THE EFFECT OF SINGLE PARENTING ON THE BEHAVIORAL PATTERN OF CHILDREN

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In Nigeria today, most children are from a family of lone parent; this might be as a result of untimely death of one’s husband or one’s wife; it could be as a result of birth out of wedlock.

Bring up a child under the guidance of their parents become a problem especially the child that is with just his or her mother. Because mothers are not as authoritative as the fathers. Children with lone parents tends to be of a bad behavior compared to those with both parents.

Financially, morally and psychologically the children with lone parents are affected.

Now on the financial aspect of it, the lone parent might be just the mother; she might not be doing very well in business and can not provide all the needs of their children, this might lead the children to look for financial assistance by all means and they might end up stealling, meeting with bad friends as this will affect their behaviour. Mother will be struggling to meet up with the demand of her children and will not have the time to always advice them on what to do and what not to do.

On the area of children with just the father as a parent, will not have the guidiance from the mother; father will be out always to provide food for the family, no emotional attention will be given to their children.

The father can only provide money for their feeding, but will not prepare the food for the children. The worst of it all is when a child falls in the hand of a drunk father who is always out of the house, the children will suffer the absence of their father.

Some might take up to the father’s drinking habit and this have a very bad influence on the children.

Most children with a single parent find a way to survive because of lack of proper parental support, some become hard just to fit in the society.

On the area of academic performance, most children with lone parent tends to become drop out of school, some perform badly at school because of financial challenges, either to pay their school fees or to buy their textbooks and other learning materials.

 

So many research work has been done concerning the effect of single parenting on the behavioural pattern of children. Consider some cases in Nigeria, we found out that single-parent families to those raised in families with two biological parents consistently find that those raised in two-parent families with biological parents do better on educational achievement and adjustment in school (Carlson and Corcoran 2001; Hetherington and Clingempeel 1992; McLanahan and Sandefur 1994; Pryor and Rodgers 2001). A part of this difference may be due to single mothers’ lower educational attainment, less social support, fewer economic resources, and more stressful environments (Carlson and Corcoran 2001; Dunn et al. 1998; McLoyd 1990; O’Connor et al.2001). However, children in mostly white, middle-class stepfamilies also do less well on a range of outcomes than their counterparts in two-parent families with biological parents (Amato and Gilbreth 1999; McLanahan and Sandefur 1994). This suggests that biological fathers are important for children’s well-being and development.

Despite the foregoing, however, some have concluded that absent biological fathers may not be all that important in black single-mother families, given the presence of father figures (or “social fathers”) who may be viable substitutes or replacements for absent and uninvolved biological fathers (Furstenberg 1995; King and Cherlin 2002). Since many black children have never lived with their biological father in the conventional sense, others have assumed that the implications of never having had a father present in the home are probably different from the implications of having had a biological father present who left, as in most white stepfamilies (Mott 1990). Stated differently, there is some suggestion in the literature that the salutary effects of being raised by two biological parents that seem to apply to children in middle-class white families may not apply to children in mostly poor and near-poor single-parent black families.

 

The present study tested this notion. In doing so, we expected that more frequent contact between nonresident fathers and their 3-year-old children at time 1 in poor and near-poor single-mother black families would moderate the potentially negative effects of mothers’ parenting stress and frequent spanking (or negative parenting) on child behavior problems in kindergarten a year to a year and a half later (at time 2). This is important because research demonstrates that children who perform well as they begin their school careers tend to continue to do so, while children who have poor starts tend to continue to do poorly in school (Alexander and Entwisle 1988; Ladd and Price 1987).

There are several ways in which nonresident fathers can have an influence on children’s well-being. They can maintain contact with their children and pay child support. Studies have shown that many nonresident fathers have infrequent contact with their children and fail to pay child support (Furstenberg and Harris 1992; Hawkins and Eggebeen 1991).

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The issue of single parenting has risen to about 60% in Nigeria;the society today no longer advice the children especially the female counterpart on the risk and set backs in being a single parent. The federal government of Nigeria has set aside funds for the ophanage homes but no funds have being set aside for lone parents, there are no such funds for single parenting.

 

 

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the roles of parents on the behavioural pattern of children?

2. What are the major causes of single parenting?

3. What is the difference in the acdemic performance of a child from complete parent and the child with single parent?

4. What care can the federal government of Nigeria give to the children with a single parent?

5. Does single parenting really have significant effect on the academic performance of children?

 

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no mean difference in gender responses of the respondents that single parenting have significant effect on the behavioural pattern of children.

H1: There is  mean differnce in gender responses of the respondents that single parenting have significant effect on the behavioural pattern of children.

 

 

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of the research work is to determine:

1. The roles of parents on the behavioural pattern of children.

2. The major causes of single parenting.

3. The difference in the acdemic performance of a child from complete parent and the child with single parent.

4. The federal government of Nigeria give to the children with a single parent.

5. To determine the effect of single parenting on the behavioural pattern of children.

 

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The research work is a very interesting one since it reveals the roles of parent on the behaioural pattern of children, the study also explain the major causes of single parenting. It shows the differnce in acdemic performance of children with a single parent. Finally, the study will show the role of the federal government of Nigeria in the reduction of the rate of single parenting in Nigeria.

 

 

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The research work covers the effct of single parenting on the behavioural pattern of a child, the study also covers the various causes of single parenting in Nigeria. it made use of the responses from a population of about 200 respondents. The method of chi-square and t-test will be used for the purpose of the analysis.

 

 

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS:

The researcher was not with sufficient funds, so he or she could not reach out to all the communities in Nigeria to find out more on the effect of single parenting on the behavioural pattern of children but he  or she was able to get the information required for the completiion of the research work.

TIME CONSTRAINTS:

Due to insufficient time for the research work to be competed, the researcher could not visit more place and make other finding but was able to gather meaningful information that will see the research work to completion, and he or she was able to meet up with the time for the presentation of the research work.

1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE RESEARCH WORK

The research work is divided into chapters, the chapter one, chapter two, chapter three, chapter four and chapter five; the chapter one of the research work contain, the introductory and the background aspect of the topic, the chapter two consist of the conceptual frame work, the theoretical frame work and the empirical review, the chapter three contain the derivation of the methodology, chapter four contain the presentation of data and interpretation while chapter five contain the summary, the conclusion and the recommendations.

 

 

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EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS

 

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CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0      INTRODUCTION

The country Nigeria is one of the most populated nation in the whole of Africa. It is located in the western part of Africa with a population of 160 to 180 million. A country with a great land masses. Nigeria as a country has 36 states and 250 ethnic groups. The dominant tribes in the country Nigeria are the Igbos, Hausas and the yorubas. The Igbo dominated the eastern part of the country, the yoruba dominated the western part of the country while Hausa dominated the northern part of the country. In nigeria there two major religion, which are christianity and islam.

The nation gained her independence in the month of october 1960. (wikipedia, 2014). Nigeria is one of the most famous african country. Nigeria contributed greatly in the economic community of west African state (ECOWAS) activities. (Adebakin, 2012). The nations economy was dependent on agriculture sometime ago but in 1973, when the Nigeria crude oil was discovered most Nigeria left the agricultural practice to go into oil. Oil later became Nigeria highest source of income. With the vast population of Nigeria and the increase in oil production this made Nigeria the greatest force the whole of west Africa. It was observed that the GDP of the country rose to about 500 million dollar as at the year 2014; making Nigeria the 26th largest economy in the world and the first in the whole of Africa.

But since Nigeria gain the inception as a sovereign state, Nigeria has suffered a lot of setbacks through civil unrest and insurgences, as this has significant effect on the growth and development of the Nigerian economy.

The set backs are just to much for a country that gained independence not too long; the igbo leader Odimegwu Ojukwu who tried to lead the igbos to gain an independent state called biafra which led to the civil war that lasted for two years and some months between 6th july 1967 to january 1970. About a total of 3 million lost their lives to this incidence. (wikipedia,2014).

Another incdence took place again; the civil unrest by the militant group, all these are based on ethnic and difference in religion. Some of thes group are Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), Niger Delta Peoples’ Volunteer Force (NDPVF), Movement for the Emancipation of the Nigeria Delta (MEND), Bakassi Boys, Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) and Boko Haram (Adebakin, 2012)

The most alarming incidence is the arrival of the Boko Haram sect which changed, from being an innocuous political machine, to further the ambition of a group of Northern politicians, (Adetoro, 2012), into the most savage militant group in the annals of Nigerian history, with its unconventional continious attack on inncent people of Nigeria.

This group is also called the jama’atu Ahlis sunna lidda Awati Wal-jihad. ( Eme & Ibietan, 2012; Ogbonnaya & Ehigiamusoe, 2013; Okoli & Iortyer 2014; and Wikipedia, 2014). In Hausa Language, Boko Haram means western education is a “abomination” or ‘forbidden”. This group was founded by a Nigeria named Mohammed Yusuf in the year 2013. As a Muslim sect that intends to abolish secular system of government and establish Sharia law in Nigeria (Eme & Ibietan, 2012). It is an offshoot of a radical Islamic youth group which worshipped at the Alhaji Muhammadu Ndimi Mosque in Maiduguri, in the 1990s.

Yusuf was a charismatic leader and cleric who travelled through the Northern part of Nigeria to preach Islamic tenets. By his translation of the Holy Quran, he was of the view that certain part of western education is contrary to the dictates of the Quran. Yusuf was also critical of government which he perceived as being deceptive and insincere. (Crisis Group, 2014). The foregoing scenario eventually paved the way for the transformation of an apparently harmless organization into a killing machine. However, the extra-judicial killing of Yusuf by security forces compelled his followers to declare  an all-out  war  on  the Nigerian society,  leading to incessant  kidnapping, killing.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Well Nigeria as a nation have suffered in recent times, these harzards has affected almost every part of nigeria especially the northern part of nigeria. The made every effort trying to find out the best way to resolve this issues of crises from all part of the country as these has effect on the growth and development of the nigeria economy. The research study tried to find out the major causes why the boko haram can not be stopped. It was discovered that these group of people have sponsors from some members of staff federal government of Nigeria.

 

 

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Does boko haram bombing have any significant effect on the economic development of Nigeria?

2. What are the roles of the federal government of Nigeria towards improving the saftey of students in their school enviroment?

3. Does the level of crises in Nigeria have significant effect on the academic performance of students?

4. Does the level of unemployement in Nigeria increase the level of crises in Nigeria?

5. Does the re-orientation of the masses especially in the Northern part of Nigeria on the importance of education helps to improve the academic performance of students?

6. Does religion differences have significant effect on the level of crises in Nigeria?

 

 

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no mean difference in gender responses of the respondents that boko haram bombing have significant effect on the academic performance of students.

H1: There is mean difference in gender responses of the respondents that boko haram bombing have significant effect on the academic performance of students.

H0: The re-orientation of the masses especially in the Northern part of Nigeria on the importance of education has no significant impact on the  academic performance of students.

H1: The re-orientation of the masses especially in the Northern part of Nigeria on the importance of education has significant impact on the  academic performance of students.

 

 

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To determine the effect of boko haram bombing on the academic performance of students.

2. To determine the roles of the federal government policy towards improving the academic performance of students.

3. To investigate the effect of unemployement on the level of crises in Nigeria.

4. To determine the effect of crises on the academic performance of students.

5. To determine the effect of background on the level of crises in Nigeria.

 

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The research work gives a clear view on the re-orientation of the masses especially in the Northern part of Nigeria on the importance of education, it also discuss the roles of the federal governement policy on the academic performance of the student.

The study will also highlight the factors affecting the level of academic performance among students in Nigeria. It will also reveal the responses of the respondents on the effect of level of unemployment on the level of crises in Nigeria. Finally th student will reveal the effect of bombing on the academic performance of students in Nigeria.

 

 

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The research work is limited to the study of the effect of unemployment on the level of crises in Nigeria. it discussed the period of unrest from the time of civil war from 1967 to 1970. It throws more light on the effect of religion difference on the level of crises in Nigeria.

The study made use of primary data gotten from the distribution of research questionnaires to about 120 population with a sample size of 100 for the purpose of study.

 

 

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Because of insufficient funds, the researcher was unable to reach out to all the areas of crises but he/she was still able to garther meaning information concerning the topic above.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: Due to the researcher involvement in other areas of research he/she was not able to get more information because of time factor but every information gotten from the reesearcher was very meaningful.

 

 

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

INSURGENCY:  is a rebellion against authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents

 

 

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TEACHERS SKILLS AND EXPOSURE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 

It is no doubt that good skills gives you the edge you need to be ahead in our society today. But exposure develop you morally and academically. The level of exposure of secondary school teachers vary from school to school.

This variation in the quality of teachers in the school might be as a result of the financial strength of the school.

Practically most expensive schools do better than the smaller ones in terms of academic performance of the students because of the quality of teachers they have. A school that is well equiped financially will have the money to pay for higher grade teacher with great experience in the academic field.

The level of experience plays a vital role on the students- teacher relationship. An exposed teacher understands the behavioural pattern of virtually their students.

History has it that in most of the inter-school compititions and other scholarship exams the schools withn higher grades of teachers with sound experience always do better than the mushroom schools in Nigeria.

Most students tends to model their best teachers, you could imagine in a school where the teachers are not good enough; how can they manage and mentor the students?

The level of exposure of the teachers in most of the secondary schools in Nigeria tends to help students performance in their academics.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The performance of students in most secondary school tends to be very poor; reason being because of the level of experienced teachers in the schools. Most schools wish for an experienced teacher but because the can not spend more than what they earn, they can not go for teachers of higher exposure and level of acadmic qualification; they end up recruiting the group of teachers that they can pay little to work. Most parents want the best for their children but because of the level of their income they could not send their children to these big schools with teacher with higher level of exposure.

Parents sending their children to lower schools is economical but has a negative effect on the academic performance of the students.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the influence of exposure on the teachers ability to carryout their duty deligently?

2. Does the level of exposure of the teachers have significant effect on the academic performance of the students?

3. In what other ways can the federal government of Nigeria assist the mushroom schools towards getting experienced teachers?

4. Does the level of exposure of the teachers have significant effect on the student-teacher relationship?

5. What are the various measures to be taken by most of the mush room schools towards getting an experienced teacher?

6. Why does some students in the better schools with experienced teachers still perform poorly academically?

 

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant relationship between the level of exposure of teacher and the acadmic performance of students in secondary schools.

H1: There is significant relationship between the level of exposure of teacher and the acadmic performance of students in secondary schools.

H0: The level skills and exposure of teachers does not have significant impact on the academic performance of students.

H1: The level skills and exposure of teachers have significant impact on the academic performance of students.

H0: there is no mean differences in gender responses of the respondents that the level of exposure and skills of teachers have significant impact.

H1: there is mean differences in gender responses of the respondents that the level of exposure and skills of teachers have significant impact.

 

 

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aims and objectives of the research work is to determine:

1. The influence of exposure on the teachers ability to carryout their duties deligently.

2. If the level of exposure of the teachers have significant effect on the academic performance of the students.

3. Other ways the federal government of Nigeria can assist the mushroom schools towards getting experienced teachers.

4. If the level of exposure of the teachers have significant effect on the student-teacher relationship.

5. The various measures to be taken by most of the mush room schools towards getting an experienced teacher.

6. The reason why some students in the better schools with experienced teachers still perform poorly academically.

 

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The research work will give in details the impact of skills teachers on the academic performance of students in secondary schools, it will reveal also the how the level of exposure of teachers help to improve the academic performance of students. The research work will explain also in details the relationship between skilled teachers and the level of acdemic performance of students.

By the end of this research work we shall also understand perfectly the role of the federal government of Nigeria towards bringing skilled and experience teachers to some of the mush room schools in Nigeria.

 

 

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is only concern in determining the impact of the level of exposure of teachers on the academic performance of students in secondary schools. The study will discuss some of the federal government policy towards towards bringing skilled teachers to some of the mush room schools in Nigeria.

 

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Due to insufficent funds the researcher was unable to visit more schools for the distribution of the research questionnaires, but the researcher was able to distribute the questionnaires to a good number of schools.

 

TIME CONSTRAINTS: due to the nature of the roads to some of these schools, the researchers was delayed for some hours before getting to these schools. But the researcher was able to still meet up with time duration for the research work.

 

 

1.9 METHODOLOGY SUMMARY

The researh work will make use of primary data for the purpose of the analysis through the distribution of research questionnaires to some of the secondary schools. The research work will apply the chi-square, correlation and the paired sample t-test for the purpose of the analysis with a sample size of 200.

 

 

REFERENCES

Arbuckle, J.L. (1997). Amos usersí guide (Version 3.6). Chicago: Small Waters Corporation.

 

Austin, G.R., & Garber, H. (Eds.). 1985. Research on exemplary schools. New York: Academic Press.

 

Brookover, W., Beady, C., Flood, P., Schweitzer, J., & Wisenbaker, J. (1979). School social systems and student achievement: Schools can make a difference.

 

Brooklyn, NY: J.F. Bergin. Bryk, A.S., & Raudenbush, S.W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

 

Chubb, J., & Moe, T. (1990). Politics, markets and Americaís schools. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

 

Cohen, D.K., & Hill, H.C. (2000). Instructional policy and classroom performance: The mathematics reform in California. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 294ñ343.

 

Coleman, J.S., Campbell, E.Q., Hobson, C.J., McPartland, J., Mood, A.M., Weinfeld, F.D., & York. R.L. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

 

Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational Leadership, 37(1), 15-24.

Ehrenberg, R.G., & Brewer, D.J. (1995). Did teachersí verbal ability and race matter in the 1960s? Coleman revisited. Economics of Education Review, 14(1), 1ñ21.

 

Ferguson, R.F. (1991). Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money matters.

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF PARENT EXPOSURE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS

(A case study of some selected secondary school in Benue state)

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In Nigeria today every parent brings up their children in their own way depending on their Religious belief, social background and their level of exposure. Every parent dream good dreams for their children but most of them cannot do more than they could because of the level of their exposure.

What more can a parent do outside all they could do?

This really affecting the way they bring up their children knowing the fact that it is solely the responsibility of the parent to train up a child. The level of parent exposure is dependent on the background of parents. Most parent were not really opportune to go to school because of the background they came from and this chain continues. Lack of financial stability can render a good dream useless. No parent does not want to go to school but if the finance to continue is no longer there most of them might drop out of school except for the lucky parents.

 

When a woman’s nutritional status improves, so too does the nutrition of her young children(Lisa et al., 2003). These differences do not express themselves consistently as expected in the case of every family; rather they influence the average tendencies of families for different occupational classes.” (Rothestein, 2004). In line with the above assertion, Hill et al. (2004) had also argued that socio–economic status of parents do not only affect the academic performance, but also makes it possible for children from low background to compete well their counterparts from high socio – economic background under the same academic environment. Moreover, Smith, Fagan and Ulvund (2002) had asserted that significant predicator of intellectual performance at age of 8 years included parental socio economic status (SES). In the same vein, other researchers had posited that parental SES could affect school children as to bring about flexibility to adjustment to the different school schedules (Guerin et al., 2001). The academic performance of students in some selected secondary schools in Benue differ from each other (2009). Finding revealed that those with less scores were from a humble background with limited level of exposure.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The level of exposure of most parent in Nigeria plays a vital role in the child upbringing, financial instability is the major cause of lack of exposure of most parents.

This is visible both in their behavior and their level of reasoning which made it difficult to associate with people of high social status in the community.

Most children are born intelligent but might end up without the dream because they could not get the support from their parents who are their first mentor before their school teachers.

The scholarship scheme these days are no longer fought coming as it use to; this is really affecting the intelligent children that does not have any body to support them.

If the federal government of Nigeria could look into the society today to resolve some of these problem in some of the local government areas  in Benue state to aid the children with a bright future actualize their dreams the community will be a better place.

 

 

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Does the government policy have significant effect on the level of academic performance of students in Benue state?

2. In what ways can the teachers of some of these schools help improve a child academic performance?

3. Does the level of parent exosure have significant effect on the growth and development of the society?

4. Is the behavioural pattern of a child dependent on the level of their parent exposure?

5. In what ways can the society help some of these parents in the society towards bring up their children?

 

 

 

 

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: The level of parent exposure does not have significant effect on the level of academic of students.

H1: The level of parent exposure have significant effect on the level of academic of students.

H0: there is no relationship between the academic performance of the students and the socio-economic background of their parents.

H1: there is relationship between the academic performance of the students and the socio-economic background of their parents.

 

 

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To determine the effect of the level of exposure of the parents on the academic performance of the students.

2. To investigate the relationship between the academic performance of the students and the socio-economic background of their parents.

3. To determine the effect of parent exposure on the behvioural pattern of the child.

4. To investigate the roles of teachers towards enhancing the academic performance of the students.

5. To determine the impact of the federal government policy on the improvement of the performance of students.

6. To discuss the impact of the scholarship scheme on the academic performance of the students.

 

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

By the end of this research work, we shall be able to know the effect of parent exposure on the academic performance of student. The study will reveal the relationship between the academic performance of the students and the socio-economic background of their parents. It will also explain the impact of the federal government policy on the improvement of the performance of students. Finally the research work will explain the roles of teachers towards enhancing the academic performance of the students.

 

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The research work is limited to the study of the effect of parent exposure on the academic performance of students in some selected secondary schools in Benue State. It looks at the federal government policy on the performance of students. This study also try to find out the role of the parent on the behavioural pattern of children and ways to better them by offering a proper recommendation from the result of the analysis carried out from the data generated from the distribuion of the questionnaires.

 

 

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Benue State is one of the biggest state in Nigeria with a good number of local government, but due to financial instability, the researcher was unable to visit all the local government areas of Benue state.

But the information provided by the researcher are well refined to suit the research topic.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: Due to the researchers involvement in much survey, he or she could not have much time to study further into the research topic. But he or she was able to meet up with the requirements of the research work.

1.9 ORGANISATION OF STUDY

The chapter one of the research work gives the intoduction of the topic the effect of parent exposure on the academic performance of students in Benue state. The chapter two provide clearly the literature reviews with both the concepts, the theories and and the emperical reviews.

The chapter three of the research work provide the methodology for the analysis. The chapter four shows the analysis of the data using the methodology from chapter three while chapter five summarize, conclude and offer proper recommendation for the research work.

REFERENCES

Adewale, A.M. (2002). Implication of parasitic infections on school performance among school-age children. Ilorin Journal of science education. Vol.2pp. 78-81. Craig, T.N and Ronald, C.J.(2003). Socio-economic status does not moderate the familiarity of cognitive abilities in Hawaii family study of cognition. Jul.2007. Eze, O.M. (2002). The effects of parental economic status and pupil sex on school achievement in English language. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria. A.b.U Zaria. Vol.3 No.3 PP.27

Guerin,N. ; Reinberg A; Testu, F.; Boulenguiez, S.; Mechkouri, M. and Touitou, Y. (2001). Role of School schedule, age and parental socioeconomic status on sleep duration and sleepiness of Parisian children. Chronobio. Int. 2001; 18(6): 1005-17. Hill, N.E; Castelino, O.R.; Lansford. J.E.; Nowlin, E.; Dodge, P.; Bates, K.A. and Pettit, G.S (2004). Parents academic involvement as related to school behaviour, achievement and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence. Child development (2004) Vol. 75. No.5. pp.1491-1509. Laosa, L.M. (2005). Effects of preschool on educational achievement. NEER working paper.pp. 1-14. Omoegun, M. (2007). Effect of parental socio – economic status on parental care and social adjustment in the UBE programme in Lagos State: Implication for counseling. International Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 3(2) 2007 pp.81 – 87.

 

 

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ROLES OF PARENT IN ERADICATION OF CULTISM IN THE SOCIETY

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 

Cultism in Nigeria is now very popular among Nigerian youths, it all began from the campus; it was founded by the nobel leureat prof. wole soyinka back in 1952. This cult group; pirate confratanaity Elite of the university college of Ibadan was formed by prof wole soyinka with his six friends and then part of the University of London. The very aim of this group was to produce a leader who will be very proud of his african heritage. They have skull and cross bones as their logo while members adopted confraternity names as ‘’Capon’ Blood’’ and ‘’Long John Silver’’. The  pirates cultivated a style that ridiculed colonial attitude. They proved popular among students even after  the  original members moved on. Membership was opened to every male students regardless of tribe or race. For almost 20 years, the pirate a non-violent body become established in all tertiary institution  that  emerged in post independent Nigeria as the only confraternity on Nigeria campus.

 

The emergence of campus cult as they are known in Nigeria today began with a split of early 1970s, in pirates confraternity. 1972 Bolaji Carew and several others were expelled from the pirates for failing to meet expected standards.  In reaction  to this and other events, the pirates registered themselves under the name National Association of Seadogs [NAS]. The Buccaneers of Seadogs was founded by Carew. In 1980s confraternities spread over the 300 institutions of higher education in the country. The Neo-Black movement of Africa [Black Axe] emerged from University of Benin in Edo state while the Supreme Eiye confraternity [National Association of Air Lords] broken off from Black Axe in 1983. Students at the University of Calabar in cross River State founded the Eternal Fraternal Order of the Legion Consortium [the Klansmens Konfraternity] while a former member of Buccaneers confraternity started the Supreme Vikings confraternity [the Adventures of the De Norsemen Club of Nigeria ] the following year.

In the mid 80s, it had become evident that some of the cults had been adopted as elements in the intelligence and the security services serving the then military government. They were used against students union and University staff who was the only organized groups opposing military rule.

In 1984, Prof Wole Soyinka, extricated himself from emerging trend, initiated the abolition of the pirates confraternity in all tertiary institution, by then  the phenomena of violent cults had developed a life of its own; early 1990s as the end of the second Republic drew near, confraternity activities expanded dramatically in the Niger Delta as they engaged in a bloody struggle for supremacy. The family confraternity [The campus mafia or The mafia], which modeled itself after the Italian mafia, emerged, shortly after their arrival, several students were expelled from Abia State University for cheating and ‘’cultism ‘’ a reference to the voodoo-practicing confraternities, which marked the beginning of a shift of confraternity activities from the university to off campus.

The Brotherhood of the Blood [also known as Two-Two [Black Beret] another notorious confraternity was founded at Enugu State University of Science and Technology. Cults established in early 1990s are; Second Son of Satan [SSS], Night Cadet, Sonmen, Mgba Mgba  Brothers, Temple of Eden, Trogan Horse, Jurists,  White Bishops, Gentlemen Clubs, Fame, Executioners, Dreded Friends, Eagle club, Black Scorpion, Red Sea Horse, Fraternity of Friends The klansmen konfraternity expanded their influence by creating a Street and Creek Wing,, Deebam to expanded their influence by creating a street and Creek wing, Deebam to fight for and control territory outside the Universities through violence and crime. In response, the supreme Vikings Confraternity [SVC] establish their own street and creek group, Dewell. When was unable to match Deebam, the SVC created the second confraternity wing. The Icelanders [German], which was led by militia leader Ateke Tom. The outlaws, another well-known street and creek confraternity began to be formed. These includes the Black  Brazier [Black Bra], the Viqueens, Daughters of Jezebel and the Damsel. Female confraternities have supplied spies for all allied male confraternities as well as acted as prostitution syndicates.

All the students of the above mentioned cult group are coming from different families in Nigeria. most of these students were given free hands by their parents. The kind of parents a student have determine the kind of attitutude potrayed by such students. Take trace down to the histroy of cultism; more than 70% of the cultist are from a careless background. Some are the sons and daughters of rich parents.

Lack of advice and proper upbringing in the fear of God by parents is the major cause of cultism in Nigeria.

The eradication of cultism in Nigeria must start from the house, the parents can go a long way to help the federal government of Nigeria to eradicate the menace of cultism. When a parent start telling the child the dangers of being a cultist from childhood, that particular child will live to remember the dangers behind cultism.

Parent should also watch the friends that their children keep because this thing called “cultism” starts from keeping wrong group of friends.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Cultism is the major cause of violence in Nigeria, this have being the main area of research by researchers and educationist in Nigeria to help the federal government of nigeria to eradicate cultism. But one can not fight cultism from the outside, if cultism must be stopped, the it has to be an internal thing. This research work try to assist both the parents and the Federal government of Nigeria to eradicte cultism. But the major proble is not only the parents, members of staff of the federal government also practice cultism. Parents will do their best at home to eradicate cultism but it is still some this top politician that encourage this cult groups. So the fight will not only come from the parents; though the parent have a major role to play in eradictaion of cultism in Nigeria. because a child can not be forced to become a cultist if he or she is coming from a religious background and from a descent parents.

 

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the roles of parents in the eradication of cultism in Nigeria?

2. What are the major causes of cult activities in Nigeria?

3. What are the roles of the federal government of Nigeria in the eradictaion of cultism in tertiary institutions?

4. Are there any benefits in becoming a member of a cult group in Nigeria?

5. Does the family background of a child have significant effect on the attitude and desire of the child to become a member of a cult group?

6. What effect does the advice and teachings of the parent on a child refusal to become a cultist?

7. Why is cult activities much in the higher institutions in Nigeria?

8. What are the ways to curb out cultism in tertiary institutions in Nigeria?

 

 

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant relationship between the background of a child and the refusal of becoming a cult menber.

H1: There is a significant relationship between the background of a child and the refusal of becoming a cult menber.

H0: Prents advice have no significant impact on the child refusal of becoming a cult member.

H1: Prents advice have significant impact on the child refusal of becoming a cult member.

H0: cult activities in tertiary institution has no significant effect on the academic performance and behavioural pattern of the students.

H1: cult activities in tertiary institution has significant effect on the academic performance and behavioural pattern of the students.

 

 

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of this research work is to determine the following:

1. The roles of parents in the eradication of cultism in Nigeria

2. The major causes of cult activities in Nigeria.

3. The roles of the federal government of Nigeria in the eradictaion of cultism in tertiary institutions.

4. If there is any benefits in becoming a member of a cult group in Nigeria.

5. Whether the family background of a child have significant effect on the attitude and desire of the child to become a member of a cult group.

6. The effect of the advice and teachings of the parent on a child refusal to become a cultist.

7. Why is cult activities much in the higher institutions in Nigeria.

8.  The ways to curb out cultism in tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

By the end of the research work we shall be able to state the roles of parents in the eradiction of cultism in the society. The  study will also discuss the effect of cult activities on the academic performance and behavioural pattern of a student in a tertiary institution. The study also look at the participation of the federal government of Nigeria in the eradication of cultism in Nigeria. the research work will state the effect of cultism on the social and economic development of Nigeria with the disadvantages. Finally the study will be able to reveal the effect of the background of a child on the refusal of becoming a cult member in the society.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study covers the origin of cultism in Nigeria, it also discuss the various types of cult groups and the year founded in Nigeria. the study also reveals the roles of both the parents and federal government of Nigeria in eradicating cultism in Nigeria.

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Due to insufficient finance the researcher was unable to visit all areas in the society but the research was able to get good information on the background and the responses of educated people on how to eradicate cultism in Nigeria.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: Due to researchers involvement in other research, he or she was unable to reach out to all the areas of the society and various tertiary institutions in Nigeria. but was able to get all the information needed for the purpose of the research work.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONFRATANITY: a brotherhood, especially with a religious or charitable purpose.

CULTISM: A religion or religious sect generally considered to be extremist or false, with its followers often living in anunconventional manner under the guidance of an authoritarian, charismatic leader.

ERADICATION: is the complete removal of something or complete destruction of anything.

 

 

Ajol D [2002] Nigeria cultism on campus and judiciary due process.

2.Adewale Rotimi [2005] Violence in citadel. The menance of secret cults in Nigeria universities, Nordic journal of African studies.

[3]. Atayi B [2002] violence and culture in Nigeria institution.

4.Bible society [1979], Holy Bible, Good News Bible, Todays’ English version .

[5]. Denga D. [1986]. An introduction to foundation of education Calabar, Advance publishers and printers.

[6]. 6.Ekwe T.O [1999] The family and character formation of Nigerian youths. The role of counselor, counseling spectrum, Imo State. CASSON 2 [7].

7.Hornby, A.S[2001] Oxford Advanced learners dictionary.

[8]. 8.Hank Hyena [1999]. When things fall apart.

[9]. 9.Gimba A. [2002]. Note book BSc [violence] MA. Cultism Nigeria1 Tribune 21st October.

[10]. 10. http :// WWW. Nas –int: org/index-php? “history of NAS’’

[11]. 11. http :// WWW. Newyouth. Com/archives/campaigns Nigeria/student union-activist-killed-I html.

 

[12]. 12. http :// WWW. Irennew. Org/ report. Aspx? NIGERIA: Focus on the menance of student cult.

13.Mbachu Dulue [2008] conversation with Wole Soyinka, the new gong.

14.Muyiwa A.[2001] paths to peace stability and sustained development in Nigeria university.

 

 

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