CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADULT EDUCATION GRADUATES IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims at identifying the career opportunities open to adult education graduates in EnuguState.

As a guide to the study, some research question is posed based on the following.  Identifying people’s awareness of these adult education graduates and their job potentials.

Whether they are embracing this new programme in the field of learning with enthusiasm.  And if they are aware of job opportunities available for them.  Whether the employers of labour are also aware of these people content in this regard.

Questionnaires items are used to obtain data from four groups of people, who are: employers of labour, adult educators, adult education undergraduates and adult education graduates.

The data collected are analyzed using chi-square statistical formula to analyze them.

The following among other things are:-

1.   The graduates (adults) are not aware of their job potentials and even where they can find such job other than teaching.

2.   People are aware of these people’s potentials including the employers of labour.

3.   That people embraces the programme with enthusiasm.

Based on the above findings the following recommendations were made:

That NUCAE should be involved in creating awareness to people and the employers.

There should be oneness in teaching sector to avoid non-indigene syndrome.

Companies should send their staff for further training to take jobs that are storage to them.

There should be constant review of teaching style in these instructions to match the even increasing change of today’s affairs.  And many others.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       Introduction

1.2       Background of the study

1.3       Statement of the study

1.4       Purpose of the study

1.5       Scope of the study

1.6       Research questions

1.7       Research hypothesis

1.8       Significance of the study

1.9       Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review

2.1    Adult and adult education

2.2       Career guidance/education

2.3       Career within an organization

2.4       Career dilemma and career plateau

2.5       Adult literacy and career motive

References

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Research design and methodology

3.1    Research design

3.2    Area of the study

3.3    Population of the study

3.4    Sample and sampling procedure technique

3.5    Instrument of data collection

3.6    Validation of the instrument

3.7    Reliability of data study

3.8    Method of data collection

3.9    Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    Data presentation and analysis

4.1       Presentation and analysis of data

4.2       Testing of hypothesis

4.3       Summary and results

References

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    Discussion, recommendation and conclusion

5.1       Discussion and result/findings

5.2       Implication of the research findings

5.3       Conclusion

5.4       Recommendations

5.5       Suggestion for further research

Reference

Bibliography

Appendix

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1       INTRODUCTION

Education as a hallmark in this writing has to be originally talked about before conceptual purpose with which the researcher wants to write about Education.

Education in the broad science means more than intellectual aspect of it.  A.B Fafunwa (1991) knowledgeable states that in the beginning of the world, Adam saw the animals first before he named them therefore, no study of history of education particularly in Africa is complete without adequate knowledge of the traditional or indigenous educational system prevalent in Africa before the important religion which have influenced Nigeria education in no small measure are of recent development compared with the indigenous system of education which is as old as man himself in Africa.

Dr P. Eya (1993) on the same note said that, every society, simple or complex has it’s own system for training and educating it’s youth, and education for the good life has been one of the most persistent concerns of men.

Based on this acceleration, the period between 1976-1980 witnessed an unprecedented growth at the level of education – primary, secondary and tertiary institutions in Nigeria, which in the same vein witnessed the emergency of adult education in this different learning sector.

Adult education is such a relatively new field of social practices that is still in the process of forming new identity.  Adult education describes the process of adult learning in its broadest sense.  It encompasses practically all experiences of matured men and women by which they acquire new knowledge, understanding, skills, attitudes, interests of values.  It is a process used by adults on their self development, both alone and with others which is also used by institutions of all kinds for the growth and development of their employees, members and clients.

Adult education when compared with other discipline within the field of education has just emerged unlike older disciplines which have enjoyed systematic research and training.

This exercise is tackled individually based on orientation, environment, motives, privileges etc.  It could even occur as restraining in an organization or even for some other motives irrespective.

Adult education is also a concept.  The acquisition of reading and writing skills which are to be applied for the development of the community.  Adult education is concerned with social welfare of agricultural extension and community development.  Adult education can be seen to contribute immensely to the growth and development of a society.  It is a lucrative profession that extends in many directions and not only in teaching profession, hence listing of job potentialities of adult educators.

Based on the above knowledge of adult education worldwide which is newly spreading up like a wide fire, the state is not left out in this educational exuberance, it is on this that in the year 1973 emerged the ABC university of the air with a view to be co-operating with the Institute of Management and Technology Enugu and University of Nigeria Nsukka Programme respectively.  The name is popularly known as School of Staff Development and Distance Education (SDDE) UNIAIR.  Then, it has time table and courses for the students.

1.2       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The UNIAIR, in other words, Staff Development and Distance Education (SDDE) of adult education unit of Institution of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu, and being the unit on an integral point considered among others in Enugu Metropolis for the purpose of the writing.

This sector of the discipline started in 1978, (SDDE IMT) in conjunction with University Nigeria Nsukka with a view to have combined programme.  Their aim is to achieve the following objectives:-

1.           To include academic, political, scientific, social religion and economic knowledge in students in particular and the public in general.

2.           To create a general desire for knowledge

3.           To aid teachers in schools

4.           To supplement the work of teachers in the class

5.            To create an awareness of acceptable life goals and values

6.           To provide extra opportunity for learning

7.           To explain National Educational policies to people who might benefit from them.

8.           To provide a form of education for educational planners to know what people think about their plans.

However, it was in paramount effort to achieve the sixth objectives above that then Anambra Broadcasting Corporation Institute as (SDDE) department.

The school has presently the following ND/OND certificate to offer with lecturers in the diverse course in the department.

1.           ND/HND Uru Mr Business Administration and Management (BAM)

2.           ND/HND UNIAIR Accountancy

3.           ND/HND UNIAIR Secretarial Administration

4.           ND Man Power Development

5.           ND UNIAIR Mass Communication

They also other the same number of courses with their counterparts in the full time programme in the above listed certificate programme.

The school has risen the inception, turns out barges of graduates.  All these departments are under the school of continuing education IMT Enugu which adult literacy was the conceptual aim with which it was established.

This acceleration period of 1976-1980 unprecedented growth in education of both junior and adult education, included the school of continuing education SDDE, UNIAIR Programme in IMT etc.  This growth is witnessed by other institutions of higher learning who indulge in the same adult education programme exercise OKO Polytechnic, UNN, Esut, etc are all in the game.

See: Diagram of Departmental Heads

 

 

HOD

HOD SDDE                                               PRELIM              HOD Part-time

 

 

BAM           Accountancy                                             Accountancy

Extra Moral         Evening programmes

Studies

Sec. Administration

Mass                                                Manpower                              Basic studies

Comm.                                    Development

JAMB POLY

1.3       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the recent past, the Federal Government of Nigeria launched education for all by the year 2000.  To this gesture, Adult education exercise prompted up in many institutions of higher learning in Nigeria but the main aim with which this was launched, is still lingering.  These adult education graduation graduates who are opportune to gain from they still find it difficult to make career opportunities in the fields.

They, in most cases do not even know on identify the possible employment opportunity options available to them other than teaching career.  These graduates also complained that the employers are ignorant of the purpose and content of the adult education programme, thereby refusing to employ them in other jobs they are qualified for.

This overwhelming ignorance which embrace the whole aspect of the sector of education is also due to lack of efficient and effective guiding principle by the adult educators who in their own ignorance do not know even how to start to blend the education of adult and the subsequent awareness to the masses so that the participants in the programme and employers themselves will be well aware of these people’s ability in handling jobs and to avoid reluctance in participation by these adults.

In the light of the above facts, this study is designed to investigate career opportunities available to the adult education graduates in EnuguState.

1.4       PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim and objectives of this study is particularly to achieve the following.

1.           Identify the various job opportunities open to adult education graduates in the state.

2.           To determine the extent to which these graduates have secured jobs in the areas of their training and how well they trained.

3.            To determine the extent to which the employers of labour know the purpose and programme content of adult education.

1.5       LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to EnuguState and covers institute of management and technology school of continuing education, SDDE department.  This is so because of the relative nearness of the programme in the educational sphere, financial hindrances to go to many places in search of relevant data to agree with the little gotten from the available texts.  Again the people’s indifference and strife to react positively when asked certain questions.

It was on this note that the researchers made this with the little at my disposal and therefore limit the study to the above mentioned departments.

1.6       RESEARCH QUESTION

1.           What are the employment opportunities available to these graduates and their awareness?

2.           How are these adults embracing this programme in other to make career in these training?

3.           What is the rate of awareness of the quality of these people, created to employers of labour by the adult educators?

 

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THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING ON CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE

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ABSTRACT

This project work is an attempt to investigate the causes and effects of street hawking on children of school age. Chapter one deals with the introduction of the causes and effects of street hawking on children of school age. In chapter two, relevant literature from journals and lecture sound books were reviewed to find out the opinion of other authors about the causes and effect of street hawking on children of school age. Chapter three talks about the research methodology employed in the data calculations of the study, the design of the study, population of the study, samples and sampling techniques, research instrument used in the study as well as their mode of administration to respondents. Chapter four however deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected and the result of this data were discussed. Finally, chapter five comprises of the summation of the study, conclusions made, the recommendations for solutions and the suggestions for further studies. Suggestions were made that more researchers should be involved in carrying out this same type of research in future and it should be conducted in other local government areas and other states of the federation.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the study

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study and limitation

Definition of terms

Chapter Two

Literature Review

Chapter Three

Research Methodology

Research design

Population of the study

Sample and sampling technique

Instrumentation of research

Validity of the instrument

Reliability of the instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Analysis and interpretation of data

Chapter Five Summary, conclusion and recommendation

5.1         Summary

5.2         Findings

5.3         Conclusion

5.4         Recommendations

References

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Nigeria as a developing country needs people who are required for the political social and economic development of the country.

This is necessary because Nigeria no longer need money bag citizens, rather she needs men and women and enough money for the peoples comfort. In order to achieve this, school or formal education for all in Nigeria is mandatory and necessary. It is not important that all Nigeria citizens in Benin city in particular get full formal education and not partial education which leads to school drop out and human wastage or attrition going by the national policy on education which recognizes hat greater achievement are get and most explanted through formal education is essential to Nigerians and so have made primary education in government schools free for its citizens. Looking at the economic problems in Nigeria today many familiar most especially those in the low socio- economic classes engaged their children and weeds in various activities such as hawking

Hawking according to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, 6th edition, means moving to sell things by going from place to place asking people to buy them

However, Olalere (2007) identified two main types of hawkers which are; the hawkers that carry their goods in wheels and the side walk hawkers who sit with their wares beside the road. According to Olalere, the capital out lay for types of trade is determined by nature of goods traded in. the hawker builds cart to suit his or her purpose

The hawker also employs different media of advertising their wares like; buy your sweet orange, the hawker may also decided to short the goods of their names in the manner peculiar and appealing to people.

Many of there hawkers sell different goods, which one might not go out ordinary to buy, except on impulse basis if we come across them on the way.

For the side of the hawker, they sit by their goods and attend to those who come to them. The capital required is determined by the nature of the wares for instance Fifty Naira N50, OO would appear sufficient for a side hawker who is trading in orange while a provision seller who sells beverages would require a higher outlay.

The hawker business grows increasing by in many Nigerian cities and towns. Hawking also take place in the rural areas but are mostly alone in the evenings when people are back from the farm, village markets or school. The situation is ever different in urban areas. Hawking goes on in the urban area from morning to evening on a daily basis.

This situation has no doubt affected the child’s schooling specifically another important aspect of the child’s developmental stage. Ajayi and Orphan and a year two student in the department of banking and finance of the university of Benin who sells news papers daily among the street says “we do this thing (hawking) everyday in order to survive in school and to help our younger siblings at home who are not even in schools. These developments are making life unbearable form as I have always with drawn from school several times.

Similarly, a child who shares the school time with street hawking is always late to school and he or she is bound to develop immaturities in school work which may include poor studying habits, lack of skills, low self esteem and low performance in class hence resulting in failure or total dropping out of school.

It has been heard of that some parents in towns and cities withdrawn their children from school in order to send them hawking so as to make more money for the family up keep.

In some cases, some children are always dropped out from school for a term or even a whole year and when they get back to school (that if they go back to it all) they become too big for their cohort and they fall victims of name calling by younger classmates. This type of situation could have many negative effects on the children psychologically who became under achiever or might develop school phobia. Such children at the end of the day fail or drop out at the end of day.

The search for money to make ends meet in a depressed economy is obviously one of the major reasons for parent and guardians sending their children or wards to hawk. Most of the hawkers are either in primary/ secondary school for the purpose of hawking and at each day sales the children becomes weak and tired that they are unable to concentrate, contribute to discussion or study on their own.

Apparently, parents and guardians do not realize this and children do not know that the means by which the mental. Moral, social and material inheritance of the society can be passed from generation to generation is through formal education.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The majority of Nigerian parents believe that children are their God sent helpers both for economic purpose and other wise. This is why many Nigerians want to have children until old age. Most average Nigerians do not consider street hawking by children and some other child labour practices are seen as part of the socialization process in the society. This brings the question to mind that, most of the parents whose children are participating in street hawking may have been street hawkers themselves in their life. Thus, the use of their wards or children as hawkers may largely reflect their value representation.

In Nigeria today, hawking by children of school age is not entirely new in society. Street hawking creates room for lack of seriousness and interest in school work, poor memory, learning difficulty and under achievement the problem of this study therefore is to investigate the relationship between street hawking and drop out.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.    does parental level of financial wellbeing influence children street hawking business

2.    Does street hawking influence the high rate of drop out, delinquency and truancy?

3.    Is it the parents that often provide the wares or articles of street hawking for their children?

4.    What is the level of academic achievement of children who indulge in hawking?

PURPOSE OF STUDY 

The main purpose of this study is to identify the various factors that cause street hawking it is also aimed at investigating the various agents that influence academic pursuit and their effects on the school work of the young hawker and to channel these influences towards providing a long term solutions

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is meant to investigate into one of the causes of children inability to complete their formal education in urban areas

The main aim of formal education is to prepare children for the future and to get ready for important responsibilities. This is in line with two out of the five main objective of the Nigerian would develop citizens who are responsible, bright, united, strong and self- reliant.

It is a crystal clear that children street hawking is a distraction and an exposure of children to bad habit and more danger.

From this study parents would learn importance of formal education and so give it its right position while drawing the scale of preference for their children.

Similarly, parents would then set goals for their children and motivate children in their academic work so that the children would put formal education which gives self esteem, respect, prestige and good personality before money making venture.

From this research, children could learn to improve on the ideas they have about themselves as this could be a motivating factor for writing formal education. It would also bring their knowledge that divided loyalty might be an hindrance to better performance in school

Divided loyalty in the sense that as a street hawker one runs after formal education partially; The student would also realize that school education prepares people to get the appropriate key to the doors of wealth

In summary, finally, this research will serve as guide to parents, teachers and even policy makers on now bets to develop children positively in order for them to become more useful in the society

SCOPE OF STUDY

As a result of inadequate and limited time, this study is limited to children in Benin city which is very large city the research therefore had to make use of this children from such as; ring road, Uselu Lagos road. Sapele road and Akpakpava in Benin City, Edo state

The scope of this study moves children of school age within seven to fifteen years of age are street hawkers, the result of the study may not necessarily be used as a standard of comparism in determining all school drop out but, the findings of this study is still useful

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to make the study clearer and to avoid confusion, the following term used is defined;

COHORT: these refers to a group of pupils who were admitted at the beginning of the school year and completed the programme in the same school

DROPOUT: in line, so cannot continue or fall out of school. A student or pupil who terminates or stops school education before completing its full course of study

HAWKING: carrying of wares or goods about for sale

PHOBIA: having excessive fear, some object or a particular situation in the absence of real danger

EDUCATION: the all round training and development given to a person or a process by which any society passes on its culture (social, ethnic, intellectual e.t.c) to the young ones

SOCIALIZATION: a process where the comes to behave in manner demand appropriate by the society in which the person lives

UNDERACHIEVEMENT: the inability of a child to perform up to the child measures aptitude for academic excellence

ATTRITION: a process of making somebody especially your enemy to do roles

 

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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CREDIT USE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALL SCALE COWPEA FARMERS

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                               INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background to the Study

Agriculture plays a significant role in the growth of Nigeria’s economy especially, as it contributes over 20.89 percent of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), offers 66 percent employment to her populace, accounts for 50 percent of the sources of raw materials required by industries for further production, provides 80 percent food for man and market for other industrial goods as well as export earnings (NBS, 2014). Despite these, agricultural production in Nigeria is subsistence, as a result of low utilization of modern inputs by farmers, unavailability and inaccessibility of farm land as well as low mechanized nature of the prevailing agricultural production system. Therefore, to improve the national economy, farmers should be supported to expand their scale of production through financial resource, such as credit (Akpokodje and Olomola, 2000).

 

Okurut, Banga and Mukuga (2004) affirmed that associated with mechanization and acquisition of agricultural inputs is the issue of credit without which the envisaged agricultural production and development will be a mirage. Inadequate access to credit by the smallholder farmers has been identified as one of the contributing factors to poverty. Credit allows farmers to satisfy their cash needs induced by the production cycle which characterizes agricultural production.

 

Credit supply to farmers is widely perceived as an effective strategy for enhancing increase in agricultural productivity and transformation of rural economy (Philip, Ephrain, and Omobowale, 2008). According to Mahmood, Okpara, Rahji and Ogwumike (2009), the introduction of easy access and low interest rate credit is the quickest way for boosting agricultural production. The argument is that the agricultural   sector depends more on credit than any other sector of the economy because of the seasonal variation in the farmer’s returns and requirement in transformation of subsistence to commercial farming.The provision of credit as noted by Rosemary (2001) has increasingly been regarded as an important tool for raising the income of the rural populace, mainly by mobilizing resources to more productive uses.

 

Cowpea is an important major staple food crop in sub-sahara Africa, especially in Nigeria. The seeds are major source of plant protein and vitamins to man and feed for animals. The young leaves and immature pods are eaten as vegetables. The sale of cowpea seeds and fodder earns income to the farmers. In Nigeria, farmers who cut and store cowpea fodder for sale at the peak of dry season have been found to obtain as much as 25% of their annual income by this means. Cowpea also plays an important role in providing nitrogen to the soil when included in crop rotation system (Okunmadewa, 2009).

In Nigeria, the greatest production comes from northern region with about 1.7million tonnes from 4 hectares. This represents over 60 percent of total production. The producing areas are Niger, Kano, Sokoto, Kaduna, Zamfara and Gombe State.  Despite that cowpea yield is very low, grain yield range between 100-300kg/ha. This is due to several constraints such as weather, parasitic weeds, insect-pests and diseases (Olamola, 2009). In Niger State, cowpea production is rain fed, usually planted between the months of April-May for early variety and July-August for late variety. It is worth noting that cowpea production is dominated by small scale producers in the state who employ traditional practices and inadequate techniques with resultant negligible outputs and low supply of commodity despite its high demand (Adrew, 2012). Low production efficiency and inaccessibility of credit have been implicated as some of the culprits leading to low outputs.

 

 

1.2   Problem   Statement

Against the backdrop of increased advocacy and policy efforts geared towards agricultural transformation, the injection of credit facility holds the potential and propensity of breaking the vicious cycle of poverty by enhancing farm incomes and developing market opportunities for producers and processors along the value chain.

More often than not, producers over rely on the usage of meager household resources which limit economies of scale and expansionary motives which credit has the propensity to resolve.

 

Poverty level is high among the small scale farmers who keep large family sizes, high level of non-literacy and strict adherence to traditional methods, low crop yields and low levels of income. This makes it difficult for them to meet their financial needs for agricultural production from personal savings.  Hence, seeking for other sources of input becomes necessary in order to meet up with their agricultural demand. High cost of risks involved in agriculture as well as high default rate among small scale cowpea farmers has been identified as major constraints as to why commercial banks are unwilling to grant credit facility to small scale farmers (Okpara, 2010). In the same vein, untimely disbursement of agricultural loans, high level of office bureaucratic protocols involved in credit acquisition among others from formal sources have also been implicated, while high interest rates, small size of loan and short time duration for loan repayment  had been identified in the case of informal sources of credit.

 

Non availability of adequate credit needs of small scale agricultural producers can constitute a hindrance towards the attainment of high levels of production. The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) had made provision of credit a major thrust of its agricultural policy since the 1970s when it introduced the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) managed by the Central Bank of Nigeria. Under this scheme, Commercial Banks made available to small scale farmers small loans, which are guaranteed by the Federal Government. Also, banks were mandated to allocate a certain proportion of credit portfolios to agriculture. However, mandatory allocation of credit to agriculture was discontinued. This had far-reaching implications. The FGN as a follow-up cushioning measure recapitalized and repositioned the Bank of Agriculture (BOA) for better performance (Okunmadewa, 2009)

According to Miller (2012), lack of credit and other interventions were the major constraints haunting agricultural development and stressed the need for increasing the amount of capital in agriculture through the use of credit. Small holder farmers need credit for several purposes. The production of cowpea requires the adoption of improved production practices credit facility is therefore needed to purchase improved seeds, agrochemicals, fertilizers and to hire labour to ensure timeliness of farm operations. Despite the critical roles credit play in agricultural development however, the abuse and misuse of credit meant for agricultural purposes by farmers have been reported. The consequence is the non-realization of the objective credit was meant to achieve. This calls for an investigation in the study area with a view to enhancing credit utilization for intended purposes. Credit is also hard to come by for the poor resource farmers and even when available, it had been politicized whereby only farmers who are connected to politicians get access to soft loans which they divert to other ventures other than crop production (Okurut et al., 2004)

On the basis of the foregoing, the following research questions are pertinent:

i.            What are the socio-economic characteristics of the small holder cowpea producers who are credit beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in the study area?

ii.            What are the sources of credit available to the small scale cowpea farmers in the study area?

iii.            What effect did credit exert on cowpea productivity in the study area?

iv.            What is the relative technical efficiency of credit beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in production of cowpea in the study area?

v.            What are factors limiting small holder cowpea farmers access to credit in the study area?

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of credit use on the productivity of small scale cowpea farmers in selected Local Government Areas in Niger State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to:

i.                    describe the socio-economic characteristics of small scale cowpea farmers in the study area;

ii.                  identify the various sources of credit available to small scale cowpea farmers in the study area;

iii.                analyze the effect of credit on small scale cowpea production in the study area;

iv.                estimate the relative technical efficiency in cowpea production of credit beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in the study area and

v.                  identify the problems limiting small scale cowpea farmer’s access to credit in the study area.

 

1.4       Hypothesis     

Ho: There is no significant difference between productivity of small scale cowpea farmer credit beneficiaries and non credit beneficiaries in the study area.

 

1.5       Justification for the study

The idea of alleviating poverty in Nigeria, especially among the grass root farmers through government credit policy is a welcome development for sustainable agriculture, particularly in cowpea production. Small scale farmers need credit in order to adopt new technologies and to procure production inputs. According to Tanko and Jirgi (2008), modernizing agriculture in Nigeria requires optimal infusion of funds to finance the purchase of inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, insecticides and additional labour. The outcomes of this research will be of tremendous benefit particularly to the small scale cowpea farmers in study area.

The research output will also be relevant to several other stake holders in credit delivery programmes that will enchance productivity of the small scale farmers. It will also serve as a guide for future credit policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Moreove, the output of this study will enable the policy makers, financial lending institutions to reappraise past policies and formulate realistic agricultural credit policies that will assist the farmers to increase their production. The findings of this research study will also guide credit beneficiaries to select the most effective and efficient ways to utilize their loan in order to boost agricultural productivity especially, in cowpea production.

The findings may also be used by extension agents in their teaching and demonstration contents as it identified factors significantly affecting the technical efficiency of contact farmers they interact with.

 

 

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AN ANALYSIS AND EFFECT OF INSURGENCY (A CASE STUDY OF BORNO STATE IN NIGERIA)

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1       Background of the study

Insurgencies has been as old as civilization but became most prominent after the September 11 2001 bombings of the United States by Al-Qaeda. The bombings were carried out on world trade centre which has adverse effects on the business activities of America and globally (Rogan 2007).

Other insurgent’s activities were carried out by other groups such Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb of Algeria and Al-Shabaab of Somalia which also affects the business as well the economy of those countries.

Boko Haram started as a small radical Sunni Islamic organization with preaching and a limited support from among the Sufi Islamic communities in the Northeastern part of Nigeria, the anti-western ideology of the Boko Haram terrorist group, earn it the concern about its potential relationship with other groups such as Sunni extremist or terrorist groups elsewhere, including al-Qaeda as well as al-Qaeda affiliates such as al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in Algeria and Mali and Al-Shabaab in Somalia. These groups bomb shopping malls; airports and business areas, thereby making business environment to collapse (Reuters, 2013).

Like an array of contemporary terrorist groups throughout history, Boko Haram started domestically, but over time, its operational capabilities and impact have grown, spreading like cancer from Borno state to neighboring states such as Yobe, Adamawa, Bauchi, Kano and even to Abuja, the Federal Capital of Nigeria and beyond.

It Attacks Military formations such as army barracks, police stations, immigration offices, schools and prisons, and more seriously, killing and injuring of both Christians, Muslims, women and children and most recently abduction and killing of school children. Markets and motors parks were constantly attacked and banks frequently robbed thereby forestalling business activities in the affected areas (This Day Newspaper, 2012).

1.2       Statement of the problem

Borno State is the only State in Nigeria that is bordered by three countries. These include Cameroon, Niger and Chad Republic. There is a healthy trade relationship between the State and her international neighbors. Tones of grains, livestock and other consumables flow between Borno and her bordering trading partners. Despite this advantage, the State depends on monthly allocation from the Federal Government to keep it running. The scenario is further compounded by insurgency and this has hampered on the socio-economic development of the organization of Borno State and her immediate neighbors.

The effect of the insurgency has been far reaching and has affected a whole of things including the socio economic development of Borno state and the North eastern part of the country at large.

The root cause of the insurgency is yet to be unraveled as a lot has been said about the various causes of insurgency. Discovering the root cause of insurgency would solve the problem half way.

1.3   Significance of the study

This study would be useful to government and stakeholders in solving the persistent problem of insurgency that has crippled the north eastern economy.

1.4   Objectives of the study

1. To know if insurgency have significant socio-economic effect on Bornu state.

2. To examine the root causes of insurgency in Borno state.

3. To analyze the effect of insurgency in the socio economic development of Borno.

1.5   Research questions

1. Does insurgency have significant socio-economic effect in Bornu state?

2.  What are the root causes of insurgency in Borno state?

3. What is the effect of insurgency in the socio economic development of Bornostate?

1.6   Research hypotheses

Ho: Insurgency has no significant socio-economic effect in Bornu state.

Hi: Insurgency has significant socio-economic effect in Bornu state.

1.7   Limitations of the study

The study was limited by inadequate access to the people Borno state due to fear and treats that has been imposed on them and for that, strangers are kept on arm’s length. Other limitations include;

1.   Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

2.   Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8   Scope of the study

The study focuses on the analysis of insurgency and how its effect on the people ofBorno state.

1.9   Definition of terms

Insurgency: Is a rebellion against authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents.

Borno State:Is a state in north-eastern Nigeria. Its capital is Maiduguri. The state was formed in 1976 from the split of the North-Eastern State. Until 1991 it contained what is now Yobe State.

 

 

 REFERENCES

 

Adesoji, A. (2010). “The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria”, in Africa Spectrum, 45(2): 95-108

Adejumola, A.S. and Tayo-Olajubutu, T.O. (2009). Spinning off an Entrepreneur Culture among Nigerian University Students: Prospects and Challenges. African Journal of Business Management. 3(3), pp. 80-88.

Baiyewu, L. (2012) “Boko Haram, Bad Signal to Foreign Investors, Sunday Punch, January 29, P.9. Chothia, F (26th August,2011).

Dougherty E.J and PfaltzgrateJr, L.R. (1990). Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey, second edition. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.

Eme, O.I. and Ibietan, J. (2012). The Cost of Boko Haram Activities in Nigeria. AJMBR Vol. 2(2).

Faleti, A.S. “Theories of Social Conflict,” in Best, G. S (ed). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 2006.

Galtung, J. (1996). Peace By Peaceful Means: Peace, Conflict, Development and Civilization. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Gusau, I. U, (2nd August, 2009) “Boko Haram: How It All Began,” Daily Trust.

Mantzikos, L. (2010). The Absence of a State in Northern Nigeria: The case of Boko Haram African Renaissance Vol. 7 No 1, 57-62.

Onuoha, F.C.(2010). “The Audacity of the Boko Haram: Background, Analysis and EmergingTrend. Security Journal, 25(2), 134- 151.

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CAUSES AND EFFECT OF POOR READING HABIT AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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ABSTRACT

This study is carried out in order to examine the causes and effects of poor reading habits among junior secondary school students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. It has been observed that most JSS students cannot read, for this reason it is the intension of the researcher to look at those factors that make reading a difficult problem for students to examine that likely affects their reading difficult and the nation at large as well as the suggest solutions to this reading difficulty and the nation at large as well as the suggest solutions to this reading difficulty as reading underlines all teaching activities in the schools. This investigation was based on some questions. The analysis of the data collected culminate in the following findings.

1.That non availability of teaching aid and reading materials in school contributed to the reading disability.

2.That physical and mental defects among students also leads to poor reading habits.

3.That the teachers methods of teaching can impede reading progress.

4.That poor reading upbringing and lack of motivation from parents and teachers hinders reading ability.

5.And that the effect of poor reading habits is the cause of failure in the examinations. Based on these findings, the researcher makes some suggestions and recommendations on how to overcome the problems in order to improve students speech and comprehension.     

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

1.1         Background to the study

1.2         Statement of problem

1.3         Purpose of the study

1.4         Significant of the study

1.5         Scope of the study

1.6         Research question

1.7         Limitation of the study

1.8         Definition of terms

Chapter Two

2.1     Review of literature

2.2     The concept of administration

2.3     School staff personnel

2.4     School funds/finances

2.5     School physical facilities and equipment

2.6     School community relation

2.7     Indiscipline among students

2.8     Summary of literature review

Chapter Three

Research Methodology

3.1     Design of the study

3.2     Population of the study

3.3     Sample and sampling techniques

3.4     Instrumentation

3.5     Validation of instrument

3.6     Method of data collection

3.7     Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Data presentation and analysis discussion of results

Chapter Five

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In any society, it is not easy to find any skill work that does not require reading ability. Reading is an important pre-occupation of students from the lowest level to the highest level of education. Reading is a tool for understanding all subjects in every course of study in our schools. Terry Thomas (1967) saw reading as the interpretation of printed or written symbols into speech, reading is the ability to interpret printed materials from page.

It is a decoding process by which written words are translated in order to gain meaning. Reading helps to gain experience through which an individual may expand understanding of him, or herself and others. According to Conge (1929), reading is a specialized and complex skill involving a number of more general or lesser skill, it is also the ability to carryout the patterned shaped unit mark on paper with language. Reading cannot take place without language or at least the capacity for language certain special cases reading is a difficult a train all over the world particularly with the second use of language.

Reading is one of the four basic skills which combine to form what is generally called a complex system of element and symbols through which we communicate and interact with other people. Reading has shown to be an essential skill for facilitating a multitude of day to day task and promoting an easily accessible means for creation to today’s society.

According to Buzan (1987) learned man all over the world have realized that without efficiency in reading acquire and application of knowledge of skills can hardly be practiced, the subject of poor reading habits and its effect, it a matter of great interest of the researcher and concern to teachers education and administration. As a result there is a consensus among the general public that the standard of English has fallen.

There are two main types of reading, the silent reading and the loud reading in the silent reading, the reader reads without movement of the lips and without the movement of the head side to side. All information gathering are conceived in the readers mind. In loud reading, the reader reads out words for others to hear minding all the necessary punctuation.

It has however been observed that many students especially those in the junior secondary seldom read effectively, sometimes many of the students are held back in their study by slow reading speed. Some read more quickly to themselves than they do aloud. The focal point of this study lies basically on the factors that are responsible for poor reading habits among junior secondary school students and the effect it has on their reading ability.

1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

From earlier time to present, there have been different causes of poor reading habits among junior secondary school students. The nature of reading ability is very complex from observation, one could risk the generalization that most student do not know how to read and as a result they are faced with reading problems especially during examination periods. The researcher discovered that during her teaching practice that many of the students were not able to read their textbooks properly and the notes given to them in the various subject and even the question papers of their examination. As a result of this poor reading habit they failed woefully in their examinations if the questions were not read to them. This reasons prompted my choosing this topic, causes and effect of poor reading habit among junior secondary school students.

Reading skill has over the years been a difficult and demanding task, it is important to note that there are many complex problems that many result in poor reading habit among students. It could be school attended by students, the environment he or she reads and the physiological factors. Some students tends to read poorly because of their inability to discover their reading problems, I elementary schools for example, children are taught to read by look and say method.

The method results in excessive occupation with words and their sound and there is therefore lack of silent reading. Lack of good motivation by parents and teachers also affects the student ability to read. Bad method of teaching which has result from unqualified teachers can actually develop into undesirable habits in reading. It is therefore necessary to find out from student and teachers those problems they encounter during the course of reading.

1.3OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objective of this study is geared towards surveying and identifying the causes and effects of poor reading habits among junior secondary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State, despite the fact that some teachers tend to be good in encouraging their students to read.

This study also tend to highlight systematically the factors that are responsible for poor reading habit among junior secondary schools and teachers in schools, reading and their roles in fashioning the reading habit of students who pass through them. This study is lastly, targeted towards making useful suggestions that will help in the improvement of reading among junior secondary school students.

1.4RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To facilitate the achievement of this study, the following research questions will be treated.

–      Does lack of teaching aids in secondary schools give room to poor reading habits?

–      Does physical and mental defects lead to poor reading habits?

–      Does poor reading habit among students result to performance in the examination?

–      Does low intelligence affect efficiency in reading?

–      Does bad teaching methods used by teachers causes poor reading habits among students?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 

The importance of this study cannot be over emphasized. This study is highly important because the result will be useful in changing the reading habits of junior secondary school students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. T he study will be beneficial to teachers beause it will serve as a guide to the teachers and also the students and their society at large to develop and update themselves with the new method of teaching and reading so as to avoid the out-dated methods which will yield no positive result. This study is important to the society because it will enhance the standard of education as students will be equipped with a “master key” to unlock the doors that lead to learning and enlightenment. It will also accelerate the interest of parents in their children’s education. To the researcher, this study will help to know the problems that are hampering effective reading and also it will help to get first hand information on the causes and effect of poor reading habit among junior secondary school students.

1.6DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Causes: That which produces an effect a person or thing that makes something happen.

Effect: A change, produced by an action or a cause.

Poor: Having something only in a very small quantities.

Reading: The act of been able to interpret or understand something written or printed.

Habit: A thing that a person does often and almost without thinking, especially something that is hard to stop doing.

Retardation: To check or hinder progress or development.

Slacken: A process of making reading gradually become slower,m weaker or less active in the process of reading.

Hanger: A process of being restricted, of movement activities or achievement of something by causing difficulties.

 

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