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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Prior to the introduction of western education in Nigeria, education was mostly informal closely linked to this oral and informal approach was a system of assessment which was based on careful observation. However, with the arrival of western education in Nigeria, two methods of assessments namely: internal and external assessments.

The former was the type of examination or test conducted at the end of every schools term and sometime, every two weeks during the school year. It evaluate the pupils performance during the conducted, it is generally the result of the end of the sessions examination that is used for valuable judgment on the pupils performance.

This is also known as the end of the terms examination, this form of assessment is still carried out today in our primary schools with modification it include “The continuous assessment system”.

The later type of examination which operates in our school system is called the external examinations. It is conducted by external bodies order than those in the (teachers). It is external because no input was made by them in the learning process of the pupils directly in form of the teaching examples abound today that is junior NECO examination, the abolished common entrance examination and the junior secondary school examination conducted by the state ministry of education for the JS III Students.

These forms of evaluations had its limitation which grossly affected the child’s learning and comprehension process. The system tool recognition of the cognitive domain of learning while neglecting the other two-affective and psychomotor domain. It also had no feed back mechanism that reported on the pupil’s area of weaknesses. More so, it gave scanty information inform of terminal reports sheets to parents which does not really portray the child’s overall performance and it usually lead to examination malpractice as strong emphasis are laid on the passing to promote.

In view of the above unhealthy and incomplete methods of evaluation and its attendant disadvantages. It became therefore, imperatively necessary to change the practice to one comprehensive, which will tele-guide pupil’s performances and report back for necessary adjustment during their school year beginning from the formative year, that is entrance into primary down to the end of their school years. One that will take into primary down to end of their school years.

It is with aims that continuous assessment evolved to really bring remedy to the lapses of the former two methods of evaluation. What informed the researcher’s opinion on the topic is to evaluate how well it has fared to realizing the objectives establishing it.

And to know and bring possible remedies to the problems encountered in it’s implementations by primary school teachers.

It is important, therefore to note that for continuous assessment as a system of evaluation to achieve it’s goals, the teachers must be able to carry out the implementation effectively.

There are loads of works for the teacher in addition of the demand on his time. Despite these heavy responsibilities necessitated by the teaching professions or the teachers; calling the teacher is expected to be physically, mentally, emotionally and professionally prepared to be accepted in operating the system (Greg 1997).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite the high premium placed on qualitative education, it is unfortunate to note that primary school teachers find it difficult in the implementation of the programme. Therefore, it is stated that:

– The validity of assessment records are often incompre

– hensiveable due to difference in school academic standards, enrolments, infrastructure, staffing, facilities and policies.

– Continuous assessment tests are not often goal or

– objective oriented, due to the limitations of constant validity and test administration procedures.

– There is an inadequacy in the availability of standardized instruments used for collating data in continuous assessment tests in primary schools.

– There is a continuous decline in proper documentation and storage of continuous assessment records and related information in most primary institutions.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out the problems encountered in the theory and practice of continuous assessment in selected primary schools programme and make recommendation on how these problems could be overcome at the same time weighing the impact these problems of continuous assessment in teaching in primary schools.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To achieve the aim of this research study a set of research questions were formulated thus stated below:

– What other aspect of educational objectives does continuous assessment measure apart from the cognitive domain?

– What are the teachers’ perceptions on continuous assessment as a system of evaluation in primary school?

– What are the remedies to the problems of implementing continuous assessment and what impact will it make on the learning process of the pupils in the primary schools?.

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

The following hypotheses are formulated to guide the study:

i. There is a significant difference in the mean score between cognitive domain and other educational objectives.

ii. There is a significant difference in the mean score of teachers perception on continuous assessment in primary schools.

iii. There is a marked difference in the remedies and impact mean score of continuous assessment on the learning process of the pupils in the primary school.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work will be of immense benefit to all stakeholders in the education industry such as:

– To pupils who are the end benefactors of the programme of continuous assessment.

– It will help the primary school teacher to implement the continuous assessment programme effectively.

– Government education planning agencies for validation of their training programme.

– Promoting a basis for pre-service training programmes for teachers on the need of proper implementation of continuous assessment.

– Parents with a view to encourage their wards to take continuous assessment seriously.

1.7 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to cover five schools in Kaduna south local government Area in kaduna.

Research samples were drawn from pupils, teachers and principals.

Lack of time hindered the researcher in extending the research to cover all the schools in the federal capital territory. As a result few schools in the Kaduna south were randomly selected.

Financial constraint was another problem since the cost of moving from one place to another was not easy as the researcher was not mobile to go round the schools.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Assignment: An ability which may be oral or practical given to learners by the teachers to reinforce or access the rate of learning

Cognitive Domain: Is an aspect of learning which deals with the learners intellect or intellectual development.

Continuous Assessment: A practical exercise carried out appraises, grade pupils and measure the extent to which specified educational objectives have been achieve.

Education: A process which affect a change in an individual’s behaviour leading to functionalism to self and the society at large.

Evaluation: An exercise carried out at the end of teaching and learning process to ascertain the extent to which laid down or specified educational objectives have been attained.

Primary school: It is elementary schools for children between the ages of 5-11

Pupils: A learner in an elementary primary school.

Test: An activity or exercise administered to a learner to measure skill ability knowledge or ideas (potentials).

causes and effect of alcoholism among youth

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CAUSES AND EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTHS

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The oxford advanced Dictionary (7th edition) describe the term alcoholism as “the medical condition caused by drinking too much alcohol regularly”. While, the encyclopedia Encarta (2006) describes the term alcoholism as “the consumption of either spirits wine, bee and malt to such an extent that it affects the social or work related functioning of an individual”.

Alcoholism has become a common practice especially among youths it in Chukun Local Government Area. Most of the youths find it necessary to use alcohol in order to feel comfortable or if their lives are lacking meaning they resort to taking alcohol as a reliever to them.

An addicted person could be psychologically dependent on alcohol; this means that the person thought he or she must take alcohol at all time His body may actually need it or not need it at all. But the point is that, he goes on craving for it because he thinks he need it. This craving can be so strong that he find it difficult to give up to alcohol.

An addicted person could also be physically dependent on alcohol. This means that the person’s body actually needs the alcohol different from the feelings in the addicted person’s mind that needs the alcohol.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is a general observation that the youths in Chikun Local Government Area, have a serious problem of Alcoholism and which affect the psychologically, physically and also educationally. Alcohol addition is a process of habitual cause of alcohol by an individual when a person becomes an addict, it means he/she cannot do without taking it.

Most of the youths have become psychologically and socially dependent on alcohol. This tend to manifest in everything they do each day where by most of them find it had to work without taking alcohol even some of them that are into sports, cannot step into pitch or count without taking some alcohol.

In view of this, I want to focus my attention on the following questions in which are the research question?

1. Is there any considerable effect of alcoholism on the youths of Chikun Local Government Area?

2. Is there any significant number of youth who are psychologically and socially dependent on alcohol as a result of addiction in Chikun Local Government Area?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

General objectives of this study is:

i. To know the effect of alcoholism on the youths

ii. To identify the youths who are addicted to alcoholism.

iii. To also prefer solutions in reducing the in-take of alcoholism among the youths.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

A Study on the cause and effect of alcoholism among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State is because of its advise effect on the society and the state in general. Alcoholism has become one of the problem facing our society most especially among youths. Therefore the study is carried out to highlight some of the problem associated with alcohol addiction and how this problems influences their performance, economically, psychologically and socially.

Another important aspect of this study is that it helps to tackle one of the greatest social problem happening the development or progress of our society in addition, it need urgent attention since the future of every society lies greatly on its youths who are economically productive. Therefore this study will draw attention to the problems of reliance on alcohol by youth in Chikun Local Government Area and how it can be negative force to the society.

This study will also be of benefit as a reference material to other researchers.

Finally, this study will also help in enlightening those who are involved in alcohol taking on the habit. This will also help in the contribution to the social discipline and source of information from where polices shall be drawn to tackle problems and issues on alcoholism not only in Chikun Local Government Area, but to the state at large.

1.5 LIMITATION/SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The subject of Alcoholism among the youth cannot be comprehensively covered within the limited time of this study. This is because alcoholism among youth extends beyond geographical boundary that means it is multi-national.

For this reason this research project is limited to the Causes And Effect Of Alcoholism Among Youths in Chikun Local government Area of kaduna State.

Communication with some of those interview was not easy because most of them did not want to tell the researcher their problems or why they are involved in alcohol.

Another limitation includes time factor and finance. In addition, there are transportation problems with the current high cost of transportation. As a student, the finance to carryout a project of this nature is not easy, unless with the help of God all mighty and also assistance by my family members.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. How can social change be created among the youth of Chikun Local Government Area on the consumption of alcohol leads to alcoholism?

2. What are the effects of alcoholism on youths?

3. What are the general percentage of youths that are addicted to this alcoholism?

4. What are the possible solutions for reducing the intake of alcohol?

1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA

“Kaduna” is derived from a house word” (crocodiles). This is the name given to a vast fertile land that is found in the heart of middle belt of northern Nigeria. The river Kaduna from which the state derived its name’ is know to be a heaven for crocodiles.

Kaduna was formally the capital territory of the northern Nigeria in 1956. In 1966, Chikun Local Government Area was created by the federal government. In 1976, the federal government created more local government and marked the beginning of election of the chairman in the Kaduna local government area as a result of the reform during the reign of Murtala Ramat Mohammad in 1976.

Kaduna state had fourteen (14) Local Government Areas and today there are twenty three (23) Local Government area, name Musa Makama Chikun Local Government Area comprises of six (6) districts namely U/Yelwa, Sabo, U/Baro, Mahutar, Maraban-Rido and Kujama districts.

The Christians and Islamic and their traditional leaders in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna state have lent their support to current news technologies and development of Chikun. The major activities of the people in the Area bare business, farming and government workers, they are mostly culturally, the have similar culture practice include marriage rate festival and there is similarity in-term of their way they speak and interaction with one another. The have respect for the elders as an accepted tradition in Chikun Local Government Area. Both the Christians, Muslims their elders men Big grown and turbans while the young ones wear Kaftan, for the ladies, they mostly tie wrappers and head-ties lastly, business is one of their main occupation as well as farming e.g. groundnuts, maize, millets and potatoes.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

– Youth: is a person of moderate and productive age of year ranging from 16 years to 35 years according to united Nation and Nigeria definition of youth.

– Alcoholism: Is a complex services of condition that involves physiological and sociological factor.

– Alcohol: Is a colourless liquid, contained in drink such as lever, wine and spirit that can make people drunk.

– Alcoholics: Are those excessive drinkers whose dependence on alcohol has attained such a degree that show a noticeable mental disturbance or a person who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking because it has became an illness to him/her.

– Delinquent: Minor crime especially committed by a youth person.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN FUNTUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE

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ABSTRACT

The study is a comparative study of environmental awareness between public and private secondary school students. It examined the level of environmental awareness among the students of public and private secondary schools. It also assessed the level of environmental awareness between male and female secondary school students in both public and private secondary schools.

It further determined the effect of the school type on the environmental awareness of secondary school students.The research design used for the study was a descriptive design. The population for the study consisted of all the secondary school students in both public and private secondary schoolsout of which 100 students were selected from 10 schools in both public and private secondary schools using stratified sampling technique.

A self designed questionnaire titled Environmental Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ) was used to collect information from the respondents. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The results of the study showed that there is no significant relationship in the level of environmental awareness between secondary school students in public and private secondary schools as seen in the Pearson chi square result with a Pearson value of 1.000 and a p-value of 0.317 which is greater than 0.05 (the critical alpha value).

Also, no significant relationship was found between male and female secondary school students in their level of environmental awareness in the two types of schools used in the study, p-value (0.548). The study however revealed that there a significant relationship exist between the two types of schools used for the study as indicated by p-value of 0.007 which is less than the critical alpha value of 0.05.The study concluded that secondary school students in private secondary schools have more awareness about their environment than those in the public secondary schools and that gender is not a factor as far as environmental awareness is concerned between secondary school students irrespective of the school types (i.e. public and private secondary schools).

The Causes, Effects And Solution To Examination Malpractice In Secondary Schools

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THE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTION TO EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

(A CASE STUDY OF ILAJE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education serves as a prime instrument in the development of Nigeria but the issue of malpractice has led to the problem of this system. The main purpose of examination is for certification of achievement, selection for educational and employment opportunities, quality control of the curriculum and its delivery, monitoring of educational standards and the assessment of school effectiveness.

However, the occurrence of examination malpractices at any level of educational system poses the greatest threat to the certificate thereby, issued. According to Olusoji et al., (2002) examination malpractice is not a recent phenomenon neither is it peculiar to tertiary level. It has been with us in Nigeria for a long time and has now almost assumed an epidemic influence. The phenomenon increases in number, scope, and complexity. The first publicity reported case of examination malpractice in Nigeria occurred in 1914 when there was leakage of question papers in senior Cambridge local examination. Since then there has been several cases reported but within the recent times occurred in 2009. If we consider also the cases of examination malpractices which occurred over the years within our school system as well as examinations conducted by bodies such as JAMB, NABTEB, NAEC, WAEC, NECO, NTI, and other professional bodies, it could be concluded that examination malpractice is a common daily experience.

The effects of examination malpractice are very shocking to educational, economic and political development of any nation. Fibessima, (2002) identified the effect of examination malpractice as a production of half baked graduates form academic institution, retarded educational growth and development, false sense of value and impression of students capability as well as loss of confidence in candidates who are involved in examination malpractice.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The issue of examination malpractice has become a frequent practice in Ilaje Local government Area in Ondo State just it is in other states of the federation.

This takes different forms. In order to carryout the research successfully, the following underlying problems are to be investigated:

1. What is examination malpractice?

2. What are the causes of examination malpractice among students?

3. Lack of preparation amongst students for examination.

4. Effect of examination malpractice in the society.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

To achieve a meaningful research result, the following basic question was drawn as measure to guide the researcher in carrying but the researcher:

1. Does poor moral upbringing of students in the society cause them to engage in examination malpractice?

2. Do poor teaching habits of teachers cause students to engage in examination malpractices?

3. Could lack of preparation of students for an examination be responsible for their involvement in examination malpractice?

4. Do poor conditions under which examination are conducted such as inappropriate sitting arrangement and poor supervision cause students in examination malpractice?

5. Do most students who engage in examination malpractice perform poorly in their after school?

6. Will a society where students are involved in examination malpractice suffer lack of skill manpower?

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

The following are hypothesis derived from the research question:

1. Poor moral upbringing of students in the society caused them to engage in examination malpractice.

2. Poor teaching habits of teachers cause students to engage in examination malpractice.

3. Lack of preparation of students for an examination causes them to get involve in examination malpractice

4. Students’ involvement in malpractice is caused by poor conditions under which examinations are conducted such as inappropriate sitting arrangement and poor supervision.

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study aims at the following

1. To understand the concept about examination malpractice and it types.

2. To identify the cause of examination malpractice among secondary school students.

3. To realize and identify the negative effects of examination malpractice.

4. To determine the ways of controlling examination malpractice among secondary school students.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help draw attention to the school principals who are much more concerned with the students’ undue passing of examination rather than being concerned with the curriculum. It will also educate parents, the school, the government/educational administrators on the need for guidance and counseling services in our secondary schools especially the ones in Ilaje Local Government Area Ondo State.

The research finding would benefit educational administrators with enablement on how to control examination malpractice thereby preventing its negative effects.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

Five public schools were taken for sample as case study in Ilaje Local Government Area.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Below are some operational definitions of terminologies used in this research.

Examination: It is an important written or practical test at school that needs to undergo in order to get a promotion or qualification.

Examination malpractice: It is irregular or illegal behavior deliberate or inadvertent conduct of a candidate before, during and after any examination or examination.

Secondary school students: These are adolescents who are studying at an institution that is between the basic primary and tertiary institution

Cause: to make something happen, especially something bad or unpleasant

Effect: This means the result of something upon another

MOTIVATIONAL NEEDS OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN NIGERIA