EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

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The purpose of this research work is to find out the causes and consequences of examination malpractice in secondary school, using some selected Secondary Schools in Ughelli North Local Government Area as a case study. A total of 100 students were used on this study. The instrument used for collection of data from them as the questionnaire and records of students who have been punished either by expulsion or warning their class. The generated data were analyzed using simple percentages. The findings of the study are as following, recommendations are made. More teachers should be employed so that during examination, the different rooms and hall will have more invigilators. The teachers should teach the students; about reading skills to enable them develop good reading habits. The management should endeavour to build more large halls. Course system should be introduced in secondary school. The educational system should be restructured to provide for a smooth transition. Less emphasis should as from now be accorded paper qualifications owners.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

There is evidence in the literatures that examination are some of the controversial issues in education today because of their nature, they attract many critics some of these critics think that less emphasis should be placed or laid on examination while others advocated understanding of subject rather than recourse to examination.

Also examinations are known to play very important role in our education system. According to Ojerinde in Oyechere (1996), examination is a formal test of somebody knowledge, skills or ability in a particular subject especially by means of oral or written questions or practical exercise. According to Liman, (1996) examination is a means of testing student’s knowledge and competence. To Ahmed (1996) examination is any act of wrongdoing or neglect that contravenes the rules and regulations of acceptable practice before, during and after an examination by any after an examination by any reason. In all countries of the world examination, which are in reality and frequently in name also competitions designed to eliminate the majority of candidate and allocate the remainder to certain known vacancies.

The most important quality of examination is used to determine pass or fail of students or group students in a school. This is necessary because I the opinion of Ahmed history seem to support the views that setting students against one another in trial and competition has always been repeatable means of inviting them zeal. Students who knows that he might fail an examination which will in turn determines his progress or promotion will strive to pass. Examination is also used academically for assigning grades to student’s secondary schools, we find students being places in division one, two and three or distinction credit and respectively determined through an examination. In the universities also, students are stratified into first, second, (Upper and Lower) or third class degree having gone through an examination. These grades are measure of success and prestige students with a division one pass in school certificate examination will be retained by those around him as academically precious, he is also likely to have a place in institutions of higher learning or in job situation with the society easier than students with a division three pass. All these candidates have combined to influence a student’s attitude to an examination, which always culminates in an urge for success in any particular examination on whether or not he had prepared for it.

Examinations are also used for other functions. According to Senekan (1996), examination is irregularities, which are premeditated and perpetuated by the candidates or their agents with the intension of gaining undue advantage in the examination. They are designed as a basis for licensing. An example according to Senekan is the drilling test no one so far wishes to part a limit to the number of drives on the road or to set motorist completing against to knock out all bet a small pre-determined quantities of top-grade performance. The authorities have every desire to ensure that those who handled cab are capable of doing so with at least a minimum of efficiency. All licensing examination is a means of screening undesirable, so as to make life safer for many of our roads. Results are governed not by an absolute standard and performance but by the level of competence of the competitions and in the last sort. Civil Servant by the number of posts to be filled in Delta State school system, the students have to fall series of the ought in educational circles and hence the need of this work.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Around the nation today a lot, of people have been it discuss on the issue of the fallen standard of education. People have the notion that the fallen standard of education can be traced to examination malpractice hence the aim of this research is to find the causes and consequences of this menace called examination malpractices especially in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State.

1.3     PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of examination malpractice in secondary schools especially, secondary schools in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, various methods employed by students as well as the roles by teachers, parents, secondary school authorities and the society at large.

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.          What are the consequences of examination malpractice?

2.          Why do student engage in examination malpractice?

3.          What methods do the students use in carrying out the examination malpractice?

4.          What are the contributions of teachers towards encouraging examination?

5.          Does unconducive learning environment propel students into examination malpractice?

1.5  HYPOTHESIS

The following hypotheses were drawn for this study;

1.  There is no significant consequence between students who engaged in examination malpractices and those who do not.

2.  There is no significance contribution of teachers to the major problem of examination malpractice

3.  Unconducive learning environment does not lead or propel students into examination malpractice.

4.  Inadequate provision of instruction materials does not push students into examination malpractice.

1.6  SCOPE OF DELIMITATION

The researcher concentrated on Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. These are the name of the schools;

1.          Orogun Grammar School Orogun

2.          Anglican Girls Grammer School, Ughelli

3.          Government College Ughelli

4.          Otor-vwodo Grammar School Ughelli

5.          Ojowe Secondary Schol Orogun

6.          Standard International School, Ughelli.

1.7  SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

It is of great importance to note that at the completion of this research work, various secondary schools, communities, towns, state and Nigeria in general will find the result of this research work to be beneficial to a great extent, this research work would play an essential role in the standard of education and in the task of economic growth and development. The result from this research work will also provide an ample opportunity for parents to be aware of what role they must play in order to prevent their children from being engaged in examination malpractice.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF ADULT REDUCTION PROGRAMME TOWARDS EDUCATION FOR SELF-ACTUALIZATION

 

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In this research work, a study was conducted towards the contribution of Adult Education Programme towards education for self-actualization in Egor Local Government Area. The research or study was also aimed at really knowing if Adult Education Programme can really do so. In carrying out the study a question was administered to students, parents, teachers in Egor Local Government Area in Edo State, Nigeria. The data collected or gathered were analyzed and interpreted and from it, it was gathered that the contribution of Adult Education Programme can lead to self-actualization. As a result of my personal experience, I will suggest that emphasis should be laid on how government can improve adult education programme in other to contribute to the self actualization of the adult learner.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Adult education is the education given to adult person, man or woman. Many people think of education as what goes on in a school classroom, a series of lesson on set “subject’ from time to time by examinations and ending in a “qualified” or ticket to ascertain type and level of job, after that the process is over from this point of view, anyone who has never been to school is uneducated and without knowledge. Such a view was the characteristic of colonial period when foreign rulers were anxious to encourage people to absorb a given type of people of knowledge sufficient to make them god clerks or store keepers and not to go beyond that knowledge to independent thought and questioning.

Some learning is informal that is gained incidentally and casually from conservation in the market or a commercial on the radio or the front page of a newspaper. When learning is consciously promoted, it then becomes part of the process of education. If education is life long, it follows that it can be pursued at any given age. Though it is recognized that some types of learning, particularly skills may depend on youthfulness formal attainment of adulthood is often marked by special ceremonies and rituals varying from traditional initiation to twenty first birthday party.

These attribute include physiological maturity the capacity of marriage and parenthood, at least the potential for earning a living and contribution to the society by the work of the hand or brain and the recognized right to exercise whatever civil duties of the political system allows (such as paying of taxes and voting). An adult is expected to take full responsibility for his action for any debt he incurs, for any agreement. A simple practical definition of an adult, which in corporate or implies these point is a person man or woman who has achieved full physical development and elects to have the right to participate as a responsible home maker, worker and member of the society.

Adult education can also be seen as any education given to an adult person, man or woman. It embraces the acquisition of knowledge and skills by adult it involves the literacy training which makes it possible for adult to learn how to read and write. It includes all the education given to adults in traditional society. This is the learning process in the home or at traditional or secret societies or at meeting of age grade all come under the slope of adult education.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The research work is aimed at finding out the contribution of adult education programme towards education for self actualization In egor local government area.

Adult education programme is a planned system for adult learners since the formal school system is unable to meet the need of these adult learners due to their age, the time schedule foe the lectures.

The organizers of the adult education should have broad aim and objectives towards the programme to the true of the federal government education policy.

1.3  OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Having states the contribution of adult education towards self actualization in egor local government area, it becomes important to state the objectives and thus purpose of this study.

1.  To find out the impact of adult education towards self actualization

2.  To find out if adult really can get a whiter collar job after school

3.  To find out if adult learners can develop their home morally towards knowledge gain during their course of study.

4.  To maintain an adult population up to the standard of competence in the knowledge, wisdom and skill which society requires

1.4  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

For the purpose of this research work, the following research questions were formulated

i.            what are the importance of adult education

ii.           what are the factors that led to adult education

iii.         what is the level of illiteracy in egor local government area

iv.         how can adult education help men and women in the society

v.          is there a relationship between adult education and eradication f illiteracy in our society

vi.         what role is the society playing in the development of adult education programme

vii.       is the level of illiteracy permanent with men or women in egor local government area

1.5  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This is a programme that is designed for adults that were unable to get education at the right time, the adult learner at this point in learning must acquire during this period of study.

The adult learner is free to learn any field he think he will be intelligent, that is his area of specialization, he must be master of his subject and develop the enthusiasm to teach his student. The adult learners, must be good planner of instruction in defining its set objectives and mapping out the appropriate evaluation techniques to achieve the set goal of education.

 

A SURVEY OF CAUSES AND MODES OF EXPLOITATION OF STUDENTS BY TEACHERS

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From the research project which its topic is “a survey of causes and modes of exploitation of students by teachers schools”. Responses were gotten from 200 students collected randomly from various departments in the college. The instrument used in the study is questionnaires, which was distributed to the students to answer. The responses from the questionnaires were collected and computed into tables in percentage scores. The result of the findings shows that students are really exploited by teachers in many ways. Moreso, this exploitation of students by teachers has created some anxiety and frustration in the students and has lead them to all sorts of atrocities including prostitution. The researcher therefore recommended that the teacher should be paid their salary when due and expected. The school should also be adequately funded by the government. Finally, the teachers should act as a caretaker to their students.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Exploitation of students by teachers is not a new phenomenon in our society. In the past, some students have been physically and emotionally exploited. Students are made to work in their teachers farm, carry firewood to their teachers house, fetching water for their teachers etc. nowadays, it is a different thin altogether, the act of selling monographs, and text books has given some bad impression on the lecturers manipulate and exploit the students to make their own money without considering the bad economic situation prevailing in Nigeria now. Again students are been exploited by paying one levy or the other like departmental, levy, test levy etc in the years past, when education was what it suppose to be, students were not being taxed for anything. Text books and handouts were given free of charge but now the reverse has been the case, teachers have turned our schools to become book shops where buying and selling of books are made available and compulsory in the name of money, both in primary and secondary level.

 

The indigent students that have no money to buy these books are being made to fail the course because of the fact that they could not purchase these books. Teachers also exploit the students through sexual harassment and sorting of result where the students are made to pay either in cash or kind. Students are no longer serious with their studies since they feel that if they are able to meet up with the demands of their teachers they pass. For the fact that this situation of exploitation has been a burden to students in secondary schools and tertiary institutions, parents and guardians who see to the education of their children and relations have little or no left over money with them due to the fact that the money were being taken away by teachers in one way or the other. Money used in the olden days to train three to four people in the university is now spent on one person.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 

The teachers who have made textbooks and handiwork compulsory in primary schools have created some anxiety and stealing into pupils, while in secondary and higher institutions have created also some anxiety and frustration into the students. I the sense that students are forced to have carryover by some lecturers that made their monographs and text books to be compulsory. These teachers go along way to prevent students from having their continuous assessment thereby making them to have incomplete results. This has created the act of do or die attitude towards students who have been seeking ways of passing their courses. This leads to student’s starvation and also make prostitution and promiscuity to become well pronounced especially in higher institutions. Because of this immoral attitude by teachers, a good number of students have fallen victims of contacting sexual transmitted disease as well as victims of unwanted pregnancy in our higher institutions of learning today. This study seeks to find out the different ways students are exploited by the teachers.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The purpose of this study is to find out the different ways students are exploited by their teachers but in specific terms this study wants to find out:

1.          Whether textbooks and handout are made compulsory for students by their teachers or lecturers.

2.           If the teachers make the students to have carryover in those courses.

3.          If the buying of monographs and textbooks are used as continuous assessment

4.          How this affect the students especially the female ones in higher institutions.

5.          If this exploitation by lectures contribute towards female prostitution in higher institutions.

6.          How this affects the families and to what extent the school authorities had addressed herself to this problems.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this research may serve as an empirical data which might be useful as a basis for decision making ni matters affecting students exploitation by their lecturers. Results of this study will enlighten the students to put more efforts on their studies and avoid moving for the easy way out of difficulties.

The school administration may find the result of the research beneficial, as it well serve as a guide in creating a good standard and conducive environment for learning, with this findings also it will help and direct the curriculum planners plan well and as well have much learning facilities in the way that the students out reach be more emphasized. The findings will be a device for evaluating the efforts of school authority towards the achievements of good studying environment. The ministry of education may also through this finding be directed to the areas to focus attention to minimize the speed growth of student’s exploitation by their teachers in our various higher institutions of learning. The findings of this research will also serve as a clue to our guidance and counselling in educating our female students patterning the effect of prostitution.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.          Do teachers really make their handout and textbooks compulsory?

2.          Do teachers fail students who do not buy their textbooks or handout?

3.          Do teachers use textbooks or handout as continuous assessment?

4.          Does this exploitation of students by teachers have any effect on the students?

5.          To what extent had exploitation acted as clog in the wheel of the prostitution and starvation of the students?

6.          To what extent had school authorities addressed herself to the problems of exploitation of students by teachers?

7.          Do parents feel happy spending money in training their children?

8.          Is sexual harassment one of the ways of exploiting students by lecturers?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

The study will cover the causes and modes of exploitation of students by teacher in Edo State;

FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANIES: A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED COMPANIES

 

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This study examined the concept of public limited companies and the problems affecting public limited companies. The scope of the study or the purpose of the study was to look into the factors militating against public limited companies in Edo state. The industrial location questionnaire (ILQ) was used for data collection as well as the survey method of research. The summary of findings revealed that the factors militating against public limited companies were high taxation irregular power supply, inadequate fund, etc. consequently the study concluded with some recommendation that government should formulate good policies that will help to enhanced the status quote public limited companies. That management of public limited companies should ensure that there is a free report between them and their employees.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Public Limited Liability Company is sometimes refers to as joint stock company. This business concern is usually owned by individuals of organizations pooling resources together with the aims of maximizing profit. It is also worthy to note that the sales of shares to the public makes it a public limited company.

Ownership is usually not less than seven person public companies are forms when the capital required is so large that it cannot be raised solely through one individual. A public company has its shares quoted on the stock exchange for members of the public to invest in, and at the end of every financial years the public limited liability company publishes its financial statement for public consumption.

As stated earlier the aim of any business organization is to maximize profit, and in order to maximize this profit these companies are located in place having the most favourable economic condition. Location of companies or industries simply means the place where industries are sited or location of companies or industries are concentrated in one geographic location and this can be as a result of political factors or personal interest. Such companies are the textile factory, bear and soft drink companies.

In the private sector, the individual decision of location of industry is generally determined by profit maximization. But in the pubic sectors the government may locate a new plant in an area of high unemployment for political or social reasons. The location of industries in Nigeria has bought about greater achievement to the populate in the sense that it was helped so facilitate a lot of other subsidiary industries, created employment opportunities which has bought about increase in the per capital income and output of the country, which in actual sense is termed economic growth. Similarly industrial location exercises a lot of influence on the economic viability of a country.

For the objective of any industry to be achieved the industry or company must be favorable located.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

the researcher bought to find out the major factors influencing the location of Guinness Nigeria plc as we’ll as it problem

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study includes to examine the concept of public limited companies. To examine the factors militating against public limited companies. To proffer solution to the problems identified.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is to investigate into the factors militating against public limited companies hardly survive or even lend to fold up as soon as they state, due to some oblivious reason, hence the significance of this study.

Secondly the essence of this industrialist and the government to always put certain factors into consideration when sitting or locating an industry or company.

1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY

The study will be carrying out among some selected companies in Edo state. The population in which this researcher’s work will be carried out will be small because of financial contrail.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Public limited companies: This is government owner enterprise, it is an asset for the whole nation companies is a business organization that makes money by producing or selling good or services.

FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTISM IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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Cultism is a small group of people who have extreme religious believes and not part of an established religion, which original object as turned into destruction? Cultism has destroyed so many lives, wasted so many families, aborted so many future makes our school or institutions of learning uncomfortable. Therefore it has to be completely eradicated totally from our society without knowing the cause of a problem, there is no way such problem can be solved. This study therefore focuses on the factors influencing the growth of cultism in secondary school using questionnaires administration, 40% of randomly selected secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State were sampled the findings revealed that parents, peer groups and power for protection, wealth are factors responsible for the growth of cultism in our country. Recommendations were made on how to totally eradicate cultism from our various secondary schools and society at large.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The last two decade’s have witnessed secret cult violence in higher institution in Nigeria. Cult activities involve blood sharing and waste of human lives; have reached an alarming proportion in Nigeria society today. Media reports blaze the coverage of cult activities in educational institution in Nigeria. These include the activities in the University of Ibadan, Nsuka, Almadu Bello University, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, University of Benin and so on. Coverage also include the polytechnic such as Kwara state polytechnic, Oko polytechnic, Auchi Polytechnic the other polytechnic are not left out. The colleges of education are no exception, cult activities have been reported at the college of education etc.

Cult activities have continued to thrive in Nigeria due to the enormous impression of the seeming invisibility of cult and their members. A major factor working in the favour of cult group is mass ignorance on the part of students especially the new students who are hoodwinked and deceived to join them, secret cult societies could be traced down to the Egyptians. Cultism is the state or phenomenon where persons are bound together with a common belief or cause usually through some rituals. According to Oxford dictionary of current English 5^th edition the word “cult” mean a system of religions worship especially one that is expressed in rituals. From this definition cults now popularly know as confraternities, have assumed a monstrous features in our institution of higher learning. To this end therefore our various campuses, which were hitherto a mode of intellectual quest and social uplift most have become citadel of violence and terrorism.

The pertinent question that one may ask is the phenomenon of cult just entering our institution of higher learning? The answer is simply no. this is because international figure have been know t be members of the pirates confraternity in their college days or universities. Furthermore, when there was a violent clash between the Eiye confraternity and the Buccaneers at the universities of Ibadan in (1989) some notable professors and doctors at the institution were fond to the patrons and bankers of these cults. The implication is that these professors and doctors were members of these cults in their own college days. We find and disturbing trend of the proliferation of campuses cult in or institutions of higher learning, such cults are Viking the black axe, the morphine, the buccaneers, the pirates, the black arrow to mention but a few have become a familiar features in our institutions.

Additionally, the attention of the government and the society at large is the introductions of violent, savagery and terrorism into the present day cult a diametrical contrast to what obtained in yester – years. It is now common in or campuses that factors of naval cults violently clash even in broad day light and manta themselves down with dangerous weapons such as guns and daggers, nocturnal initiation ceremonies in which initiates are animalized and some of then die in the process making blood covenants and performing other occultic rituals, organized opposition against any kind of oppression real or imagined liberal consumption of alcohol, use of drugs, intimidation and use of violent, extortion, stealing, armed robbers, arson, sexual abuse and rape, examination malpractice, maiming, manslaughter and murder. The recent occurrence are the university of Ile-Ife, Benin Ekpoma, Ibadan and of the course college of educations to mention but a few artist to these facts. This is what as led to the pubic to speak against the societal evil calling to its total eradication.

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The fundamental problems of cultism are the uncertain and unsafe atmosphere in schools due to the manner of operation is both sinister and bizarre living behind them a trial of destructions most distressing of the problem is the space of killing in our schools in recent times. Many lives have been terminated prematurely. The human carriage of supposed leaders of tomorrow is what is causing a lot of concern to both the government and the entire citizenry. Inspite of measures put in place by the various arms of government and social administrators aimed at combating the ugly trend of cultism. The phenomenon seems to be gaining more popularity and prominence on our secondary schools. What could be responsible for students belonging to the secret cult could it be that they want to acquire power, wealth or influence? Could it be influence fro the peer groups, could they be acquisition for protection, could it be that their parents influence them. The following are the research questions drawn which will lead to proper investigation to find solution to the problems of cultism in our secondary schools.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS    

1.          Does acquisition for power, wealth influence students to be involved in cultism?

2.          Does the influence of peer group a significant factor for joining cult?

3.          Does the parent’s involvement in cultism influence children to join cult?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This project work will be help to create awareness on the evils of secret cults in our institutions of learning as well as providing solutions to the problems, the only necessary ingredients are determination and constituency of the part of the authorities concerned to fight and uproot this social evils of cultism fro the schools system.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

On the completion of this project work. It will serve the purpose of guiding the individual in higher institutions into the school authorities and the government on how to find solutions to the prevailing problems of cultism in our schools. This study will provide in expository terms the causative factors that create the healthy climate that encourages the growth and spread of cultism in our institution or school. This will therefore provide planners and implementers of policies with the factors that influence cultism in schools. Factors known will enable them to combat cultism squarely and help eradicate the malaise that has become a canker worm in our secondary schools.