THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROGRAMME IN EDO STATE

 

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ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate effectiveness of the environmental sanitation programme on the people of Oredo Local Government Area in Edo State of Nigeria.

The local government have recently adopted a dynamic approach to the issue of the environmental health problems through self-help and self-initiative. It is hoped that such a self initiative would go along way in minimizing cost, of health care delivery and make health practice real to the people.

It is also assumed that such a programme would obviously have some significant effectiveness on the physical psychological and sociological and economic growth and development of the community in which it operates.

To investigate these assertions, three hundred (300) people from fifteen (15) different areas in Benin city of the local sanitation task force in different areas were used for the study. At least twenty (20) respondents were randomly selected from each of the sub-areas for the data collection.

The instruments use for the collection of data were questionnaires, oral interviews, documentary evidences and participant observation. The data were analyzed using percentage scores.

The result of the study show that a dynamic new programme of environmental sanitation indeed exists in Benin City.

And it was also found that the programme has contributed significantly towards the physical, psychological, sociological and economic development of the community. Based on the findings of the study it was recommended among other things that:

1.                  Every community should emulate the urban experiment were by the environmental health care delivery is the responsibility of all the sundry.

2.                  Children of ender age should be involved in keeping their surrounding clean, in order to “catch them young” towards “Health for all by the year 2,000”.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter one

Introduction

Statement of problem

Purpose of the study

Hypothesis/basic assumption

Significance of the study

Limitations

Delimitation

Definition of terms

Chapter two

Review of related literature

Concepts of environmental sanitation

Scope of the environmental sanitation

Major causes of poor environmental sanitation condition

Effects of the environmental hazard

Different approaches to the control of the insanitary environmental sanitation in Nigeria

Chapter three

Methodology

Research population

Sampling techniques

Research instruments

Administration of instruments

Data analysis techniques

Chapter four

Data analysis

Findings and discussions

Chapter five

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

It is believed that God created man in his own image to be in control of the environment and make the best out of it as recorded in the bible (Gen 1:26-31). But man in his search for daily bread, quest for knowledge and materials wealth, has turned round to pollute the beautiful environment.

From the earliest times man has been striving to control the environment. But as said earlier, man owns the health and life. That is why he found himself from the dragon headed problems he has caused himself in recent times. Environmental sanitation has become a topical subject at international, national state and local spheres. This is aim at initiating action to arrest the fast deteriorating environmental health status worldwide.

In Nigeria, today the congestion of people in urban areas which is mainly as a result of rural urban migration the concentration of industrial establishment and share increase in population have made the control of the environment imperative and equally challenging.

To improve the general environmental sanitation of the major town in Nigeria has always constituted a big problem to both individual and government with the result that the town/cities are being strangulated by things generated by the inhabitant.

The result of this condition is environmental pollution in all its ramification. The problems of pollution has also found its way into the political area and every community in every state has been confronted difficulties of his environment. To the man concern regarding pollution is the adverse effect exerted on the health of the people.

The problems of poor sanitation and unhygienic behaviour among the majority of Nigerians are so serious that the federal military government had to come into check the situation towards achieving “health for all by the year 2010” as declared by the world health organization (WHO).

Several strategies were mapped out and adopted by the federal government (the military regime in 1984 to achieve this objective.

Consequently, the environmental sanitation programme were mounted throughout the federation. This was followed by the establishment of the “task force on environmental sanitation” at both state and local levels to co0ordinate this elaborate programme.

 

The Bendel state chapter was launched on 20th March 1984 by the then state military governor J. T. USENI. This led to the appointment of captain Nko Usifoh as the state chairman of the taskforce on environmental sanitation-the position he actively held till the task force was decentralized in October, 1988 this sanitation movement was backed up legally by edicts for Bendel state it was captioned edict No 18 of 1984, which took effect from Monday April 2nd 1984.

At the local government level too, environmental sanitation committees were appointed with members down from various walks of life.

Serious sanitation were imposed on individuals public and private establishment or corporate bodies who fell short of the expected governments guidelines on environmental sanitation or health habits and practices.

For instance, dirty filthy private premises dumping of refuse in unauthorized places. Urinating or defecating in public places were punishable by the fine ranging from N 100-1000, or punishment as the case may be.

 

Food hygiene, street trading, unauthorized parking of vehicles were also areas of concern which were also embedded in WAI “War Against Indiscipline” meant to inculcate in people correct healthful living habits, attitude and practices.

Later, incentives were put and the programme became competitive in nature among the various state and local government areas of the federal republic of Nigeria. This effort was also aimed at identifying the nation with the cause of the world health organization which then declared June 1984 as the “World environmental Sanitation Day”- with War Against filthy environment as the theme.

Because of the military nature of the implementation of the new environmental sanitation programme people responded accordingly, but not without close supervision. Consciously or unconsciously, most of our town and cities were given some face-lift for sometime.

Health implication of their poor health habits and practices the motives of the environmental sanitation programme are often misunderstood to their “statuquo” when they are no longer closely supervised.

Infact, the problem of poor environmental sanitation and unhygienic behaviour among the majority of Nigerians have persisted despite the various sanctions or stringent measured taken by governments and other health agencies to enforce a change of attitude among the people.

It is important to note too that all the while emphasis has been concern about the mass rural population or communities that contribute significantly to the urban populace, it then stands to reason to assert that the individuals home orientation would also be unconsciously exhibited in a new environment.

Hence the neglect of the sanitation crusade at the grassroots level has made the sanitation efforts in most of our town and cities abortive.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The main concern of the study, therefore is to identify ubnvestigate and find out answer to the following sub problems.

1.                  The psychological impact of the programme on the life of people of Oredo LGA of Edo State.

2.                  The sociological effectiveness on the people of Oredo LGA by the environmental sanitation programme.

3.                  The effectiveness of the programme on the economic development of the community.

4.                  The effectiveness of the Oredo experiment on the physical development of the said community.

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to investigate the “MODUS OPERAND” of the Oredo experiment with a view of identifying our alternative strategy for the lasting solution to our persisting environmental health problems towards achieving health for all by 2010 AD.

 

RESEARCH QUESTION

1.                  Is the environmental sanitation programme in Oredo a dynamic self-initiative through the development of local raw materials?

2.                  Is the environmental sanitation programme through mass community activity/development of local raw materials?

3.                  Does environmental sanitation through mass community action have significant effectiveness on the psychological development of the people?

4.                  Does environmental sanitation through mass community have significant effectiveness on the physical development of the community?

5.                  Does the environmental sanitation programme through mass community have significant effectiveness on the economic growth and development of the community.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The “Oredo experiment” is a unique venture in the recent time and in the history of environmental sanitation in the urban level. The result of the findings of the study would therefore be useful to not only the government but also to individuals, the public and the community. To the government, it could help in reviewing their former strategies with a view of achieving health for all at a low or no significant cost. The findings and recommendation may stimulate health challenges in other rural/urban community towards inculcating and maintaining health habits and practices thereby advancing lasting solution to the fast global environmental decay.

 

To the community, the study could be a source of motivation that could immortalize the initiative of the people and so this health practice part of the people so this health practice part of the people culture.  The result of the investigation could also initiate further research in the health area, in the effort to establishing a more dynamic health culture for the world at large.

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the course of this study certain operational technical terms were unavoidably used in the write-up to express some views. Those terms have however, been defined herefore the quick understanding of the reader.

1.                  Catch them young- The act of involving children of tender age in the sanitation activities-aimed at training them to group with good/correct health habits, attitude and practices.

2.                  Environmental sanitation-the control of all those factors in mans environmental which exercises or may exert a delicious effect on his physical development, health and survival.

3.                  Influence- The impact made by something through invisible or intangible means.

4.                  The mass-community Action-A joint cooperative and coordination venture involving all members of the community.

5.                  Mass-Mobilization-involvement of all able-bodies citizens in carrying out a programme.

6.                  Modus-operand-The manner by which an activity operated.

7.                  Pollution- Contamination or unfavourable change in physical, chemical or biological conditions in the environment, which exert may exert harmful effects on the quality of human life. Including effects on other animals, plants, industries as well as cultural and aesthetic assets.

8.                  Population- A group of individuals of the same species inhabiting in a specific area.

9.                  Status Quo- The original state of affairs/habits.

10.              Task force- A temporary merging of units or individuals under once command with the purpose of accomplishing a specific mission or finding a solution to a particular problems.

11.              World Health Organization (WHO) This is the greatest world health organization. It was formed in 1942. After the Second World War. It is an arm of the United Nation organization (UNO) and has its all-independent nations are members.

 

 

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF PARTICIPANTS IN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMME

 

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ABSTRACT

The motive behind this study was to identify the factors affecting the performance of participants in adult literacy programme in Udu local government area of Delta State. The study showed that poor funding and non availability of qualified teachers were the most serious factors affecting the good performance of the participants in the literacy programme. The study also showed that engagement in their various occupations equally had adverse effect on the participants performances.

From the findings, some suggestions were also made,

1.            More qualified staffs should be recruited.

2.            More funds should always be made available on time to enhance the participants performance

3.            Teaching aids should be provided in adult literacy centres.

4.            Enlightenment campaign should be intensified to keep the people informed of adult literacy programme in their door step.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Statement of problems

Research questions

Purpose of study

Scope of study

Significance of the study

Limitation of study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two

Review of related Literature

Chapter Three

Methodology and procedure

Population/sample

Research instrument

Validity of research instrument

Reliability of research instrument

Administration of instrument and collection of data

Data analysis

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Presentation and analysis of data

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary of the study

Summary of the findings

Conclusion

Recommendations

Suggestions for further research

References

Questionnaires

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Before examining the study at hand, it is portent to reflect our minds to the meaning of the concept of literacy and its origin in Nigeria.

 

Literacy as a concept brings up many ideas with varying degree of charity in the many people. The term literacy is commonly taken to mean the art of reading, writing or those about to read and write. But to those in the taken for granted category, literacy is inherently problematic and potentially elusive, literacy can be seen as a basic communication skills that enables an individual to extent the range of his contact well beyond his immediate environment.

 

Mass literacy has long been argued to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for sustained development to take place and there is an extensive literature on the problems of increasing literacy rates. The world now has almost one billion adult as its illiterates and over 95% of these are to be found in the developing countries.

 

Disproportionate number of illiterates are females, from poor households and members of minority groups within their own countries in absolute numbers. China and India have the most illiterate as a result of their large population, profiles of illiteracy rates by age group and sex have proved slow to change over time though over all level of literacy have improved considerably.

 

Historically the modern foundation of adult education in Nigeria had its root laid by the British in Levi after World War II that brought the need to extend education to large number of Nigerians. This leads to the setting up of colonial secretary advisory committee in 1944 with the intention of considering the best approach to the problems of mass literacy and adult education.

Their suggestions gave intelligent guidelines for the development of adult education and literacy education in the British dependencies. They stressed the need for a more generalized system of education with the interest of the British government showed in the direction of providing some sort of adult literacy education to the masses various experiments were embarked upon with the view to establishing and promoting adult literacy education to the various communities.

 

A practical manifestation of this interest was that the colonial administration started to encourage the local people and arouse their interest in establishing evening classes. Furthermore efforts to provide functional literacy stemmed from the report of the UNESCO world conference of education ministers at Teheran in 1965 in which Nigeria participated.

The recent world conference on education for all called for reduction in the adult literacy levels to one half of the existing values. UNESCO, definitions of functional literacy is that “a person is functionally literate who can engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective functioning of his group and community and also for enabling him to continue to use reading, writing and calculation form his own and the community development”.

 

There remains problem in translating this simple definition into practice. Two principals methods have been advocated self assessment (e.g. though consensus questioning) and the use of standardize literacy test. Indirect self assessment methods carry a high risk of error and over reporting, particularly when carried out using untrained interview. In many surveys the ability to read aloud from newspaper is used as a criterion though this may not indicate comprehension other use the ability of the respondents to write their names as the criteria. Some assessments include basic numerous as an integral part, but practice on this is inconsistent.

 

At the most unreliable level respondents are asked “can you read and write?” with no capability to tes6t the veracity of the response or differentiate levels of facility. Literacy may be defined in a mother tongue or I a national language and this is like to affect the number of illiterate identified. Direct method that involves standardized testing is expensive to administer and also suffer from problems of reliability and validity. Wagner (1990) proposes new approaches to assessment which employs both direct and indirect measures of literacy, attempts to differentiate level of facility and recognizes the context in which literacy is acquired and used.

UNESCO had developed a series of concepts which illustrates some of the shifting approaches that have been employed in literate. Some of the employed in literacy project. Those include fundament education, community development, and universal literacy. Work oriented literacy and cultural literacy.

 

However, according to Jones (1990) none of these have stayed in place long enough to have acquires an adequate theoretical grounding. In reality, many of the assertions made in the literature about relationships between literacy and development are hypothesis for which there may be circumstantial evidence but no rigorous justification while it is generally accepted that literacy is a necessary condition for access to ideas from the wider world and that “modernization in attitudes and disposition is closely associated with the possession of literacy more specific relationships have proved difficult to unravel.

 

This is partly because literacy is a social construction and is significantly in determining and being determined by the prevailing social order, Oxenham (1980). It is being increasingly recognized that literacy is a relative construct and is in the practice context dependent. Global definitions therefore appear both elusive and unattainable (Winchester 1990). The implication is that literacy programmes need clear objectives that are grounded in different socio-economic context and the criteria for improvement are unlikely to be universal, or if they are they will be at the lowest level of cross cultural generalization.

Clients in adults’ literacy vary very largely and this fact is a control focus in the present study to assess their performance. Since the project at hand is aimed at identifying factors affecting the performance of participants in adult literacy programmes in Udu local government area. It will be of great benefit to the government as its findings will enable or enhance educational administrators and adult education. Udu local government purse is located in Delta State.

Thus the local government is characterized by linguistic variation resulting in one dialect which tends to affect the unity and subsequent introduction of literacy programmes. A great proportion of it is covered with water and grass land with thick orchard bushes. Educationally, it has many primary and post primary institutions.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS   

Adult literacy in Udu local government is provided in English language, supervisors and instructors sometimes have to use direct translation to clarify the meaning of words and statement. Over the years, since the organization of adult literacy classless in the local government, farmers, traders, small scale businessmen and women have displayed enthusiasm through their participation in literacy classes. Although enthusiasm is evident, one does not know the extent to which the learning of the participant has been effective. It is noted however, that many factors including participants occupations, amount of time sacrificed, social responsibilities and dialect spoken may have effect on the performance in the literacy programme.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS    

The questions which arises are therefore:

1.            How do participants in adult literacy programme in udu local government area perform in their studies?

2.            Do you think the performance of adult in the literacy programme are satisfactory?

3.            Do you think the performances are poor?

4.            What factors are likely to affect the performance of participants in the programmes?

5.            Do you think finance is a major problem that affect the performance of adults in the programmes?

6.            In what way can supervisors intervene to improve participants level of performance giving the facilities available to them?

 

 

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of study it so find out through the research at hand the possible factors affecting the performance of participants in adult literacy classes in Udu local government area. This is to say the purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting the performance of adult in the programmes with special references to:

i.             Financing the programme

ii.            Availability of qualified staff.

iii.           The application of teaching aids in teaching

iv.          The planning and administration of the programme

v.            Literacy and development

vi.          Literacy and language

vii.         Strategies to promote literacy

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to Udu local government area of Delta State.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be of great benefit to students in the field of adult education as its reviews will broaden their knowledge on suitable methods to handle adult learners.

 

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS  

Adult participant: A learner who attends literacy class to receive lesson.

Adult instructor: A person who teachers adult participants in literacy classes

LGA: local government area.

Literacy: Ability to read and write enumerate and compute. A process whereby adults develop their abilities to enrich their knowledge and bring changes in their attitudes in two fold perspective of fukll personal development.

 

 

 

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CAUSES OF STUDENTS POOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN JSS CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION : A CASE STUDY OF OKA SECONDARY SCHOOL, BENIN CITY

 

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to find out some of the causes of student poor academic performance in Junior Secondary School in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area. In carrying out the study a questionnaire was designed and administered to principals, vice principals, and teachers of the selected schools. The result shown that lack of laboratory/museum, syllabus, field trip/excursion, lack of teaching aids, teaching method, unqualified teachers can discourage the interest of the students. To each of these problem a solution had been suggested, if these suggestions are applied by the government and the teacher, the problems of poor academic performance will be reduced drastically in the country and in the selected schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of problem

Purpose of study

Significance of study

Research questions

Scope of study

Definitions of terms

Chapter Two     

Review of related literature

Chapter Three

Research design and methodology

Research design

Population of the study

Study sample

Sampling techniques

Research instrument

Validity of instrument

Reliability of instrument

Data procedure

Data analysis

Chapter Four

Analysis and interpretation of result

Chapter Five

Summary

Findings

Conclusion

RecommendationsReferences

Questionnaires

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO STUDY

To start with, it is proper to disabuse your mind from the earlier opinion that social studies is the study of history, geography, religious studies, government civics, economic history, anthropology or sociology. It is not an amalgamation of the subjects listed above under the big umbrella of social studies. Hence, Adeyemo (2000) defined it as the totality of experience students goes through having been exposed to such a course based on man’s interminable problem in chosen environment with a full knowledge of unable factors whether historical, geographical, traditional political, social, religious, economic, psychological, cultural, scientific or technological that are normally responsible in man’s wed of interaction with his environment.

As Uche (1980) puts it, social studies provides understand their physical and human environment in order to act as responsible citizen. It has become imperative to find out the trend of performances of students in social studies in the junior secondary school certificate examination in Oka Secondary School, Benin City. As the society becomes more complex and advanced in technology man restricted social studies. This a lot of innovations emanated in different perspectives some of such innovation includes, change in shelter, transportation, use of products, culture, social institutions, socialization and change in education. In other to cope with the change/innovation in social studies, the subject was introduced to junior secondary school curriculum. Hence, junior secondary schools are the level where rudiments of social studies are taught.

Ulabar (1984) observed that students performance in social studies in Ikpoba- Okha local government area has been affected by lack of qualify social studies teachers, lack of laboratory. Teaching aids, poor teaching method, poor motivation, wrong choice of course, financial problem, family problem, inadequate equipment, psychological problem, lack of provision of guidance and counselor and poor health. Despite all the effects devoted to the problem of poor academic performance, there has been little success. This study is therefore aimed at looking into these problems and other with a view to provide solution to them. It is the hope of the research that recommendation that would be made based on the findings would help to ameliorate the situation. Similarly, it is believed that the recommendation would be of immense benefit to educational planner’s policy makers, teachers and students.

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This process of teaching and learning bring the individual in contact with educational process. In 2010, the performance of student in social studies has left much to be desire. Efforts so far made at improving this seemingly bad situation will not see to be proving the desire result. It would appear from past efforts that the problems have not been either correctly diagnosed, or solution provided have been adequate enough to ameliorate the situation.

In the light of the above it is obvious that the teachers and students themselves, who in the studied separately, would provide the needed solution.

The problem that arises from this situation is a decline in the numbers of students enrolling in social studies at the secondary school level. This definitely has a negative overall effect on the economy. How that the country needs to be self sufficient the youth must be encouraged to study social studies.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The study is aimed at achieving the following objective.

1. To determine the performance of students in social studies in junior secondary school examinations.
2. To appraise the adequacy of facilities and equipment available in teaching social studies in junior secondary school.
3. To find out the extent to which students social economic background affects their academic performance in social studies.
4. To find out the extent to which poor condition of services for teachers and lack of qualified teachers can influence student’s academic performance.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help to know more light on the student’s poor academic performance in social studies so as to appraise the problems and prospects of the study is significant because social studies is the basic antidote for interaction between man and his environment. It is researcher sincere hope and wish that this little contribution will be of immense benefit to the motivate their interest towards the study of the subject in schools.

Government is likely, to benefits immensely from his study since the recommendation made in the later part of study would highlight the areas that need to be given more attention in the teaching and learning of social studies in junior secondary schools.

The result of the research work would undoubtedly enable the social studies teachers to improve his teaching method and effective use of teaching aids. It wills also emphases needs for students to show more interest in the subject

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the causes of student’s poor academic performance in social studies in the junior secondary school certificate examination 2010 in Oka Secondary School, Benin City.

RESEARCH QUESTION

To facilitate the achievement of this study, the following research question will be treated.

1. Does the inadequacy of social studies laboratory affect the performance of students?
2. Does student performance affect the participation of field trip/examination?
3. Does the unavailability of teaching aids affect student’s performance?
4. Does method employed affects students performance in JSS 3 examination?
5. Does the supervision of teaching affect student’s performance in JSS 3 examination?
6. Does parental pressure affect student’s performance in JSS 3 examination?

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used in this study are described or defined below:

STUDY HABIT: A well planned and deliberate pattern of study which has attained a form of consistency on the part of the students towards understanding academic subject and passing examination.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: this is used inter changeable with academic achievement. It refers to students score arising from their responses to some set of learning tasks presented in a test or examination situation.

SYLLABUS:  Syllabus is a guide or planned topics, which the teacher uses to teach the students, with in the school year.

FIELD TRIP: Field trip are sometime called excursion. They give the students the panoramic view of what they have been learning in the class.

LIBRARY: Library is a room or building for a collection of books, kept therefore reading, the school library is an important department in the school which helps to promote on inclemency the growth of their knowledge.

QUALIFIED TEACHER: This is a person that undergoes series of training in methodology of teaching and be able to change or promote study performance.

TEACHING METHOD: This is different method used by teachers to promote students learning towards particular subjects.

MOTIVATION: This is the arousal of student’s interests in learning.

MUSEUM: This is a building in which objects of artistic, cultural, historical or scientific interest are kept and show to the public.

TEACHING AID/INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: There are objects or material which promote the effectiveness of instruction and help the teacher to communicate more effectively.

 

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THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL EXAMINATION CENTRES ON STANDARD OF EDUCATION IN EDO STATE

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at evaluating the impact of special examination centres on standard of education in Edo State. It is also focuses interest of curriculum planners to plan the curriculum to meet up with the lapses of education in Edo State and Nigeria at large. The main purpose or objectives of this study is to investigate and gain insight into the impact of special examination centres on standard of education in the state.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE  

Introduction

Background to the study

Statement of problem

Objectives of the study

Significance of study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Limitations of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature

CHAPTER THREE       

1Research design

Population of the study

Sampling of the study

Sample technique adopted

Instrumentation

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of data and discussion of results

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY         

QUESTIONNAIRES    

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian system of education has been facing several problems contending against the standard of education in the state. A good example of these is the existence of examination malpractice which often took place in special examination centers, though several other factors militate against the low standard of education like inadequate instructional materials, inadequate building or structure, unqualified teachers among others. Due to the consistency of this problem a number of measures have been put in place to check it. Fr example, unified tertiary matriculation examination (UTME) 2011 introduced finger thumb printing to check the increasing rate of this evil in our society.

 

In a world govern by science and technology, education is the most powerful instrument for achieving development and empowering the citizens to contribute meaningfully to technology and to compete for survival. In common terms, what is special examination centres? No dictionary definition has categorically defined these terms specifically, rather special has been defined just as examination and the term centre has also be defined. Special is something that is not meant for everybody that is not for the general public, while examination is a formal written, spoke or practical test, especially at school or college to see how much you know about a subject, or middle point or part of something or a building or place used for a particular purpose or activity (Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary 6th Edition), special examination centres can therefore be deduced as any activity that exists within the four corners of education that gives preferences to some selected individuals or group of people to pass their examination.

 

However, these centres has used many method to assist their students during the examination in order for them to pass their examination such method include getting examination question paper before examination date and time, impersonation, replacing the answer script written in the examination hall with that written at home texting of objectives through cell-phone to client cell-phone when question must have been solved bribing the supervisor or invigilator to corporate with the examination hall and removing security from the students in the examination hall, are all in the name of making money.

 

Moreover, special examination centre have affected the standard of education in Nigeria as it becomes possible for person to obtain certificate when he cannot defend. It is the same set of non-performing graduates that manage the industries and government positions. In conclusion, the pertinent question now is; why is our standard of education low in Nigeria, or what is the state of educational system and influencing factors for the falling standard? What strategy can be deployed to?

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The standard of education has been affected greatly as a result of special examination centres former president of the federal republic of Nigeria Dr. Olusegun Obasanjo (2005) said that students in Nigeria perceived education as a means of getting meal ticket (certificate) and getting job. As a result of this trend, morality and honesty have been thrown to the dogs to pass examination and obtain certificate so long as emphasis is not on one’s performance but o the paper first. Many holders of certificates cannot practically defend them through their performance.

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to;

1. Investigate into the impact of special examination centres on College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin (Colben) and University of Benin, Benin City (UNIBEN).
2. Measures to curb examination malpractice in Edo State.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work is of great importance to the curriculum planners, those who wish to carry further studies on the topic and to the society at large. To the curriculum planners, the findings will help them plan the curriculum to meet up with the lapses created by special education or examination centres in the system of education in Edo State. Such lapses could be lack of self-confidence, student inability to take their studies serious, not academically balance etc. what will be of our future education if this trend has to continue? Finally, the study will be of great importance to those who wish to carry out further studies on the topic because it will serve as a resource material for them.

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study would cover the performance of special examination centres on low standard of education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. The choice of this scope is genre towards knowing the impact and influence of special examination centres on low standard of education in Edo State College of Education Ekiadolor (Colben) and the University of Benin (Uniben).

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions has been formulated to guide this study because their means rating on impact of special examination centres on standard of education in tertiary institution in Edo State, which theoretically influence of special examination centres on standard of education in tertiary institutions.

 

 

 

 

Continue reading THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL EXAMINATION CENTRES ON STANDARD OF EDUCATION →

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF TEACHING AS A CAREER AMONG MALE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EKIADOLOR

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ABSTRACT

the purpose of this research was to examine and investigate some of the factors influencing the choice of teaching as a career among male students of College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin, the data contained in this project work is the result of my personal observation, oral interview and administered questionnaires to persons mostly concerned among whom are students of College of Education. The outcome result of my findings shows that the commonest factors influencing teaching as a career among male students is inadequate teaching aids, poor salary, lack of guidance and counselling and lack of competence. This resulted from bad government, poor infrastructure in school and bad staffing. Trace was also made to male students who see teaching as a mini job and who also see teaching profession as a clumping for intelligence people. To each categories of problem follows a suggested solution, if these suggestions are adjured to by governments, lecturers and parents, it will encourage male students to take teaching as a profession.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE  

Background of the study

Statement of problem

The purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO 

Literature review

Teaching career

Factors influencing choice of education

Students’ attitude towards teaching as a career

CHAPTER THREE        

Research design

Areas of study

Population of study

Sample procedure for data collection

Instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE 

Summary, conclusion and recommendation

REFERENCES    

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study relates to issues of professional autonomy and identify professional autonomy in teaching is suggestive of total involvement of education experts. Professional associates in all matters related to the education of the people often, people with little or no knowledge of professional training and competence are assigned positions of authority to dedicate how educational policies in Nigeria should be run.

Factors influencing choice of teaching as a career, journal of educational research association vol. No. 1, University of Benin says teaching as a career is not seen as an entity but a loose confederation group of major components performing certain task often with practically no coordination among professional members. At the moment, a male student of College of Education, Ekiadolor wants to take teaching as a career but there are factors influencing it.

Many people assume instructional responsibility without ever having acquired basic professional training or training from any of the professional schools, among education students, many having not meditated seriously on their genuine reasons for wanting to become a teacher. Many education teachers view their professional preparation or teaching as a meal ticket or as stepping stone some students into teaching just because they feel they lack competence and intelligence to read lucrative course like medicine, law and engineering. Teaching will only become a career preparation as last resort.

Some education students have the attitudes and perception of teaching as a profession, as a dumping group for less intelligent people and they also see it as a stepping stone towards better occupation. This set of people lack dedication, respect for the value and objectives of teaching and this constitute a stumbling block in the channeling of ideas for authentic or genuine career development. Many of the teachers in Nigeria today and the education students in the career will not publicly declare that teachers making this lead to the factors influencing choice of teaching as a career identity among teacher among male students of College of Education Ekiadolor.

An investigation into the factors that motivate people to have choice of teaching as a career will help to correct some of the erroneous view people are help to confirm or refute some of the criticism against teaching as a career in the decision of what career to choose, several motivating factors can be summed up as:

1. The employment situation in the country, that is a situation that many influence people to choose a job of which they do not have the natural inclination.
2. The second reason that may motivate people to choose a particular career is the nature of the job itself. The job, which may give plenty of free time after the days work.
3. The remuneration given to the particular job attracts or discourages people to take up the job.

According to Afe (2002) becoming a teacher is with obstacles and problems from the time deciding to become a teacher. There is a factor influencing teaching as a career, according to Awake (2002) summering the teacher’s job is a thankless job as far as income is concerned. His pay has always been below the standard minimum. The salary is so poor that it is hardly sufficiently bills. This includes his accommodation, feeding, medical and clothing and transportation.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The objective was to have an insight into the factors influencing the choice of teaching as a career among male students of the College of Education Ekiadolor. The problems to be studied are poor salary, inadequate relevant text books, inadequate teaching aids and lack of guidance and counselling. I am attempted to suggest solutions to the problem, the following questions would therefore serve as a guide to the study of determine which factors influence choice of teaching as a career.

1. Does poor salary influence teaching as a career?
2. Does inadequate relevant textbooks influence teaching as a career?
3. Do inadequate teaching aids influence the choice of teaching as a career?
4.  Does lack of guidance and counselling influence choice of teaching as a career?
5. Does student’s attitude influence the choice of teaching as a career?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out the factors influencing choice of teaching as a career among male students in College of Education Ekiadolor. The factors include:

1. Poor salary
2. Inadequate relevant textbooks
3. Inadequate teaching aids
4. Lack of guidance and counselling
5. Student’s attitude towards teaching

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is to make the government and supporters of education to invest more on materials resource and finance in teaching line. That is for those that want things will make them have the choice to make teaching as a career.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In an attempt to find solution to the problems stated above the following research questions were formulated.

1. Is it because teachers’ salaries are not paid regularly that made you shy away from making teaching as your career?
2. Does guidance and counselling influence teaching as your choice of career?
3. Is your choice teaching as a career influenced by inadequate textbooks?
4. Will inadequate teaching aids influence the choice of your teaching as a career?
5. Do you have value and interest for teaching as your career?
6. Your choice of teaching as career influenced by the environment in which you live?

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to make the study clear and precise, the following terms are given operational definition:

Choice: an act of choosing

Career: this means the choice of occupation

Constraint: this means a thing that limits or restricts

Fraguat: this means unpleasant

 

Continue reading FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF TEACHING AS A CAREER AMONG MALE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION →