PLACE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IN THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to investigate the importance of instructional materials in the teaching of Social Studies in secondary schools in Edo State. During the study, data were collected by means of questionnaire and it was detected that the place of instructional materials is very important in the teaching of Social Studies in secondary schools. The researcher thereby stressed that instructional materials is very important and therefore should be in any school setting. Furthermore she also stressed that instructional materials will increase the interest of the students in learning, a development that will enable the child to become a useful person to the society. In conclusion, it was recommended that instructional materials should be used in every school in Edo State for effective teaching and learning process to tale place.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

       It is well known among educators that, the educational experiences involving the learner actively participating in -concrete examples are retained longer than abstract experiences. Instructional materials add elements of reality by providing concrete examples to learning. Many authors have written on the use of instructional materials both in teaching Social Studies and other related subjects in order to enhance teaching for desired social and behavioural change. These authors include; Mcluhan (1964), Alaka (1978), Kochar (1986), Okafor (1988), Mkpa (1989), UNDP (1998), Heeks (1999), World Bank (1999), Aguokogbuo (2000), Koert (2000), Greenwood (2001), Bozimo (2002), Nwanna-Nzewunwa (2003) and Adekeye (2008). More specially, it was emphasized in the work of these authors that the use of instructional materials is a sine qua non in affecting behaviour of learners of every field, especially social studies. It was equally shown by some of the authors that these materials are important catalysts of social re-engineering and change. It is obvious that social studies teaching and learning cannot be well accomplished without the use of instructional materials.

        The reason is not far fetched. Advances in technology have brought instructional materials especially the projected and electronic materials to the forefront as the most radical tools of globalization and social development which have affected the classroom teaching learning situation positively. Such technology or technological breakthroughs as networked and non networked projected and non projected, visual, auditory, audio-visual electronic materials are important landmarks in knowledge transfer. With them both teaching and learning become very pleasant experiences.

       Instructional materials possess some inherent advantages that make them unique in social studies teaching. For one thing, they provide the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to want to learn more and more. Also, by providing opportunities for private study and references, the learners’ interest and curiosity are increasingly stimulated. Further, the teacher is assisted in over coming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. They generally make teaching and learning easier and less stressful. They are equally indispensable catalysts of social and intellectual development of the learners.

       Bolick (2003) pointed to a good relationship between the teachings of the social studies and using of instructional materials. He argued that while some educators have been fascinated by the potential of instructional materials to enhance teaching and learning teachers’ lagged behind in using instructional materials during teaching and learning. Others expressed doubts that instructional materials will ever incite teaching reform in social studies. Instructional materials are integral components of teaching learning situation. It is not just to supplement learning but to complement its process.

       Instructional materials are made up of objects such as printed materials, audio, visual that aid in the successful delivery of social studies lesson (Chuba 2000: 101). To this end, instructional materials are said to be objects or things the teacher can use in the classroom while teaching in order to ease off his teaching activities. However, instructional materials cannot address all the teaching learning problem but it can go a long way in solving them, simply because they are additional apparatus that can influence the reality of teaching and learning activities.

       Joof (1995: 85) explained that, the concept of teaching aids has gone through several evolutionary stage from the simple aids, instructional technology, media to communication and educational technology. This however, tells us that instructional materials are not just objects or equipments used during teaching learning process but there those objects improvised by the teacher to make conceptual abstraction more concrete and practical to the learners. Instructional materials are the relevant materials utilized by a teacher during social studies instructional process for the purpose of making the contents of the instructions more practical and less vague. Instructional materials are indispensable factors of in any teaching learning process. Ordinary words or verbalization has been found to be inadequate for effective teaching. Instructional materials serve as a channel through which message, information, ideas and knowledge are disseminated more easily. They can therefore be manipulated, seen, heard, feet or talked about. They facilitate activities. They are anything or anybody the teacher turns to for help in his learning process (ESU & Umoren 1998).

       Instructional materials group the learners’ intellect and eliminated boredom. Some of the unique qualities of instructional materials is speedy learning and accuracy. They make the work easier, more appeal, accurate, neater and boosting for clarity of social studies concept. If social studies is to be learned effectively, it must be experienced. Social studies is so close to the life of every child that no teacher needs ever be without instructional materials for teaching of social studies. One of the biggest draw backs in the use of instructional materials is inadequate supply of instructional materials.

       Teaching of social studies in respect to its scope and nature, which is multidimensional, integrative and dynamic, cannot effectively take effects without the use of instructional materials, the teaching of social studies contents must focus not only on making teachers competent at using instructional materials, but at the same time, promote strategies that enables the integration of instructional materials that enhances teaching and learning of social studies goals and objectives.

       Instructional materials as an act of giving help normally by teachers to provide help and encouragement in students or pupils learning activities. They further described instructional materials as a tool, which can easily be used by a teacher to correct wrong impressions and to illustrate things that learners cannot forget. The major aim of using instructional materials in social studies instructional is to achieve excellent result.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

       The use of instructional materials in social studies instructions has been widely researched but many questions are still remains unanswered. The need for exploring locally available materials in our schools, resourcefulness of the teacher must be in line with the learners’ curriculum and environment so that classroom teaching does have to be retarded by lack of funds. The problems are that; instructional materials not available in our schools, teachers are not improvising and reluctant in using them.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

       The purpose of this study is to determine the use of instructional materials in social studies teaching. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. 1.  To identify the place of instructional materials in social studies instruction.
2. 2.  To find out how adequate the instructional materials available, types and selected suit the teaching of social studies content.
3. 3.  To identify the problems associated with the use of instructional materials.
4. 4.  To determine the teachers’ knowledge, competency, in the selection of instructional materials and reasons why they do not utilize the instructional materials.
5. 5.  To find out how often social studies teachers utilize instructional materials in the course of social studies instruction.

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

       The following questions were asked and answered in the study;

1. 1.  How frequently do social studies teachers utilize instructional materials during social studies lesson?
2. 2.  What are the problems associated with the use of instructional materials in social studies instruction?
3. 3.  What are the reasons why the teachers do not use instructional materials?
4. 4.  What are the benefits of instructional materials to the students?
5. 5.  What are the suggested solutions to the problems?

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       It is obvious that, instructional materials cut across all the spheres of teaching. The findings of the study have some implications for all the processes of acquiring knowledge as it will give insight into the importance and procedures for selecting and use of instructional materials in the teaching learning process of any subject at all.

       The integrity of teaching and learning would be rekindled as meaningful learning will be achieved as prospective teachers both in the field of social studies and any other discipline would also have a strong background as how to manipulate and integrate instructional materials with teaching. This will help in showing the effectiveness and the usefulness of instructional materials for teaching social studies to the teachers and all other classroom teaching and learning activities. It would help the educational supervisors on the basic instructional equipments to be provided for social studies teaching whenever inspection is carried out.

 

 

 

Continue reading PLACE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IN THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES →

LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV/AIDS 

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research work was to examine the level of awareness and attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. The research instrument used was the questionnaires, 200 respondents were used for the study. From the data collected the following finding were revealed that although many students have heard of HIV/AIDS as a dreaded killer diseases, only few of them know the causes of HIV/AIDS. Some of the students lack adequate information on the mode of transmission of the diseases there is poor role of the secondary schools in HIV/AIDS education of student’s lack of sex education in the school curriculum. Parents shy away from their responsibility in educating their children about their body chemistry. Lastly lack of awareness campaign about HIV/AIDS based on these findings the following recommendations were made: Government should encourage the introduction of sex education in the College of Education Ekiadolor-Benin school curriculum. Government and non-governmental organizations should put in more efforts on awareness campaign program. Government should organize seminars, workshops based on the mode of transmission of HIV among students, which will enable them to know that is their responsibility to educate their children about their body chemistry.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

HIV/AIDS has created a major health and social problems which has estimated to threaten the survival of individuals in most countries. In Nigeria HIV/AIDS situation is generally pathetic issues particularly the increasing rate of HIV/AIDS infection and death among students in Benin City which is the chief concern of this research. HIV/AIDS was first officially reported in San Francisco in June 1981 by doctors from Los Angeles who discovered the strange disease fundamentally among male students who were homosexuals and intravenous drugs users.

The disease is prevalent among homosexual because it is commonly found in the blood and homosexual engaged in anal sex which causes rectal bleeding that make transmission take place. most researcher believe that human beings acquired HIV/AIDS through different means. Several schools of taught which are idealism =, behaviorism and pragmatism et arose concerning the causes of HIV/AIDS is caused by a virus known as T-Lymphotrophic virus type III (HTL II) or AIDS related virus (ARV) infection of this virus does not always lead to Aid preliminary in good health other may develop illness varying severity from mild to extremely serious. The virus that subsequently lead to Aid diseases is called Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). According to population report 2007 of the Joint United Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) which show approximately 20,000 new cases of HIV infected occur per day globally, 50% of this are among young people 30% of over sixty million people living with HIV/AIDS are within the age bracket of 15 to 30 years. Population report (2001) Africa is the epic center of the pander because of it has felt the greatest of AIDS where of Africa constituted only 13.2% of world population it account for 69.2% i.e. about (2/3) of world HIV/AIDS cases.    

By the year 2007, 2.3 million Africa out of 36.1 million world wide have been infected (W.H.O.) AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the world wide number of one cause of death in Sub Sahara Africa in this region2 million death as result of AIDS was recorded for the year 2007 which make 80% of the total world wide population those infected with HIV/AIDS and Nigeria as a populous country is not excluded.

In Nigeria HIV/AIDS situation is getting worst a a result of ignorance, denial stigmatization and unsaved sexual practice. Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is increased by social factors such as moral decadence, conflict, inequality, and inadequate health care system and poverty.  Ragging from research activities like huge financially having been invested by individual, local committee medical experts governmental organization to fight against the spread of the view and to take care of the people living with HIV/AIDS.     

  The use of anti-retroviral drugs, use of micro biocide (for vaginal or erectal administration). Effective sex education, family life education (FLE) are all target campaigns against the killer disease HIV/AIDS. However, in many developing countries like Nigeria Aids remain a rising epidemic where there is inadequate knowledge about Hiv status indulge in HIV/AIDS friendly behaviour and illicit prenatal and unprotected sexual activities at an alarming rate.

Whether in school or at home, the age of which most Nigerian students have their first sexual experience is increasing and also the rate of their promiscuity. As a result of the problem of lack of awareness mentioned above the study is undertaking to explain the phenomenon of HIV/AIDS, and way to spread and to create awareness on the risk danger severity and consequences of being infected with HIV/AIDS since Aids has remain on incurable disease.

Students can reduce their risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS by modifying and changing their sexual attitude and behaviour.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

A lot of work has been done about Aids especially in terms of prevention and finding a cure, non governmental organization and governmental organization have put so much financial human materials resources in the war against Aids inspite of this the disease has continued to spread at an alarming rate and Africa countries recorded the greatest number of Hiv infections and death. The United Nation (UN) estimated that 34.3 million in the world have Aids more than 50% higher than what the world health organization global programme projected in 2002 with 24.3 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa Sampont, 2008

Everyone is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infections but it has been observed that adolescent and youth are more vulnerable, this is true in most developed and under developed countries from a substantial point of view todays students are under greater peril of HIV/AIDS, STDs and Aids control agency estimate that more than 60% of new cases of HIV/AIDS infections occurs in youth between the age bracket of 13-17 years, this is because students are becoming sexually active and having multiple sexual partners and their vulnerable misconception about course and consequence of the risk severity of  the disease. Another issue to be considered is that parents shy away from educating their children sexually, and this type of education may not be in school curriculum which makes most students at risk as a result of ignorance? Not only this many affluent and poor young students with insufficient parental nurture and guidance because parent spend most of their time for mix of survival.

Some students lack adequate and proper knowledge about this disease and their own development and its implication through the lack of awareness about protective and provisional health and how to utilize this service and this is attributed to the medical institutional effect today in Nigeria and turn lead to considerable negative aspect such as socio-economic on the students, family and society at large. This implies that if there is awareness and knowledge of consequence of HIV/AIDS among  students the high prevalent could be reduces and students will embrace preventive behavioural change since the students have the right to speak specifically in this HIV/AIDS era.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study are:

i.            To access the level of awareness and knowledge about HIV/AIDS among students.

ii.           To determine the attitude of students towards people living with HIV/AIDS

iii.         To enlighten all students about the right to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS.

iv.         To inculcate into students the important routes through which proper information about sex, sexuality reproduction and human disease are made available.    

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Based on the above assumptions, the following research question will be tested

i.            What is the level of awareness of students on the mode of transmission of Aids?

ii.           What is the source of information on Aids among students?

iii.         What is the perception of students towards HIV/AIDS?

iv.         What is the attitude of students about HIV/AIDS?

v.          Does cultural and religions influences make you to lack proper information about HIV/AIDS.  

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Every students, lecturer, staff and non-academic staff is venerable to HIV/AIDS which has considerable negative affects of an individual, family and society at large.

Naturally a great deal of pressure is on the researcher to find out how all categories of person can be protected from HIV/AIDS infection. The problem of HIV/AIDS is not only a medical issue but also a social issue since it affect the entire society as a whole. No disease can be effectively study outside social condition or without adequate information about social factors.  

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will be carried out among students in Ovia North East in Benin City, Edo State. The range age of the population to be studied is between seventeen to twenty five include male and female students in different departments. The study is an assessment of the level of HIV/AIDS awareness and their knowledge leading to attitude behavioural change. 

Continue reading LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV/AIDS →

EVALUATION OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVMENT IN MATHEMATIC IN THE JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA WEST GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE.

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This study was on the evaluation of students achievement in mathematics in the junior secondary school in Ndokwa West local government area. Eight (8) schools where selected, four from urban and four from rural area were selected. The instrument used for the study was the results of year 2011, fro the result of the study and the discussion of findings, it shows that the student academic achievement is poor and the poor is as a result of some influential factors. Such as attitude of students toward the subject mathematics and teachers personality. Then, the researcher there came up with some recommendation and suggestion which can aid the improvement of student’s academic achievement in the junior secondary school result.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Certification             .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Dedication               .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Acknowledgement    .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Abstract                  .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Chapter One: Introduction              .       .       .       .       .

Background of the study         .       .       .       .       .       .

Statement of research problem               .       .       .       .

Research Question          .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Research hypothesis               .       .       .       .       .       .

Purpose of the study               .       .       .       .       .       .

Significance of the study         .       .       .       .       .       .

Scope delimitation of the study               .       .       .       .

Chapter Two:

2.1 Review of related literature       .       .       .       .       .

2.2 parental involvement as a correlate of pupil academic achievement in mathematics   .       .       .       .       .       .

2.3 comparative study of students attitude towards academic achievement in mathematics   .       .       .       .       .       .       .

2.4 The effect of a examination of teacher qualification and students achievement in mathematics.

1. Subject matter knowledge
2. Teacher Experience

iii.    Teacher certification

1. Teacher working condition in urban School
2. Student achievement in urban school
3. Recommendation for improving mathematics achievement

2.5   factors affecting academic achievement of students

2.6   Appraisal of the review

Chapter Three: Methodology and procedure

3.1   Introductory Statement

3.2   Design of the study

3.3   the population sample

3.4   Sampling and technique

3.5   Validation research instrument

3.6   Data collection

3.7   Statistical treatment

Chapter Four:  Analysis result and discussion

4.1   Analysis of result and discussion

4.2   discussion of findings

Chapter five: Summary, conclusion and recommendation

5.1   Summary

5.2   Conclusion

5.3   Recommendation

5.4   Suggestion of findings

Reference Appendix

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Mathematics has played an important role in the educational system of Nigeria. The scientific and technological status of the nation depends on a small; knowledge of mathematics.

In history, early measurement approaches for evaluation is based on informal and formal form. The first written best were probably the informally written examination used by Chinese at 2, 200BC.

To people into civil services the coral examination initiated by Socrates in the 5th century BC was also inform. In the informal form evaluations were value are assigned by judgment. The formal form of evaluation implies to process of testing in measuring in this examination is conducted to determined the ability of pupils/students.

The teacher have been groomed into conducting final examination, reporting the grade, and making the same available to the presents, the actual testing movement as it is known today is less than  one hundred year old. In Nigeria, there are much organization as the west Africa Examination Council and the General certificate for education (WAEC/GCE), National Examination council (NECO), the joint Admission and matriculation Board (JAMB). The WAEC was established first in the 31^st December, 1951 in Gambia and in Nigeria 1952Neco was established in 2000. JAMB which was established in changes with the responsibility of conducting university common entrance examination exercises.

Lastly the junior secondary school certificate examination has first written in the year 1987 from the year 1987 till now is about 22 years,  therefore for this reason, this research wok is carried out to evaluate students academic achievement in mathematic in the junior secondary school.

I Nigeria, there is a burning desire to make sure that every child has the slightest idea about his environment and the academic achievement of a child. According to Dartan Williams (1990) stated that there is no clear agreement in the dividing line between rural and urban schools. One might note that the term rural school has no concrete numerical limits, dhdsghd green and Sterlen (1988, 11) one certainly might “in the first place of the 69 key report only 27 mention any numbers at all in their analysis of urban versus rural schools. In the second place, the sjhja limits for a “rural” school in  those 27 documents ranges from 200 to 100 students and other ranges from “urban”  schools is 3000 to 5000 students, William however write that:

On average, the research indicates that an effective size from an elementary school is in the range of 300-400 students and that 400-800 students is appropriate for a secondary school (7-8) while many researchers argue that no school should be large than 400-500 students. I use William’s number in this report, since my own sense of the research is very similar.

Many parents in the urban and rural areas and some students may not realized the role performance by mathematics in the present day development the fact is that most students enter secondary school without suffering the basic pre-requisite knowledge to cope with the subject mathematics, in addition these students already have their believe that mathematics deals with abstract before coming into secondary schools.

Mathematics is very useful and important subject. It is important through all aspect of life. Hence there is need to study mathematics in our schools.

Mathematics is defined by advance Learners Dictionary as a science of size and numbers of which arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statistics are components. Mathematics can also be defined as the study of logical consequence sets of axioms and postulates, it comprises of two branches. Analysis and algebra concerned respectively with continuous and discuss variation.

Mathematics is the language communication of a society; that is the society that communicates mathematics in positive direction will be a better society in all field of life. The importance of this subject is in all field of life. The importance of this subject cannot be over emphasized because mathematic is an inherentance of the race; therefore mathematic as been existing  for long before other subject come into existence in the school curriculum.

Mathematics had made it easy to the proper understanding of the formulation and structure of science  which has sensed a basic pre-requisite for curriculum planner at the national and local linfh mathematic has recently achieved along with other branches of learning, a new changes in learning have led to the recommendation of the mathematic curriculum. He following list according to Douglas and Ray (1974:349-351) summarizes these needs new skill because of urgent need to develop the natural resources of the country it was felt that emphasis should be placed on functional education that will help utilize  the elites of the nation and education that will help create things. The practical need of the nation called for functional, education that is the education in which the ability to perform productive tasks is more emphasized than he education that aim at producing PROPle with gust theoretical minds hence science, holding mathematics have been advocated in recent education expectation for schools. Mathematics is also been found extremely useful in the development scientific knowledge like the discovering of light and sound in physics, in social science, in economics and sociology and in subject related o the earth and its movement in geography. It is well known that mathematics is the language medium for teaching and learning of science an other science related subjects with these put together. It is necessary for the school to take the teaching and learning of mathematics serious with regards to the importance of mathematics above, for any country or society to be technologically self reliant, the role of mathematics cannot be over emphasized.

Educationist, past and present seems to ignore importance of mathematics which should be attach to the level of achievement of students performance in urban and rural junior secondary school mathematics examination.

Denise C. Golfrideson (1985) states that urban schools appear to promote negative teacher percentage of school administrated and low staff moral.

There is less research on school size in relation o smaller school Emberts, Kehoe, Stone (1982), Gottfredson (1985), Gregory (1992), Johnson (1990), Miller, Ellorworth and Litoral (1992), Slockard and Maybeny (1992), these researcher examined administration attitude, their work, administration, and teacher attitude toward their work,  these administration and one another as well as the incidence of co-operation.

Also, statistics show that it is evident to students school administration and parents that despites the emphasis in making mathematics a compulsory subject and daily taught subject in junior and senior secondary schools. These has been continuous poor academic achievement I mathematic in J.S.S examination take a good look at the evaluation of students is both urban and rural area in Ndokwa West local Government Area of Delta State.

 

Statement of Research Problem

What are the causes of good or poor academic achievement of male and female in urban and rural students in mathematics in junior secondary school?

 

 

 

 

Continue reading EVALUATION OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVMENT IN MATHEMATIC IN THE JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA WEST GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE. →

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF HANDICAPS IN OUR PRIMARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 1

1.1 Background of the study    –      –      –      –      –      – 1

1.2 Statement of the problem  –      –      –      –      –      – 2

1.3 Research hypothesis  –      –      –      –      –      –      –   3

1.4 Purpose of the study  –      –      –      –      –      –      –   3

1.5 Scope of the study     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   4

1.6 Significance of the study    –      –      –      –      –      –   4

1.7 Limitation of the study       –      –      –      –      –      –   5

1.8   Delimitation of the  Study        –      –      –      –      –   5

1.9 Definition of terms     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   6

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Review of Related Literature      –      –      –      –      –   7

2.2 Concept of Handicapped    –      –      –      –      –      –   7

2.3 Types of Handicap     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   8

Deafness  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –   9

Aphasia (Several oral language)             –      –      –      –  10

Mental retardation   –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  11

Visual Defects  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  13

Orthopedic Handicap        –      –      –      –      –      –      –  14

Causes of Handicap  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  15

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology and procedure     –      –      –      –  17

Research Design      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  17

Population       –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  17

Sample and Sampling Techniques    –      –      –      –      –  19

Development of the Questionnaire   –      –      –      –      –  19

Administration/ Reliability of questionnaire      –      –      –  19

Validation of instrument   –      –      –      –      –      –      –  20

Data Analysis Techniques –      –      –      –      –      –      –  20

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation, Analysis and  Discussion of findings   – 21

Discussion of findings      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 41

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 44     

Findings   –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 47

Conclusion       –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 48

Recommendation     –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 49

Suggestions for further research     –      –      –      –      – 51

References      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 52

Appendix  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 55

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

This study focused to investigate into the causes of handicapped in our primary school in Ndokwa West Local Government Area, of Delta state. To guide the study, five research questions were formulated. Relevance literature was reviewed for the study. The research method used for the study was descriptive survey. Sample size for the study was self constructed questionnaire which consist of 20 items. The researcher personally administered 200 copies of the questionnaire and had 200 percent return rate. Data generated for the study revealed that teacher for special Education are not enough to teach the handicapped are not enough in the area. Also 80% of the respondents agree that the schools in the area equipment for the teaching of the handicapped that provision of infrastructure and facilities by the ministry and other volunteers to encourage the teaching of special education. Also majority of the respondents disagreed that the handicapped are not allow to  participate in normal physical education programme. Other subject teacher should be addresses to refrain from discouraging students and personnel should display a good sense of creativity.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

It is of great interest to teacher, the  Public, Health or  Physical  Education  specialist  to investigate the  causes of handicap in our  schools with references to Ndokwa West  L.G.A  of Delta State. In every community, there are children who have some physical or other forms  of  disabilities. These disabilities may have  resulted  from many factors such as  heredity diseases, accident within the  environment or other  reasons.

These handicaps may be mild or severe, single or multiple temporary or permanent. Examples of such disabilities are mental retardation, learning difficulties, visual problems, emotional disturbance, hearing difficulties e.t.c.

All children who have one or more of these problems are referred to as Handicapped children.

 

1.2   Statement of the Problem

This research work is  to investigate  the  causes  of handicapped in  our  schools a  case study  of Ndokwa West L.G.A of  Delta State. The researcher wants to find out the  needs of the handicapped and exceptional child. The work is also designed  to find out the  types of  physical activities  provided  for the  handicapped.

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER I: Introduction. 1.1     Background of the Study

The Insourcing and/or Outsourcing decision is referred to in purchasing as sourcing policy decision and it is one of the most important decision points for any organization because it has a multiple and web like effect on the life of the organization.

Managers of businesses most especially manufacturing organizations faces a series of important and determining questions which must be answered correctly if the organization is to succeed in midst of competition.

The Purchasing Manager must first address the question of which product or service best fits the needs of the organization and should the organization produce (make or insource) what is consumed or buy from outside suppliers? The questions arising from this is that, if they decide to buy from outside suppliers, will the organization buy from a single supplier (single source) or from several suppliers (multiple source); even when that is answered, the questions will still be, should we buy directly from manufacturers or use intermediaries or may be, the organization should both insource and outsource simultaneously.

However, before an organization can come to any decision as to whether to make what it consume inhouse or to buy from outside suppliers (outsourced) several factors such as financial consideration, cost consideration, core competence consideration and a way they will have to be critically analyzed to see how they will affect the organization productivity.

Outsourcing therefore, is a purchasing policy where outside suppliers are engaged to supply an organization with its materials requirements.

Insourcing on this other hand signifies a situation where what the organization needs, it produces and consumes. Several factors as already indicated will need to be explained before an organization could come to any of these sourcing policy decisions. These shall be the fulcrum of this study.

 

 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

In an attempt to enhance their competitiveness, organizations are increasingly turning to outsourcing. The argument is that outsourcing is a way of achieving strategic goals, reduce cost, improve customers satisfaction and to provide other efficiencies and effectiveness (overall productivity).

However, NOCACO has long been using outsourcing in the realization of its needed materials, yet with the supposed advantages of outsourcing. The organization has experience a tremendous fall in productivity, cost of doing business has become almost exorbitant, quality has been falling and market shares and sales have also fallen.

Another issue that calls for concern is that, the organization has been using single sourcing policy which sometimes causes delays in the supply of necessary materials used for production. The question that emanates from these issues for this study is that, should the organization continue with the outsourcing policy and examine other factors or considers insourcing policy? Or should the organization insource and outsource at the same time?

 

 

1.3     Objective of the Study

The researched is aimed at setting the effect of insourcing or outsourcing decision on the productivity of Northern Cable Processing and Manufacturing Company (NOCACO) Kaduna.

The main objective is built around a number of specific objectives, among these are:

i)                   To determine the process the organization follow in outsourcing of contracts.

ii)                To identify criteria for insourcing or outsourcing.

iii)              To examine the benefits of insourcing or outsourcing.

iv)              To identify the cost involved in Insourcing or outsourcing decision.

v)                To determine the effect of insource and outsource on productivity.

 

 

1.4     Significance of the Study

The research work is of immense significance.

the research will serve as a guide for other researchers who may want to do a further study on the same problem. It will also benefit the organization understudied, to help it make a better choices as to whether to insource an activity or outsource it. The general public will also benefit from the explanation of this five principle, other manufacturers and service providers will also find it handy and helpful in deciding on the questions whether to in source or outsourced; and the implications for each decision taken.

 

 

 

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