THE EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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The purpose of the study is to look into the effects of drug abuse, its applications on students in some selected secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. In the light of the above topic or subject matter, attempts were made to find out the drugs commonly abused by students and the reasons why they are abused. As a result, the following questions were asked as a basis for our finding. 1. What is drug abuse? 2. Why do you think children abuse drug? 3. What are some of the effects of drug abuse on the user? 4. How do drugs affect the performance of students in schools? 5. As teachers and parents, what steps have you taken in controlling drug abuse? Literature was reviewed on the topic using relevant authors such as textbooks, journals and newspapers etc. Questionnaires were also made to collect vital information about the research study. Based on the findings, it was gathered that students who abuse drug do it because of friends, to make them bold.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A drug can be defined as any chemical solid, liquid or amorphous substance derived from plants, animals or mineral resources which is applied externally or internally to cause some desirable effects.

Also, drug can be defined as a substance which by its chemical nature has an effect to open the body of higher nervous system (the mind) the effect of drug could be positive or negative.

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF DRUG

Drug when properly used or taking into a living organism, produces the desired result, and may modify one or more of its functional parts; it is usually prescribed by a medical practitioner. Such drugs or substances are either of vegetables, animals or mineral origin. They could be prepared for the human body that that produces the desired results into the treatment of diseases and ailment.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUG (DRUG ABUSE)

The negative effect of drug is also referred to as drug abuse. Drug abuse is therefore defined as the excessive consumption of a drug by any individual. Drug abuse results when there is self injection or from the approved medical in a manner that deviates from the approved medical usage. Drug abuse is involved in the following:

1.  Excessive use of drugs and use of unprescribed drugs.

2.  Use of hard drugs.

Excessive use of drugs and use of unprescribed drugs

This is when an individual takes in drugs without following the current prescription of the doctor.

Use of hard drugs

Hard drugs are capable of affecting the state of the body or mind by either depressing or stimulating the central nervous system or producing other biochemical harm to the society at large.

According to Agwusike (1990), drug abuse is the use of drugs above the prescribed dosage and for the purpose other than for the original prescription.

Adi also defined drug abuse as self treatment of physical ailment which could result from ignorance. The society of doctors and pharmacists frowned at the uncontrollable ways and manners in which the drugs are sold to the public in our markets, and medical stores which are contributory factors to drug abuse. Uncivilized and developed nations, drugs other than those for common pain, cough and cold remedies are sold in a doctor’s prescription.

Drug abuse could be viewed from different perspectives depending on the focus under view. It could be described as a non medical use of drug, which may cause harm to the individual and the society. These could be drugs which do not conform to the society’s cultural norm of a society.

People generally misuse or abuse drugs because the substance alter the mode of behaviour of an individual. Over the years, the use of hard drugs like tobacco, sedatives, Indian hemp, cocoa leaves, alcohol, heroine, morphine, cocaine to mention but a few have drastically been on the increase especially in this part of the world (Africa). The dependence or addition, which is psychological, is characterized by the compulsion to take drugs on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its mental effect.

The history of drug abuse could also be traced to the urge of man wanting to have power to relieve tension, satisfy his needs obtained occasional release from problems and the need to find a cure to some ailments, all these have contributed to drug use and abuse. The use of drugs by man is as old as man himself. Man consumed the juices of opium poppies long before there were narcotics, such as morphine and heroine, man chewed cocoa leaf long before cocaine was extracted from both American cocoa plants. Man dried peyote castro long before they synthesized. Throughout recorded history, drug has been in use long before this medical and recreational intoxicating and self induced relief from psychic pain and emotion. The early history of drug is inseparable from the early history of medicine.

Most traditional drugs are always misused or abused because of lack of dosage to determine the quantity required by the users. The expiration period is never stated, substances that are today referred to as drugs originated from herbs and other natural chemicals, caffeine, which is the main ingredient in tea or coffee and nicotine as in tobacco or cigarette, is widely used as mind stimulant and tension relieving drugs. They are considered socially acceptable and used recreationally.

However, they produce dependence and are also known to cause harm. Other drugs, although are used medically for the treatment of one ailment or the other, may also cause problems for the individual. Examples of such drugs are psychoactive drugs or sedatives like valium and mogadon which are sleeping pills and pain killers which are medically prescribed but may be abuse thus causing dependence and harm.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

Drugs can be classified into the following viz;

1.  Stimulants such as tobacco, cocaine or coffee.

2. Depressant such as alcohol and other substances of depressants such as heroine, morphine and opiates.

3. Hallucinogens.

STIMULANTS

This kind of drug stimulates the nervous system of an individual to behave extraordinarily leading such individual to misbehave. The health implication is that the individual is acting on the influence of a cultivating factor such as tobacco, cocaine etc. Common incidence that happens around us today is on the influence of these stimulants and if care is not taken, could lead to mental disorder.

DEPRESSANTS

These are sleep inducing drugs. They are used to calm anxious and restless subjects. These are barbiturates and non barbiturates that are capable of producing some degree of depression of the central nervous system (CNS). They are the most dangerous drugs.

HALLUCINOGENS

These are substances that produce a state of altered perception and other alteration of mood such as illusion, hallucination. Examples of these drugs are lysergic acid diethyl lamine (LSD) phylogibin (extracted from innobrowi) magaline. Drug abuse has caused great problem to humanity. A lot of damages have been done to human health as a result of drug use and abuse and these damages could be mental, physical, emotional and psychological so that it has in a long way reduce life span of man. There are also social problems associated with drug use and abuse. They include high rate of crime, deformity either physically or mentally and affect unborn children whose mothers abuse drugs when they are pregnant. It can even lead to high rate of infant mortality in unborn babies or pregnant mothers when giving birth to mongoloid children.

Great misfortunes have resulted as a result of drug abuse e.g. series of road accidents that have claimed lives of men. Drug addicts when severely under the influence of drugs walked along the street half naked and perpetual acts like rape, assassination and murders.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Drug abuse is a pandemic problem even on the increases in an alarming rate in Nigeria today. About two decades ago, incidence of drug trafficking in Nigeria was low and abuse was minimal, but today drug has destroyed and killed many people in the society. Students in our secondary schools are not left out in this act. In view of this, the research is embarked on to highlighting the i8lls of drug abuse.

Over the years, it has been observed that students from secondary schools in Egor local government area of Edo state are in the form of drug addiction or the other as well as being involved in drug abuse. This research is therefore designed to view immediate causes and health implication of drug abuse among students in some selected secondary schools in Egor.

The researcher hoped that this research work would help the teachers, school authorities and the society at large to minimize the use and effects of drugs in schools. Also, this study will encourage the government of Egor local government area to establish drug rehabilitation centres with the help of the ministry of health and drug inspection unit (DIU) to care for addicts.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to highlight the causes of drug abuse among students in some selected secondary schools in Egor local government area of Edo state by random sampling thus by taking from the beginning, middle and deep end of the local government. Although the4rer are books, magazines, articles and newspapers reports on drug abuse, no in-depth research has been conducted on the incidence of drug abuse in students and to recommend appropriate solutions to if possible. The researcher intends to engage the following:

a.  Find out the main causes of drug abuse on students.

b.  Determine the effects of these drugs on the students.

c.   Find out the influence of drugs on the students and the effect of drug abuse on the society.

d.  Find out the reasons why students abuse drugs.

e.  Find out the overall effects of the abuse of drugs on the students.

This study might also stimulate the researcher into areas of drug education or some aspects of drug use and abuse among students.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at investigating drug abuse and its health implication on students in secondary schools. The following therefore are some of the objectives at the end of the study.

1.  Students would be informed on the negative effects of drug use and abuse.

2.  Parents and teachers will be acquainted of their roles in curbing drug abuse from early childhood.

3.  More researchers will be encouraged to carryout research work on the causes of drug abuse and its remedy.

4.  Government will be able to make policies and laws that will prohibit the use of dangerous drugs.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study is to provide resource materials for many that want to have deeper knowledge abou8t the causes, effect and control of drug abuse.

This research work will encourage organization like NAFDAC, NDLEA, health organizations like WHO, SHE and government parastatals to establish drug rehabilitation centres to help victims of drug abuse.

Moreso, the significance of this study is to outline its health implication amongst secondary school students, which will be centred on the following:

1.  To identify the causes of drug abuse among secondary school students.

2. To help reduce the hazard of drug abuse to minimum and to enlighten the teachers on how to educate their students and the society at large.

3. To reduce the incidence of rape among secondary school students.

4. To alert the government on how to control the abuse of drugs since the short term and long term effects are disastrous.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

The following are the basic assumptions made by the researcher.

a)  That the habit of addicting to drugs begins from the environment the child grew up in.

b) Students who use drugs are prone to disease attack.

c) Students use drugs and abuse them because they are easily available.

d) Use of drugs can lead to psychosis and premature death.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In the course of carrying out this research work, the research will attempt to proffer solutions to the following questions.

a)  What are the classes of drugs?

b) What drugs are commonly abused by students?

c) Why do students use drugs?

d) What are the causes of drug abuse?

e) What are the health implications of drugs abuse?

HYPOTHESIS

In order to achieve a purposeful result in this research, it is necessary to declare the following statements.

1.  Students engage in drug abuse in an attempt to cope with the opposite sex.

2. Most students abuse drugs in order to gain absolute self confidence amongst fellow students in class.

3. Drug abuse among students results from influence from friends and peer group pressure.

4. Students who abuse drugs are sure to suffer from mental, psychological and emotional problems

THE EFFECT OF HOME BACKGROUND ON PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

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The subject matter of this research is the effect of home background on performance of student in Computer Science in College of Education Staff School, Benin City. The main objective of the research work is to enable us know the effect of home background on performance of students in Computer Science in College of Education Staff School, Benin City. The research methodology, primary data was used. The data were presented and analyzed, information was gathered from questionnaires. It was discovered in the course of study that home background affects the performance of students. This is due to low educational qualification, soci-o-economic states and large families. It was recommended that the government should give aids to the lower class families by giving them grants such as bursary and scholarship awards.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The importance of education in the up-bringing of student cannot be over emphasized. It is a known fact that the children on students of today are the leaders of tomorrow. As matter of national priority, it is the fundamental responsibility of government to provide for the education of students, this will no doubt contribute to the overall growth and development and reduces the level of literacy to the barest minimum. In college of education staff school today, various subject like mathematics, English language, social studies, bible knowledge, elementary science, computer science are taught. These subject are reliant to our day to day development. These days emphasis is laid on both qualitative and quantitative education.

In Nigeria society inequality of educational achievement has been one of the recent years. No government has ever thought of what the home can recall help in the performance of students in schools. Teachers have always been seen as a role model and a person that can perform miracle to influence the academic performances of student hence parents and government tend to be arranged into different social state. It is clear that our societies are theoretically classified into groups, person and their families are associated with different social classes.

There is the existence of three types of homes, the non-abundant, middle and abundant families. The position ones hold, the occupation which one engage in the society, the privileges and prestige receives all help to sharpen one’s style of life. The presence of adequate potential techniques for helping the child to understand his world or cope with complex situation may have permanent effects in his life and academic achievement. Broken homes can also affect the performance of students in computer science and may have permanent effect in his life and academic achievements. The use of instructional materials may also affect performance of students in college of education staff school. In Nigeria, however, most school don’t offer computer science the reason been that they are not mature to offer computer science or do not have material to teach the students. Their attitudes and behavaiour are quite was patterned by the time they enter into school. The child’s response to school is highly dependent on these patterned attitudes and behaviour with this, it become necessary to undertake a student, the problem on the academic performance in computer science of students in schools.

Over the two decades, sociologist have tried to identify the effect of home background on the performance of student in schools. Woodruff (1961) is of the view that the influence of home has on the child’s learning is a great importance to his life, his value and most of his habits and basic adjustments are established during the pre-school years. This state shows that home plays a vital role in educational development of a student and his performance in schools. This is so because the home provide for a student primary socialization and information educated and it goes a long way to help his performance in computer science in school.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In recent years, there has this assumption that the standard of education in Nigeria has fallen which manifest itself in poor performances of students. This has therefore led to a lot of argument of whom to blame, the teachers, the government, students, peer groups contributes to the student’s academic performance in computer science but the home into which the students is born nurtured and spends the most of his time is to be blame more because the home is the major contributor to the student performance in computer science in school. The research therefore coin at examining the effect of home background of student in school in College of Education Staff School, Benin City.

The research questions that will be required for the purpose of this study include the following:

1. Does home background affect the performance of student in computer science in College of Education Staff School?
2. Does socio-economic status of parents affect the student performance in computer science in college of education staff school?
3. Does the level of educational qualification of parents affect the student’s achievement in college of education staff school?
4. Does the size of the family, type, structure affect student’s performances?
5. Does the student from high and middle social classes achieve more than those from lower class?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out how home background affects the academic performance in computer science in college of education staff school, Benin City. It should be seen by those who could do something about it; educational planners, educational policy makers the universal basic education (UBE)  the government, parents, the college of education staff school management should do something that did not just evolve overnight, hence solution. It should be as elastic as its evolution.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study will be of immense value to educational planners in designing school programme that are related to the family background of students such programme can help the disadvantaged students to catch up with their advantaged peers thereby improving the standard of education in the country. It is hoped that the findings of this study would help in identified the role of home background on students in schools. Every parents expect a good result from a child who attend school.

Student are successful in computer science when certain factors are put together ensuring that the student who attend schools, is well fed. Before he leaves the home the expected materials that will enhance learning at school is the students work regularly checked, does the parent over find time to check the child work, has the school facilities, equipments and materials that would aid teaching.

The government is not left out of it too. If the role of the home has been recognized in the nations education, therefore at the end of this project work, it is assumed that the government will assist parent guardian needs of the student wards.

THE PLACE OF PARENTS TEACHERS ASSOCIATION (PTA) IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL.

 

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ABSTRACT

 

This study is aimed at identifying the place of parent teacher association in the administration of schools in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo state. The instrument used for collection of data or information in this research is mainly the questionnaire. The research question was administered to four respond selected randomly in Esan West Local Government Areas of Edo State. To test in validity of the stated hypothesis from their response, it was discovered that many of the respondents of this research is as result of knowing how important the PTA in the society. Some findings were made in this research, which in the school to develop the place of parents teacher association in Nigeria.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The act of passing on knowledge from one generation to the other is the role of the parents. The parents are more effective in imparting discipline and knowledge to students at the very grass root level. It is therefore a known fact that all parents have the natural inclination to give their children the good things of life they are capable of providing for them. And in the modern age, the major task is on the provision of quality education and good standard of living. In the light of this, parents have developed a very positive interest in what goes on in school. It is this interest of parents in the education of their children and wards in schools that gave birth to the organization or formation called “Parents Teachers Association”. During the latter years of the 19^th century, the Parents Teacher Association was first organized by a group of women in America. The first meeting called “the national congress of mothers” was actually held in 1877. It was this meeting that stimulated the founding of the national congress was with the sole aim to act in an advisory capacity of school in America pence. It now goes by the name Parents Teacher Association {PTA} and the functions, now includes particularly in curricular development policy making and setting standards in schools. Abiola A.O. {1967} since Parents Teacher Association is concerned with the student’s welfare and all round developments that is why parents are giving a role in the administrative management of secondary school. This means that the Parents Teachers Association is interested in the co-operation of the school system. It is generally expected that all heads of primary and post primary institutions that is head master/headmistress and principals especially the newly posted one should be able to organize and participate in teacher association activities single handled to ginger the staff and students. Therefore the home and schools must work hand in hand to achieve full educational objectives. Parents are experienced people who are conversant with child psychology and development.

 

They therefore know the needs of their children at difference stages of development. In view of this, the parents are in a better position to give useful advice to teachers when necessary. Individual parents could be invited to school for discussion on their children welfare. Such as personal cleanliness, behaviour and general progress. When parents get home from those visits, they will see their children’s work and also other work to compare. The principal with assistant of some staff could point out the child weakness and give suggestions for improvement. The principal on his own part will also not fail to highlight the good point about the children on the whole. The parents teacher association is a forum for teachers and parents to meet and discuss issues relating to the welfare of the parents and teachers. The parents teacher association meets once or twice a year as the case may be to discuss matter affecting the students and teachers and general issues relating to the schools. But it may be necessary to invite parents of students in affected classes to discuss particular things affecting them. They turn out of the parents teacher association on meeting depends on the publicity given among the students. The students therefore serve as a medium by which information about the parents meeting reaches their parents usually when they attend matters discussed at these meeting are usually at general application to a student and matter affecting the town and discipline of the school. The more personal matters are dealt with by the head that invited them and discussed with the parents, the more interest they have for the school. Through the PTA meeting parents could be educated or enlightened. The benefits of the parents teacher and students, it may be necessary to a talk on discipline and causes, teachers delinquency through this the parents will have an insight into the causes of the students problem and know more effective discipline when a new subject or policy is to be introduced. The PTA meeting serves as a forum for getting this across to the parents and teachers by the parents will be aware of the current development in educational deals. Hence educational advancement is regarded as the cornerstones for economical, political, social and physical well being of nay country, it is an important fact that countries all over the world give priority attention to education in their budget. In the light of this, education is seen as an instrument of change. A further proof of the importance of education is what Professor Edmond King (1969) says about it. It says that many countries educational expenditure now preempts as much of the budget as dispense if not more. In this education is seen universally as the most national mean of building a wholesome of mankind. Nigeria as a country recognizes education as a key to development and this reflects in the phenomenal growth of such schools. Since her independence in 1960, Nigeria had only two universities as against fairly six as the moment and some other ones being proposed and came into reality in the 80s, which is the 6-3-3-4 system of education.

 

This system was aimed at training students towards self-reliance and technological orientation by different states and ethnic group of the federation. This is a reflection of the increasing place education perform in the general growth and development of the nation. The emergence of more secondary school and government-increasing place in the sectors and government increasing participating place of the parents teacher association in terms of administration and funding. Today Nigeria budget close to 3 billion for the educational sector. The massive investment in education is aimed at producing middle higher level manpower needs that this manpower requirement can only be met if the primary and secondary school are effectively programmed to give the necessary background in education requirement by institutions of higher learning. Secondary schools can only play their place properly within the framework of effective school management and administration. Effective administration of secondary school may only be attempted through a complete democratization of the administrative machinery that involves not only the education experts in the state board of education, local government education authority, principals of school but also teachers and parents who have a common view about the students welfare. In the past, effective school administration was conceptualized in terms of experts’ management by micro level and the principals of the schools. Parents and teachers were to help the school. Hence many secondary schools had at their signs of reading “parents may go beyond the point”. As time went on, they will be realization that for any secondary school to be able to meet her stated objectives that administration should not only be concentrated in the hands of experts but also those directly concerned about the students which are parents and teachers. In other words, there was the realization of conceptualization of the school as a micro society. It was highly considered necessary the more people be involved in school administration instead of learning decision-making. Over the years, the democratization of schools administered of almost turning full circle for the signs at school gate banning parents from going beyond particular points are now gradually weaning out. Parents and teachers agencies in different state of the federation have entered into association seems to be geared towards improving communication between education providers and their consumers and also to keep parents together. Most of the functions or duties school could be adequately performed without the support of parents teachers association will be known and called in this study as PTA in edo state after the government took over school from private agencies in the year 1973. There seemed to be a general wish to establish PTA in the school. This wish again now reflects the increasing realization of the place of PTA. The organisation of PTA in most school raises a number of questions as to; a.          Whether the PTA provide fund for school? b.          Without the PTA, can the school raise fund? c.           How much has the PTA help in the discipline of students in school? Really, the PTA provides funds for the school by way of levy or donation. Secondly, the school cannot raise levy without the PTA. This is because PTA represents the community in which the school is built. Finally, PTA has influenced the discipline of students in schools.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many factors gave rise to the formation of parents teacher association in secondary schools especially in Esan West Local Government Area in Edo State. It is likely that there are lacks of schools facilities. It could be due to shortage of manpower, which may involve PTA’s negotiation. Again, it may be as a result of inadequate provision of school materials for students. All these problems attract the intervention of the PTA. It is probably whether PTA actually acts to assist school in matters relating for day to day running of schools. Thus, a formal study of this nature on the influence of PTA in school management is very important.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of parent teacher association in the schools administration especially in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. The PTA’s involvement in secondary school administration is a kind of rendering assistance to government who always emphasis self help development and this association help to promote discipline among students by policies formation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the place of PTA in school administration.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The place of parents teacher association in the administration of secondary school is of great importance. Quite very often, people attribute the success of most secondary school management to the existence of strong PTA organization in schools. This study is therefore significant in the sense that, it will throw more light on what the students, teachers, principals and the general public perceived to be the place of PTA in the administrative machinery of secondary school. Again, as a result of its contributions the principals might see their shortcoming and involved in a more effective approach to school administration. The result of the study may provide reliable information on the nature of principal’s leadership in schools, to school board of education {state and local}. From this, they may redefine the policy on which subsequent school administration policies will be formulated. Therefore, this would enhance effective teaching/learning and administration in our secondary schools. Other researchers might find the study useful particularly the function of PTA in school administration of discipline.

RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions have been drawn up in order to enable the readers to identify the functions of PTA in school administration. i.            What are the roles of PTA play in the provision of funds of schools. ii.           Does PTA improve the academic or moral twist of students? iii.         Does the absence of PTA in school affect the overall development of the school system? iv.         Does the intervention of PTA in school affect the overall development of the school system?

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

This study is confirmed strictly to Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. While the research topic is restricted to the place of PTA in the administration of secondary schools. The questionnaires, which the research uses to collect data for this study, were administered in senior school students SSS III.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is confirmed strictly to Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State but the absence of good roads, which led to lack of transportation. Financial constraint, coupled with academic engagement right now, the study is therefore limited to only five secondary schools in the local government area. This study is again limited to the factor responsible for involvement of PTA in the administration of secondary schools.

CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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ABSTRACT

This research is carried out to critically review the causes of drug abuse among secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area, Benin City as a case study. To make this research a reality questionnaires were administered to collect information, the information was collected from different places. The motive behind the research on the causes of drug abuse among secondary school students stem from the belief that students now engage more on drugs than before. This research also seek to find out factors responsible for the causes of drug abuse in schools. The collected data though questionnaires were analyzed computed in percentages. And the following were seen as the major causes of drug abuse in schools; lack of parental care, failure of school system, social disorganization of parents, unlicensed drug stores, and peer groups influence.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

       Drug abuse is a social problem of great concern in our society like other social problems; drug abuse has been attracting the attention of sociologist, political scientist, psychologist, philosophers, criminologist and social workers.

Social worker in particular, have been working relentlessly to provide solutions to the problems posed by drug abuse, to this end, several causal explanations, causes affect as recommendations through drug abuse could at least the reduced in the society. But since the aim has not been fully accomplished, the need for more research work on the problems becomes more imperative coupled with the facts that the problem seriously affects the social, economic, political and academic lives of drug users in both rural and urban areas.

Drug abuse has far reaching effects on the progress and aspiration of the youth of all lends. It determines how far the students can benefit from the available opportunities provided by the homes, the government and the community.

Various definition and explanations attempted is that the age of the students is usually between the ages of 15 years and 18 years old.

Drug abuse is referred to as substance abuse which involves the repeated and excessive use of chemical substances to achieve certain effects. These substances may be street or illicit drugs illegal due to their potentials for addition and abuse. They can also be drug obtained with a prescription, use of the pleasure rather than medical reasons.

The most unfortunate victims of these drug are the students (youths) these acts or activities are never in conformity to the general accept modes of behavior in the society.

Drug abuse can lead to rape, armed robbery, cultism, murder, theft, fighting e.t.c drug abuse leads to a wide range of anti social tendencies as mentioned above. It starts during the adolescent stage where the child feels it s fun to get involved in drugs and can develop into a chronic addict and can cause untimely

i.            Drug: is an illegal substance that some people take, smoke, inject e.t.c for the physical and mental effects it has.

ii.           Abuse: is it to take or use something in a way that is wrong or harmful.

iii.         Drug abuse: a drug is said to be abused when its use is not pharmacological or physically necessary it can also be used to describe a situation whereby the dosage of a given drug is exceeded by the user.

iv.         Addict: a person who is unable to stop using harmful drugs.

v.          Psychiatrist: a doctor who studies and ill mental illness.

vi.         Cannabis: a drug made from dried leaves and flowers of hemp plant which is smoked or eaten and which gives the user of a feeling of being relaxed.

vii.       Alcohol: is a drink that can make people drunk and starts misbehaving.

viii.     Illegal: something that is not allowed by the law.

ix.         Psycho: a person is mentally ill and who behaves in very strange violent way.

x.          Student: a person is studying at a school.

xi.         Social control agencies: these are means through which a society ensures conformity to the existing norms and values of the society.

Death if adequate remedial steps are not taken. It had constituted a set back in the lives of many and has been a menace in all aspect of human life.

The study will concentrate on the causes and effect of drug abuse on students.

The first chapter introduces the project work. It is the means to acquaint the readers with the basic information or knowledge of drug abuse. The chapter two will take a critical look at the explanations of drug abuse with special emphasis on the causes and effects of drug abuse among secondary school students. It will also review the literature of different scholars on the issues.

The third chapter will discuss the research methodology, beginning with the description of the population, proceeding to the sample and sampling method, research instruments, procedures for data collection and finally, the method of data analysis.

The fourth chapter will dwell on the presentation and analysis of data, testing the hypothesis and discussion of findings. The final chapter (chapter five) will deal with the summary, conclusion and recommendations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The menace of drug abuse among students has been the centre of attraction for comments, debates and discussion amongst the public, media and other intelligentsia.

Drug abuse has been a problem in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State Nigeria, cases of students appearing before school and community disciplinary committee, as well as psychiatric homes is on the increase.

The phenomenon exhibits a great deal if worry in some parents, teachers, e.t.c, who are somehow not able to succeed in their attempt to control their addicted children or wards.

The main purpose of the study is to find causes and effects of drug abuse in my community, Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

       This research work is intended to cover some secondary school students within Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

       This research work is an attempt to study drug abuse among students in selected Secondary Schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. I was stimulated by frequent cases of drug abuse amongst youths and its consequences.

The research findings may apply to other parts of Nigeria. The purpose of this study is to;

i.            Find out why students abuse drugs.

ii.           Find out the drug mostly abused in the area.

iii.         To correct the situations by making useful suggestions by making useful suggestions to prevent or control the abuse of drugs.

iv.         To investigate the effect of drug abuse on the academic performance of students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

       Research of this nature could help in exposing and reducing the causes of drug abuse in Oredo and assist in the preventive measures to the ever increasing rates of drug abuse in the community and else where.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

       The objectives of this study are as follows;

i.            To identify and discuss the causes of drug abuse in Oredo local government area.

ii.           To examine the effects of this drug abuse on the secondary school students of my Local Government Area.

iii.         To critically examine some social theories which explain drug abuse?

iv.         To suggest possible solution to these anti social tendencies among students.

FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF FIVE SCHOOLS IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE   .

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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ABSTRACT

The current study was undertaken in order to establish the factors militating against the introduction of computer education in secondary schools in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna state. The study adopted the descriptive survey design for it was concerned with the gathering of people`s perceptions on the factors hindering the implementation of computer education. The population for the study was made up of 100 respondents from five different private secondary schools in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Out of these 100 respondents only 85 made it into the sample. Data were gathered through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The use of these two Instruments enabled data triangulation thus enhancing data validity and reliability. Major findings of the study reveal that there were no budgets for computer procurement in the majority of schools.

 

Funds were inadequate for computer procurement as central government and the school management did not avail finances for computer procurement. However, stakeholders were willing to contribute towards the purchase of computers for computer education. Results also show that there were no teachers qualified to teach computers in schools. Those teachers who offered the subject were not willing to teach the subject mostly likely due to shortages in equipment and the unavailability of in-service computer training programmes. On a positive note, heads of schools and students had a positive attitude towards computer education. The study recommended that school management should source for computers from organizations such as banks. Schools through the school management should charge levies for computer education and government should make it compulsory for schools to offer computer education through policy statements. Teacher training institutions should incorporate computer education into their curriculum. Teachers should be offered administrative and technical support through in-service training programmes. Lastly, communities should be conscientised on the importance of computer education to inculcate in them a paradigm shift.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
In the globalized world, technology has become the in-thing as countries and/or organizations devise means of gaining a competitive edge over the others. In view of this, education systems in individual countries need to be tailor-made to suit this Endeavor. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a major role in linking business and individuals far apart in terms of geographical distance. Transactions are being carried out in or outside offices, twenty-four hours a day. In pursuit of the objectives to ensure that the country advances its technology base, Nigeria, through the Ministry of Education, has introduced computer Education in the school curriculum. However, the introduction of computer education has failed to take off in the majority of schools, primary and secondary, rural and urban. Given this scenario, it is necessary for this study to look into factors militating against the implementation of computer education in secondary schools.

 

In view of the fact that secondary schools are immediate sources of manpower for industry and commerce, it is hoped that ICT literacy could have been taught to students in preparation for employment. This however, has not been the case for the majority of secondary school graduates who have gone job seeking without any knowledge of computers despite their being a prerequisite for employment in many institutions.

 

1.1 Background to the Study
Computer education is of paramount importance to national development and it is on this premise that the government of Nigeria sought to introduce computer studies in the education system from primary through to tertiary institutions. The Ministry of Education stipulates that schools should offer technical and vocational subjects to students. At secondary school, a student should enroll for two a technical/vocational subject among which is Computer Studies. It against this background that the government went about distributing computer equipment in schools across the country. Complementing these efforts, private companies donated and distributed computers to various schools in the state and the country. However, despite such efforts document analysis carried out shows that the majority of schools are not offering the subject. This has been the situation prevailing even in the schools which received the donations of computer packages, for free. This, therefore, has prompted this current research study to find out why computer studies are not being undertaken in the majority of schools despite the significance of the subject to national development and in the face of support from the political and corporate leadership. The study therefore aimed at unearthing those problems hindering the implementation of computer studies in the school curriculum in Secondary schools in Chikun Local Government area of Kaduna state.

According to the National Policy on Computer Education (NPCE, 1988), the main aims and objectives of computer literacy and education in schools are considered important bearing in mind the fact that computer studies aid in National Development. The objectives of computer studies in schools include:
 The development of rudimentary knowledge about information system. Information process techniques and the role of computer in this regard.
 To impart the knowledge about the use of computer and its applications in everyday life and to develop in the learner an appreciation of computer work.
 To develop an understanding of the basic principles of operating a computer and expose learners to hands of experience using programmes packages which are relevant to the interest of the pupils on teaching aids to different subject.
 Creating an understanding of the concept of programming language and their application through problems solving methods and techniques as they apply to the programme design, coding and documentation.
 To develop reasonable level of competence in ICT applications that will engender entrepreneurial skills.
As a result of the above listed aims and objectives, there is need for the full implementation of computer studies in all levels of Education, most especially at Secondary school level.
Despite the tremendous importance of computer studies, government, schools, pupils and teachers attitude have shown that much is expected to be done to position it well. Most pupils believe that computer study is not a core subject and so do not bother to give it keen attention. Many schools do not place computer studies within the favorable perception, interest and vocational choice of majority of learners as most of them tend to consider it as unnecessary and less important.
There is an increasing demand for a work force in Nigeria in area of technological development and self-reliance; this demand cannot be met without full implementation of Computer Education in schools.