school leader do not make policy statements, by which decision and other administrative action can be taken promptly in the secondary school system.

It is the principal that translate the education policies, laws and regulations into practical realities. Unfortunately most of them are incompetent because they were in the position as a result of years of experience without requisite professional training.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY           

This purpose of this project is to find out the problems militating against secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will be of immense benefits to the government, school administrators, principals, parents, students and the society at large the information provided by this will assist government through its appropriate agencies in formulation of policies and programmes   that will help to improved the condition that pose problems to schools principals in their administrative functions.

School administrators especially the beginners will utilize the findings of this work to increase their awareness on the possible areas of problems in the administration of secondary school. Here it serve as both preventive and corrective measures to the intending and practicing school principals for the full realization of the objective of secondary education, parents will be informed through the findings of this study on their roles towards assisting secondary school administrators to overcome the problems they may face in the process of performing their duties as principals.

The information provided by this work will serve as references materials to students and researchers as well as bases for further research. The findings of this study will be eye opener to the society at large and all the stake holders of the education industry so as to contribute their quality in laying solid foundation in terms of quality education at the secondary level of education knowing fully well that it is the basis of ensuring a guaranteed future for our youths.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study

1.     How do inadequate school personnel constitute a problem in secondary school administration Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State?

2.     How does inadequate funds pose problem in secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area?

3.     How does inadequate physical facilities/equipments in Esan North East Local Government Area?

4.     How does a school community relation pose a problem in secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area?

5.     How do student disciplinary problems effect secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area?

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research is primarily concerned with finding out the problems militating against secondary school administration in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State. All the major administrative areas of the school, such as school personnel, school funds, physical facilities/equipment, school community relation and school discipline were examined with the view of finding out how they challenge the principals in administering secondary schools.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Administered: This can be defined the activities that are done in order to plan organize and run a school or other institution.

Administrator: This is referred to a person whose job is to manage and organize the affairs of an institution.

Militate: This means prevention of something, that is, to make it difficult for something to happen or exist.

Secondary school: This referred to s school for the young people the age of 11 and 16 or 18.

Principal: A principal is a person who is in charge of a college. He is seen as the head of the school

 

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PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE EVALUATION OF ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMME

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work was undertaken in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State in order to identify the problem affecting the evaluation of adult education programme in the area. In the course of the study, the findings where made;

1.            That adequate fund should be pumped into the programme by the local government council.

2.            The local government council should try to recruit more qualified adult education.

3.            The functions of both the instructors/organizer, supervisors and the coordinator should be well defined so that one does not perform the function of each other.

4.            In-service training mostly for the teaching staff concerned with the programme should be given to them in order to improve the quality of their teaching work.

5.            More teaching equipment and gadget should be supplied by the local government council to enhance teaching and learning in the literacy centre.

6.            Adult instructors monthly salary should be increased from the little salary to the federal government accepted minimum wages of one hundred and twenty-five naira with all its huge allowances following it so that the adult education will be motivated towards the jobs.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUTION            

Background knowledge

Statement of problem

Purpose of study

Basic assumptions

Hypotheses

Significance of study

Scope\Delimitation of the study

Operational Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW        

Importance of Adult Education

Lack of qualified teacher

Lack of relevant text book and primers

The non-use of usual aids

Non- availability of sufficient teaching aids

Non- full government and society involvement

Geographical location as a problem

Problem of guidance and counselling

Lack of library facilities

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE  

Description of population

Sampling procedure

Research instruments

Validation

Administration of questionnaire

Method for date analysis

CHAPTER FOUR   

Analysis of Data

CHAPTER FIVE     

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

Suggestion for further research

QUESTIONNAIRES           

REFERENCES       

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Adult education is not new in the history of man in Nigeria. Traditional adult education is the oldest from of adult education which started with the earliest history of any human community, this adult education may be said to be as old as creation. Adult education in Nigeria like other forms of education was never neglected in the traditional society though it hardly appeared as a topic for discussion. In the early 1920’s adult education was organized in the evening for working class adult. Even then, the progress made was quite slow, the result was, at the time of Nigeria’s independence in 1960 it was discovered that huge percentages of Nigeria adults were still illiterates. Adult education which was defined by UNESCO as;

 

A process whereby persons who no longer attend school on a regular and full-time basis (unless full time programme are specially designed for adult) undertake sequential and organized activities with the conscious intention of bringing about change in information, knowledge understanding or skills appreciation and attitude or for the purpose of identifying and solving personal and community problems, went down in the history of Nigeria education as one of the most dynamic eras in Nigerians education innovation. Between 1950 and 1960, Nigerian leader made bold attempts not only to primary education to most children but also to most adults.

 

After the Second World War, the need for mass education was felt by the government and the people of Nigeria. In 1949, the department of education in Lagos circulated a memorandum on fundamental education for adults employed in commerce and industry. The document was a sort of guidance for the organization, administration and curriculum of adult education mass education projects and community development schemes were organized in Ilano, Egbado, Ibadan, Ekiti and Ijebu divisions of the then western region and Udi and Afikpo divisions in the eastern region and Lagos.

 

Making a case of enlightened citizens, chief Obafemi Awolowo states: To educate the children and enlighten the illiterate adults is to lay a solid foundation not for future social and economic progress but also for political stability. A truly educated citizenry is in my view one of the most powerful deterrents to dictatorship, oligarchy and feudal autocracy. In November 1951, the central board on education endorsed a national policy on adult education whose provision were that:

1.            The essential aim of adult education is to organize facilities for remedial primary education for adults, particularly in rural area.

2.            The first objective of all adult education activities is to help illiterate to read and write, in their language and thus enrich their own minds and take an intelligent part in social economic and political development.

3.            The programme on adult education should include such activities as home craft for women talks discussions and practical community improvement projects.

4.            Women should be given special consideration in the adult education programmes.

5.            Concerted efforts should be made by the regional government to coordinate the activities of the genesis concerned with adult education.

There was a considerable enthusiasm among the people and the government of the then three region (north, East and West) and adults education sprung up in many parts of Nigeria, particularly between 1950 and 1956. in the then western region production of Yoruba and Benin language readers and were started, film and strips were introduce via mobile film units and special classes were help for women. In the then Northern Region, adult literacy programme operated in fifty-three (53) areas with one thousand, four hundred and seventy seven (1,477) centres and an enrolment of over fifty three thousand (53,000) adults. In 1952, alone according to Baba Fafunwa (1974) six thousand five hundred and ninety one (6,591) literacy certificate were issued to successful adult students.

One of the early pioneers of adult literacy and community development in Nigeria was R. E. Chadwick, the then district officer in Udi division of the then Eastern Region, who organized literacy classes on market days with the assistance of local teachers. He also involved villages heads and leader in community activities. His efforts were recorded in early 1950’s in a popular. Film called “Day Break’ in Udi. This Eastern scheme was widely acclaimed in Nigeria and the East became a model for organized community development and self help for the whole in Nigeria.

 

The free primary education scheme in the then western region and the half fees paying scheme in the East diminished enthusiasm for adult education scheme. This was due to the enormous cost of free primary education which left little money for adult education. The Northern Region had no free universal primary education scheme and consequently was in a position to spend more money on adult literacy. Thus while adult education scheme in the then East and West were at its lowest ebb in the 1960’s in the North, it was intensified. This situation posed a problem confronting Nigerian Government as they sought to modernize their society Ashiedu (1979) said the:

 

Prevalence of masses of illiterates citizens within the various countries of Africa Nigeria inclusive constitute a bottle neck in any country effort to develop and impedes political, social and economic progress. In full realization of this, Nigeria has over the years developed strategies for the eradication of mass illiteracy, campaign that will finally drive the nail through the head of the illiteracy problem in the country. In Nigeria, studies in the planning and implementation of literacy programmes have until recently not been considered a prestigious part of University work unit since 1970’s however, research on literacy has been encouraging, especially when UNESCO started to pioneer functional literacy project and as the provision of free adult literacy as contained in the 1979 Nigerian constitution following the government seriousness on the eradication of mass illiteracy was the release by the federal government, the national, policy o education which contained the following objectives;

a.            To provide functional literacy education for adults who have never had the advantages of any formal education.

b.            To provide functional and remedial education for thjose young people who prematurely dropped out of the formal school system.

c.             To provide further education for different categories of completers of the formal education system in order to improve their basic knowledge and skills.

d.            To provide in-service training on the job vocational and professional training for different categories of workers and professionals in order to improve their skills.

e.            To give an adult citizens of the country necessary aesthetic cultural and civic education for public enlightenment.

f.             To ensure the execution and implementation of the objectives of adult education as contained in the national policy on education.

The federal government launched a mass literacy campaign in the country in 1982 which was geared towards making the majority of Nigerians literate and towards promoting the causes of adult education in the country generally. Since the research study is an attempt to identify the problem affecting adult education programmes in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, a background knowledge of the geography of the area is important Ovia North East Local Government Area is one of (18) eighteen local government area of Edo State a background knowledge of the geography of the area is important. It is almost situated at the beginning of Edo State, bounded by side to side with other local government area Ovia South West Local Government and Egor Local Government Area. It main tribe is Edo Language. Farming and trading are the main occupation of the people with staple food crop like yam, cassava, maize and vegetables etc.

 

Educationally, Ovia North East Local Government Area in Edo State has about 100 (hundred) primary school and about 52 secondary schools and one private university, one polytechnic and one College of Education, with these and other development her population become dense. To bring education the area in the early 1950 which on till now is facing a lot for its grass room implementation which the study intends to identify.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 

Ovia North East Local Government Area had made tremendously progress in one field of Western Education. Within the first three decades of this century, few primary schools were established by both government and the missionaries and today the local government has many primary and post primary school with tertiary institution inclusive. Despite these remarkable progress and improvement made in the local government area of Western Education the whole local population did not avail themselves of the opportunity offered to them with the result that about 60% of the adult both males and females are illiteracy, the local government limited adult education programmes which today is faced with many problems likes;

a.            Lack of professional qualified and experienced adult teachers.

b.            Inadequate primers and relevant text books.

c.            Irregularities in attendance of adult and the peer government (federal state and local) participation in the programmes.

The researcher will also like to recommend measures which will minimize, if not eliminate the problems hindering the improvement and progress of the adult education programme in the Ovia North East Local Government Area.

 

 

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine the problem affecting the evaluation of adult education programme in Ovia North East Local Government Area with special reference to:

a.            Instructors/. Supervisors – The qualifications and experience of adult education instructors and supervisors.

b.            Primers/Text books – to find out how relevant are the primers and test books to the adult education programme.

c.            Library facilities – to find how equipped the library was.

d.            Teaching Aids- to find out how relevant the teaching aids are to the entry behaviour of the adult learners.

e.            Irregularity in attendance to find out the causes of adult participants, irregularity in attendance to classes.

f.             To assess the extent of government participation in the adult education programme.

 

 

BASIC ASSUMPTION

The general assumption which underlines this study is that, There exists problems in the organization and teaching of adult literacy classes and in the attendance of classes by adult participants in Ovia North East Local Government Area. The study therefore is designed to test the following hypothesis.

 

HYPOTHESES 

1.            There are not enough qualified personnel for adult literacy programmes in Ovia North East Local Government Area.

2.            There are no relevant premier and textbooks for participants in adult literacy classes.

3.            There is no enough publicity or mobilization for participants in adult education programmes in Ovia North East Local Government Area.

4.            There are no enough teaching materials and aids provided for literacy classes.

5.            Occupational engagements lead to irregular attendance by adult participants in literacy classes.

 

 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study will go to a long extent to expose the problems affecting adult education programmes in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. The result and suggestions will contribute ways of solving immensely to the realization of the left effectives of adult education programmes, in Ovia North East Local Government Area in particular and Edo State I general. Thus, it is hoped or anticipated that, with the implementation of the suggested ways of solving the problem by the authorities concerned with the conduct and organization of the programmes, the adult participants will get the right quality of adult education programmes.

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY  

Nation wide various government and organization established various forms of adult education like the institution of continuing education, extra-moral classes functional literacy classes, community development and literacy classes. But since it is not easy to extend this research to all aspects of adult education and to all local government area in Edo State, this study is restricted to adult literacy classes in Ovia North East Local Government Area only.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS  

a.            Adult Education: IN this context, adult education mean – education given to these above the age of twenty one (21) years-male or female, who have not been previously exposed to any type of formal education or to those who could not complete their primary education.

b.            Adult participants – Those adult who attends literacy classes to receive lessons.

c.            Instructor – One who teaches adults?

d.            Organizer – A person whose sees to the smooth running of adult literacy or programmes.

e.            Functional literacy – The use of adult education to acquire knowledge and skills of different types to meet individual needs and fosters national development.

f.             Primers – These are reading books (readers) meant for adults and children showing every action on pictorial illustration.

 

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THE EFFECT OF CAREER CHOICE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE

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ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at identifying the factors affecting career choice among senior secondary schools students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. The instrument used for collection of data or information in this research is mainly the questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to one hundred and sixty respondents selected. To test the validity of the stated research questions from their respondents it was discovered that many of the option career choice education should be introduced in senior secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area. Some findings were also made in this research, which will be of great benefit to the students in the need to establish guidance and counselling facilities centres in senior secondary schools. In conclusion, the presence of guidance and counselling facilities centres in secondary schools will help to solve career choice problems facing the students.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE   

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO   

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONCEPT OF CAREER CHOICE

THEORIES OF CAREER CHOICE

FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF CAREER

SUMMARY

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

POPULATION

INSTRUMENTATION FOR DATA COLLECTION

VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER FOUR 

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND FINDINGS

DISCUSSION

SUMMARY

CHAPTER FIVE   

RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES     

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Career selection is one of the main important choice in students plans. This choice of decision will have impact on them throughout their lives. The essence of who the students are, will revolve around what the students wants to do with his or her choice of career. The oxford advanced learners dictionary, 6th edition of current English defines choice as the right to choose or the possibility of choosing and also defines career as a job or profession especially one with opportunities for promotion. According to Johnson (1976) defined career as ones lifework in order words, career is ones profession which includes a number of occupation, vocations or jobs one person engage in during his or her working life. Career is the course of events that constitute a life, the sequence of occupations and other life roles which combine express ones commitment to work in his or her total pattern of self development.

Parents’ educational and occupational background may affect students choice of career because some students may contemplate on whether to continue with their parents occupation or not. What the students see in the television also may affect their career choice some careers demand that you have the personality to match the qualities of the occupation. For these reasons the necessity of a guidance counsellor on schools cannot be over emphasized. A career guidance counsellor is needed to unreliable and dangerous source in search of career information such as culture peer groups which can lead to their graduating into armed robbery and other criminal business unintentionally. This study will be carried out in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State will be useful to the guidance counsellors in assisting senior students in their career also help the ministry of education in curriculum planning to widen the students career choice opportunities through curriculum content of educational system.

According to National Policy on Education, a school is incomplete without a counsellor’s office. If you are teaching biology and the child does not understand it, there must be problems that need to be sported out. It could be psychological problems that are affecting the child’s concentration. Until you solve that problem, the child may not make any progress. Both the public and private schools need progress. Even tertiary institutions need counsellors. Everybody needs counselling.

The factors that may influence choice of career include;

i.                    Socio economic factors

ii.                 Personal or family factors

iii.               Cultural factors which include schools, peer group and age groups.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Parental influence in making right career choices when you talk about career or career information, parent can contribute, but the final decision is taken by the chooser. Upsurge in deviant behaviour among pupils the blame goes to us, the mothers of these children our mothers labored to bring the children up. Both the present generation of mothers have allowed their homes to fall. If homes are in ruins and you engage a counsellor in the school to talk to these children, the impact would not make much difference. On the other hand, children from stable homes are more disposed to gain from the school counsellor. I believe a counsellor can feel the vacuum created by the negligence of some parents to cater for their children, but the result is often exceptionally wonderful roles.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of the study is an attempt to examine the effect the choice of career among secondary school students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. It will also examine what extent the factors affecting the choice of career will aid the students positive or at times negatively.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.                  Is there any need for learning career choice in senior secondary school?

2.                  Are students choice of career influenced by their peer group?

3.                  Is there reasons for reading career choice in schools, is it of benefit to the students?

4.                  Does career choice affect the academic performance of students?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this research work is to find to what extent the factors affecting choice will influence the students choice of career and the attendance performance of students on the subject’s that would lead them successfully towards this occupation as a life time endeavour.

a.                        It will enable the researcher give recommendations to the students on their choice of career.

b.                        It will enable the researcher make necessary recommendations to the parents about their children mildness to advice given to them on their choice of career.

c.                        It will enable the researcher make recommendations to school administrations.

d.                        It will enable the researcher make concrete recommendations to the government about the choice of career among secondary schools students especially now that the rate of unemployment is high.

SCOPE  OF THE STUDY

The research work limits itself to effect the choice of career among secondary schools students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

This research will cover five randomly selected secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Four of which are public and one is private. The schools randomly selected include the followings.

1.                  Iyoba Girls College

2.                  Uselu Secondary School

3.                  Uwagboe Secondary School

4.                  Technical College

5.                  Adolor College

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CAREER – A chosen pursuit or course of business activity or enterprise, especially one’s professional life or employment that offers advancement and honour.

EFFECT – To produce a change in somebody or something.

INFLUENCE– The power that somebody or something has a mark somebody or something behind a particular way of the influence a parents on choice of career of their children.

PROSPECT: The chances of being successful good job/employment/career prospect.

SCHOOL: The school is a place where children need to be educated. The process of learning in a school; the time during your life when you go to school.

EXAMINATION – A formal written spoken or practical test, especially at school or colleges to see how much you know about a subject or what you can do to take an exam (forma) to sit for an exam to pass so fat an exam.

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: These students general are in the average age range of 15-18 years and they are in SSS 1-SSS 3 classes.

GOVERNMENT: The group of people who govern a country or a state.

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THE CONSEQUENCES OF DIVORCE IN BENIN KINGDOM

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The family that emerges from a marriage has some basic functions which make it unique. Bilton, Bonnett, Jones, Sheard, Stanworth and Webster (2001) observed that in all societies the family must perform some basic functions involving conception and birth, regular intercourse, socialization and maintenance functions of providing economic support and physical protection for the children as they mature. In fact, each spouse is a source of emotional support and companionship for the other (Filani, 2005). In Nigeria today, the influence of industrialization and urbanization has affected the social system of the country, a part of which is the marriage system. As new cultural patterns, new aspirations and behavioural norms have emerged and as the traditional social ties undergo changes, social control becomes weakened. The family is a sensitive institution and it monitors all these changes and reacts to them by experiencing disorganization. Since the traditional family structure has been so seriously Littered, the functions have equally been affected, and many of it important roles are now known to be associated with many forms of instability.

Marital instability according to Filani 2005), is a breakdown in communication among couples resulting in constant arguments, verbal and physical aggression psychological ill health, emotional and physical separation and sometimes divorce. Filani further noted that marital instability can result from death of spouse, desertion of the spouses, mutual separation of spouses and legal separation of spouses. Of all these factors of marital instability, divorce seems to be the most popular and most copiously documented. Divorce, according to Bohanna (2003), is a complex phenomenon n human relationship and that it takes place in six stages, these are emotional divorce stage, economic   divorce stage, legal divorce stage, co-parental divorce stage, community and psycho, divorce stages. Thus, Lands (2005) explained that divorce becomes a climax to a long story of unhappiness and it provides a legal way out of a situation which one or both parties have considered intolerable. Literature review on marriage shows a number of factors causing divorce in marriage. For instance, Thornton (2001) indicated age and age at marriage as the two most powerful predictors of divorce; Otite and Ogionwo (2001) argued that childlessness in a marriage can lead to divorce in Nigeria; Olayinka (2007) stressed the importance f communication in marital stability; extramarital sex and discrepancy in mate traits have been stressed by Ezenkwu (2008) and Decker (2007) respectively. Olusanya (1970) and Yagoob (1984) identified lack of children, economic factors, communication problems, interference of in-laws and education of spouses as the causes of divorce.

`        The prevalence of divorce cases in the world today cannot be overemphasized. Weikel and Wilson (2006) stated that divorce in U.S. by 79% between 1970 to 1977 and that one third or more of the marriages f people aged 25 to 35 years will end in divorce. Grebe (2006) also stated that in 1976, a National Centre for Health Statistics study projected that by early 1980s, 49% of all marriages would end in divorce and in fact in the U.S. during 1983, there were 10.5 marriages per ,000 people and 5.0 divorces per 1,000 people (National Centre for Health statistics Personal Communication (2004). Statistical records of marital instability are not compiled in Nigeria as yet. But Newspaper often report cases of marital disruption m weekly basis in Lagos and its environs. For example Solana (1990) reported the case of kids (aged 12 to 16 years) who were of broken homes in the Weekend Concord of September 22nd 1990. These kids according to him have become a nuisance at the Lagos City Hall during parties as they parade and fan invitees in bids to earn a living. In Kwara State, the Ministry of Information and Culture recorded that 1,697 Marriages were registered for both the Churches and Marriage Registry from 1984-1988. During the same period (1984-88) there were 12, 104 divorces (Court case file, Child Welfare Centre and Oja-oba Area Courts, Ilorin). According to these records, the rate of divorces over marriages is at 71% approximately 7 divorces to every marriage (7:1). Ahmed (1990) has opined that the rate of divorce in Ilorin and its environs is increasing at an alarming rate.

This rate of divorce should strike counsellors as a problem worthy of ‘serious therapeutic attention because it is one of the most terrifying sources of psychological, social and educational problems in the society.

Since a large proportion of families are experiencing marital disorganization, counsellors should find practical solutions to minimize the problems. Divorce has been found to have social, psychological and educational effects on the children of

divorced parents, the spouses themselves and even the general public. Katu (2008) stressed that most social misfits found in Nigerian urban areas are products of broken homes. Frank (2000) also noted that even the spouses themselves have been found to experience loneliness, stress and strain. In view of these, there is the need for experts to find means of ensuring marital stability so as to avoid the constant breakages marital relationship. Thus, Olusanya (2000) found education to be a factor that positively affects marital stability and concluded that the more the education of the spouses the more stable their marriage will be. In an earlier study, Click and Norton (2001) observed that men who complete college have lower probability of divorce than men who complete only high school or who leave college without graduating. This therefore, shows that education makes for an increase sense of responsibility within marriage. It is therefore the aim of this study to find out what married students of tertiary institutions in Ilorin perceive as the causes of divorce so that solutions to the incessant divorce cases within our society might be found.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

There are many consequences with divorce which at the long run reflect on the children in Benin City and Nigeria at large. Some of these problems are;

i.                   There is increase in domestic work and redistribution of household chores, which leaves the children with little or no time for their studies

ii.                 In security, step parent do not show much love and affection to their step children. Thus, these children suffer from mental retardation, personality improvement and are always miserable. They show behavioral responses like lying, stealing, building and playing truant in school.

iii.              Also, it has been observed that children from broken homes suffer some other problems such as non-provision of some basic material needs like food, clothing and learning material etc.

iv.              Bridging of a gap on the children’s existence because there is no adult to guide and direct their behavior and desires as children learn by limitation.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The researcher is interested in the study of consequences of divorce on children in Benin City, because of the recent trend of divorce there have been decrease in the performance of children in schools which is giving much concern to most Edo State indigenes as to where we are heading to. In view of this, this study is geared towards identifying the causes and consequences of divorce on children in Benin City, Nigeria.

Also, to educate married couples and the general public of the consequences of divorce on the children in Benin City and to encourage them to live harmoniously in order to bring up children who will successfully fit into the society and become useful to themselves and finally make necessary recommendations.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study will give the researcher a deep insight into the consequences of divorce on children in Benin City in particular and Nigeria in general, because whatever happens in the home has a bearing on the children in the society.

Therefore, it is necessary to educate the youngsters who are yet to marry about the causes and consequences of divorce on the children in Benin City and Nigeria at large. This will make youngsters to be careful when choosing their life partners.

Lastly, the findings from this study will give parents who are divorced and children from divorced homes the understanding of the problems experienced and give them assurance about their future.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

a.                 What are the causes of divorce on the children in Benin City?

b.                 Does divorce has any effect on the behaviour children?

c.                  Do couples realize that problem in marriage can lead to divorce?

d.                 Does psychological and emotional disturbance lead to academic and social backwardness of children in the society?

e.                  Does insecurity and unruly attitude of stepmothers to children from divorced homes make them steal in society?

f.                   What are the likely factors that can lead to divorce?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is on divorce and its consequences in Benin Kingdom, and it is limited only to the Benin speaking indigenes in Edo State only.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Family: A group of persons, two or more related by blood, marriage or adoption residing together; all such persons are considered as members of one family

Marriage: union of man woman as husband and wife.

Couple: two persons seen together as husband and wife.

Divorce: put an end to a marriage by law of husband or wife sexually outside matrimonial home.

Infidelity: Disloyalty or a state of being unfaithful to the husband or wife sexuality out matrimonial home

Youngster: Young person or young boys and girls yet to marry.

Early marriage: A situation where either of the spouse is not ripe enough for marriage before getting married.

Universal escape: Means of regaining freedom from tensions of marriage

Family goals: the aims and objective which a family strive to achieve for better living.

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The effect of instructional materials on the learning and teaching of economics in secondary schools in nigeria

 

 

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ABSTRACT

The study aimed at examining the effects of economics instructional materials on the learning and teaching of economics as well the effects of these instructional materials on the academic performance of some secondary school students in some selected secondary schools in Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos state. A well designed and simple questionnaire was distributed to economics teachers in these selected schools to accurately evaluate the effect of instructional materials on the application of learning economics in secondary schools in Nigeria.Concerning methodology used for the study, the researcher adopted the survey research design with a sample size of twenty (20) teachers and eighty (80) students selected using a stratified sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data was used for the study.

Questionnaires formed the basis for primary data for the study, while text books, internet, journals and magazines were the secondary sources of data for the study.

The finding after testing hypothesis three indicates that there will be a significant positive difference in the performance of secondary school students in Economics language when they are taught the subject with instructional materials.

The use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Economics obviously improves the performance of students.Schools should provide enough instructional materials to enable teachers clarify their lesson.

Adequate infrastructure facilities and conclusive atmosphere are Sine Qua Non for effective learning and retention of what is learnt. Schools should send their Economics teachers to seminars and workshops in order to up date their knowledge.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYThe influence of instructional materials in promoting students’ academic performance and teaching and learning in educational development is indisputable. The teaching of Economics in Nigerian secondary schools needs to be properly handled. The materials used by teachers to teach and drive home their subject points at the primary and secondary school levels of our education system is incontrovertibly a paramount important issue in practical classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the learners.Instructional materials are materials which assist teachers to make their lessons explicit to learners.

They are also used to transmit information, ideas and notes to learners (Ijaduola (1997). Instructional materials include both visuals and audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards, posters, charts, tape recorder, radio, video, television, computers among others. These materials serve as supplement to the normal processes of instruction.Economics as a subject came into existence in 1776 via the publication of Adam Smith – the protagonist of the classical school of thought; and since then, it has assumed many roles especially in both political and educational circles.

The study of Economics is dichotomised into two major parts, namely microeconomics and macroeconomics. While microeconomics studies the behaviour and operations of the individual units (households, firms and government agencies) in the economy, macroeconomics studies the entire economy in aggregates and averages (Umoh, 2007). According to Aromolaran (2006), three major languages are used in teaching and communicating Economic ideas. These languages include theory or verbal, geometric or graphical, and algebraic or mathematical language.  Economics is an important subject that must be credited by students before gaining admission into any tertiary institution especially the university to study relevant courses like Accountancy, Business Administration, Insurance, etc.

The importance and technicality of this subject makes it necessary that relevant instructional materials should be used to teach it to the learners. This fact is supported by Macaulay (1989) who asserts that visual aids make lesson come alive and help students to learn better. It is against this background that this study attempts to examine the extent to which the utilization of instructional materials could advance senior secondary school students performance in Economics.  Poor academic achievement in Economics could be attributed to many factors among which teacher strategy itself was considered as an important factor. This implies that the mastery of Economics concepts might not be fully achieved without the use of instructional materials.

The teaching of Economics without instructional materials may certainly result in poor academic achievement. Franzer , Okebukola and Jegede (1992) stressed that a professionally qualified science teacher no matter how well trained, would unable to put his ideas into practice if the school setting lacks the equipment and materials necessary for him or her to translate his competence into reality.Bassey (2002) opined that Science is resource intensive, and in a period of economic recession, it may be very difficult to find some of the electronic gadgets and equipment for the teaching of Economics in schools adequately.

A situation that is further compounded by the galloping inflation in the country and many at times, some of the imported sophisticated materials and equipment are found expensive and irrelevant; hence the need to produce materials locally.Researchers such as Obioha (2006) and Ogunleye (2002) reported that there were inadequate resources for teaching Science subjects in secondary schools in Nigeria. They further stated that the available ones are not usually in good conditions. There is the need therefore, for improvisation. Adebimpe (1997) and Daramola, (2008) however noted that improvisation demands adventure, creativity, curiosity and perseverance on the part of the teacher, such skills are only realizable through well-planned training programme on improvisation.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The act of teaching is fundamentally concerned with passing ideas, skills and attitude from the teacher to the learner. In Nigeria, for example experience has shown that spoken words alone in the communication of ideas are grossly ineffective and inefficient in producing desired learning outcomes. Every year, when the results of public examination are released, there has always been mass failure in Economics. The reason for this could be ascribed to the fact that there are topics in Economics that pose serious problem of comprehension to students.

These topics cannot be taught effectively without the use of relevant instructional materials to make the learning practical. On the foregoing, scholars like Mutebi and Matora (1994) have emphasized the effect of instructional materials utilisation on teaching and learning. According to them, we learn and remember 10% of what we hear, 40% of what we discuss with others and as high as 80% of what we experience directly or practice. However, the questions here are: does the use of instructional materials really influence students academic performance? Is teaching effectiveness enhanced by the use of instructional materials? Could students’ learning be advanced by the use of instructional materials? Finding answers to these questions and more summarizes the entire problem of this study.

 

 

1.3 OBJECTIES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are:

1. To examine the influence of instructional material utilisation on the teaching of Economics in Senior Secondary Schools in Lagos State;
2. To ascertain the extent to which Senior Secondary School student’s learning of Economics can be influenced by the use of instructional materials
3. To determine whether there will be any difference in the academic performance of secondary schools students in Economics due to the use of instructional materials.

 

 

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the following research questions were raised to guide the investigation:

1. Will the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and application of Economics in senior secondary schools?
2. To what extent can senior secondary school students’ learning of Economics be influenced by the use of instructional materials?
3. Will there be any difference in the academic performance of senior secondary school students in Economics due to the use of instructional materials?

 

 

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following null hypotheses were stated for the study.

1. The use of instructional materials will not have significant influence on the teaching of Economics in senior secondary schools.
2. The use of instructional material will not have significant influence on secondary school students’ learning of Economics.
3. There will be no significant difference in the performance of students in Economics due to the use of instructional materials.

 

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The use of instructional materials gives the learner opportunity to touch, smell or taste objects in the teaching and learning process. Consequently, knowledge passed unto the students at different levels of educational instructions should be well planned and properly allied with relevant instructional materials for clarity and comprehensibility. Hence the significance of this study to the students, teachers, curriculum planners, educational system and the society at large.To the students, the effective use of instructional materials would enable them to effectively learn and retain what they have learnt and thereby advancing their performance in the subject in question. This is because according to Nwadinigwe (2000), learning is a process through which knowledge, skills, habits, facts, ideas and principles are acquired, retained and utilized; and the only means of achieving this is through the use of instructional materials.

The study would help enhance teachers teaching effectiveness and productivity. This is in line with assertion of Ekwueme and Igwe (2001) who noted that it is only the teachers who will guarantee effective and adequate usage of instructional materials and thereby facilitate success. Consequently a teacher who makes use of appropriate instructional materials to supplement his teaching will help enhance students innovative and creative thinking as well as help them become plausibly spontaneous and enthusiastic. Oremeji (2002) supportively asserts that any teacher who takes advantage of these resources and learns to use them correctly will find that they make almost an incalculable contribution to instruction. He further says that instructional materials are of high value in importing information, clarifying difficult and abstract concepts, stimulating thought, sharpening observation, creating interest and satisfying individual difference.

The study is also significant to the educational system and society at large. This is because when teachers solidify their teaching with instructional materials and the learners learn effectively, the knowledge acquired will reflect in the society positively. Students will be able to understand the functioning of the economy, interpret government’s economic policies and activity and perform economically better in the choice of life and work.

 

 

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is focused on investigating the effect of instructional material utilisation on advancing senior secondary school students’ performance in Economics in Lagos State. Due to time and financial constraints, the study is limited to Kosofe Local Government Area of Lagos. This is because the researcher resides in this local government area and as such had the opportunity of having a comprehensive knowledge of the area and its environs. Besides, the study involves only the S.S-2 students of the senior secondary schools in Kosofe Local Government Area of Lagos State. 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF STUDYThe only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The researcher found it difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost hampered the success of this study.

 

 

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMSThe relevant terms below were operationally defined relative to their usage in this study.

1. • Effect: This is the change (outcome) that is brought about in a person (s) or something by another person (s) or thing; that is the way in which an event, action or person changes someone or something.
   • Academic performance: This is regarded as the display of knowledge attained or skills, shown in the school subjects such achievements are indicated by test scores or by marks assigned by teachers. It is the school evaluation of students’ classroom work as quantified on the basis of marks or grades.
   • Utilisation: The act of using something to achieve a purpose
   • Instructional Material: What the teacher uses to make the lesson more interesting and understandable.

 

 

 

 

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