THE PERCEPTION AND USAGE OF TWITTER AMONG STUDENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI)

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

The invention of the internet brought a new dimension to the media landscape. It marked the beginning of technological transformation and socialization with a higher desire for information about everything. This slowly developed into social media, which essentially is information about people.

The internet has taken the process of information dissemination to a higher platform thereby going beyond being a mere medium of socialization or information seeking and has become something much more. With this development, users are driving content (Dominick et al.,2013) in ways never seen before. This has led to the transformation in not just one medium; there is more to come as new trends emerge continually.

Shapiro cited in Croteau and Hoynes, (2003) argues that the emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and Covenant Journal of Communication.

Social Network usage by students is so rampant recently because of easy access to devices such as smart phones, iphones, black berry, tablets, ipad and laptops which are connected to the internet (Griffiths, 2011). Addiction to the usage of social network has extremely increased in recent times. The perils of its effects on the academic performance of the over-involved students are disturbing. Academic performance which is depicted by the grades of students (Jenkins, 2006), is a great concern to Benue State University, Makurdi. Students that spend excessive time on social networks become dependent on it and it is believed that their academic performance diminishes proportionately. It is perceived that school grades will suffer when spending too much time on social sites such as Facebook, Twitter and My space as valuable study time is lost (Sherry et al., 2008).

These therefore necessitate the study of the effects of social network usage on university students’ academic performance. The social network overuse certainly has some negative impact that may counterbalance the potential benefits and poses grave consequences to the academic performance of its victims. Students spend quality time to comment, update, read and share posts on social networks. Turkle et al., (2007), justifies that a statistically significant negative relationship exist between time spent by students on social networks and their academic performance.

According to Adelabu, (2011), The high rate of social networking sites, and the impact they have on young people‘s lives, offers striking testimony to the global impact of today‘s Internet. Some treat this new medium as a danger, and others treat it as the road to utopia.

On the internet, people engage in a variety of activities some of which may be potentially addictive kuss and Griffiths, (2011). The mass appeal of social networks on the internet could be a cause for concern, particularly when attending to the gradually increasing amount of time youths spend online. Social networking sites are virtual communities where users can create individual public profiles, interact with real life friends and meet other people based on shared interests. They allow individuals to Neuman & Robinson, (2001), construct a public or semi public profile within a bounded system, Zhang, (2008) articulate a list of other users with whom they have a connection and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Hoynes et al., 2003).

Social networking sites offer individuals the possibilities of networking and sharing media content, therefore embracing the main web 2.0 attributes against the framework of their respective structural characteristics (Jenkins, 2006). The internet has an indescribable power to influence, connect and mobilize youths. Some youths have lost their control over social media usage and begun having problems with their functionality in social, vocational and personal circles as the internet has taken over total control of their lives.

Idakwo, (2011), posit that school work and social interaction have been affected at the advent of these social media. Undergraduates spend more time on Facebook, Twitter and other social networks through smartphones that are now in abundance among these youths. Many youths cannot go for two-three hours without checking and updating their profiles on these social networks even at the detriment of other activities such as educational and career pursuit. MorahanMartin and Schumacher (2000) explain internet addiction as the excessive use of the internet and the failure to control this usage which seriously harms a person’s life (Dominick et al., 2013).

The high rate of social networking sites, and the impact they have on young people‘s lives, offers striking testimony to the global impact of today‘s Internet. Some treat this new medium as a danger, and others treat it as the road to utopia. The truth is somewhere in between. In view of the seeming students activeness on Facebook, Blackberry Messenger, WhatsApp etc, it became imperative to understand what Twitter was used for and the dynamics of such usage. In addition, the research was borne out of an observation from audience participation in some programmes on the which indicates that only a fraction of the students use Twitter compared to responses generated from using other platforms. This study will therefore aimed at determining the usage of twitter among student (A case study of Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti).

1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Over the years, social networking sites have metamorphosed from few-user-based sites into phenomena that have become niches for billions of users. The growth and popularity of social networking sites have generated concerns among school authorities, communication experts and socio-psychological researchers about the benefit and potential risks facing undergraduates, as they engage in online social networking to cater for their social and information needs rather than oral or face-to-face communication. Throwing further light on the risk of social networking sites on oral communication among their users, Sherry, (2012), the founder and director of the MIT initiative on technology and self, asserted that the convenience the social networking sites give users to communicate with one another can damage their interpersonal communication.

Also, social networking sites make the users see one another as “objects” to be accessed and only for the parts that the users find useful, comforting amusing. What is more, addiction to social networking sites can establish feelings of loneliness and increase feelings of insensitivity to disconnection, according to John J. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago (Cacioppo, 2009). Hence, there is the need to fashion out some means of selecting and using the right social networking site responsibly. This study is concerned with the trend of use of the twitter, what benefits students derive from using twitter, the dangers associated with it and ways to avert such dangers (Moeller et al., 2010).

1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The general purpose of the study is to find out the perception and usage of twitter by undergraduate students of Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti. The specific purposes of the study are as follow:

1. To examine the perception and usage of Twitter by the undergraduate students of Afe Babalola University.
2.  To examine the purpose of the usage of twitter by undergraduates students of Afe Babalola University.
3.  To determine benefits of using twitter.
4. To identify the dangers associated with social network sites.
5.  To proffer strategies of ameliorating the dangers of using Twitter.

1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This paper shall be guided by the following questions:

1. Why do students use Twitter?
2. How do student’s accesses twitter?
3. What is the most engaging activity of students on Twitter?
4. To what extent do the undergraduate students of Afe Babalola University uses twitter?
5. What are the purposes for using twitter by these students?

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is expected that the output of this research will benefit students and the administration of University of —– as this will show the level of the students’ usage of Twitter. This shall help them to understand how best to sustain the students attention on using social networking sites. Also this work will be of immense benefit to the field of Library and information sciences as it will be on addition to existing literature. And shall also add to the available academic literatures on social networking. Also the findings could be used by academic advisers and counselors proffer professional advice to the university authorities on how to regulate the social network usage among undergraduate students in Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti. Again, the findings of this study would provide facts that will enable the ministry of communication technology to know what arises from students’ use of the social networking sites. This will help the ministry, to know how to control social network usage upon successful completion of this research; it shall be very relevant to various people, across Nigeria

1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the perception and usage of twitter among student of Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti. Geographical scope: it covers the perception and usage of twitter by the undergraduate students of Afe Babalola University, benefits of using twitter, purposes of using twitter and dangers involved in the use Twitter (Boyd et al., 2007).

Continue reading The perception and usage of twitter among students →

the factors responsible for students academic performance in public secondary school

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the Study

Education as the key to development has the capacity to upgrade teaching effectiveness as well as learning efficiency among learners. Efforts by have being made by school administrators to improve the performance of Public secondary school students. The school environment, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops, laboratories, teachers’ quality, school management, teaching methods, peers, etc are variables that affect students’ academic achievement (Ajayi, 2001 and Oluchukwu, 2000).  Hence, the school environment remains an important area that has to studied and well managed to enhance students’ academic performance.

According to Jam  (2009) academic performance is the ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate your knowledge verbally or on paper. In other words, academic performance refers to how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers.  Academic performance generally refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks or studies. There are quite a number of factors that determine the level and quality of students’ academic performance. (Scottk, 2002).

According to Hussain (2006) secondary school students in public schools often come from economically poor and average income families. These families face various problems causing emotional disturbance among their children. This singular factor has caused serious damage to the achievement status to secondary school students.

Achievement is generally a pedagogical terminology used while determining learners’ success in formal education and which is measured through reports examinations, researches, and ratings with numerous factors of variables exerting influence. Essentially, the National Policy on education (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004) has identified school achievement contents according to school subjects which are classified as core or elective subjects.

Although studies abound on the causative and predictive nature of factors of study habit on students academic achievement. all factors or variables tend to focus on poor study habit while the effects are yet to be fully accessed on the nations educational development.

The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to the government, parents, teachers and even student themselves. The quality of education not only depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of their duties, but also in the effective coordination of the school environment (Ajao 2001). The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to all and sundry. The problem is so much that it has led to the widely acclaimed fallen standard of education in Delta State and Nigeria at large. The quality of education depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of their duties. Over time pupils’ academic performance in both internal and external examinations had been used to determine excellence in teachers and teaching (Ajao 2001). Teachers have been shown to have an important influence on students’ academic achievement and they also play a crucial role in educational attainment because the teacher is ultimately responsible for translating policy into action and principles based on practice during interaction with the students (Afe 2001). Both teaching and learning depends on teachers: no wonder an effective teacher has been conceptualized as one who produces desired results in the course of his duty as a teacher (Uchefuna 2001). Considering governments’ huge investment in public education, its output in terms of quality of students have been observed to be unequal with government expenditure.

In Nigeria, there are so many factors influencing the ability of students to cultivate effective and efficient study habit. Ozmert (2005) emphasized the importance of environmental influence as a major factor in the development of students studying habit. In the same vein, Adetunji and Oladeji (2007) submit that the environment of most children is not conducive for studying; it is in the light of this that made some parents to prefer their children to go to boarding school for proper discipline and to inculcate better reading habit.

1.2   Statement of the problem

The increasing nature of poor academic performance of public secondary school students especially in external examinations like WAEC or JAMB, tend to shift the blame on the teaching methodology adopted by the teachers and lack of fund from the government to provide quality textbooks. However, these might not be the main reasons why students perform poorly in examinations. It is clear from all indications that most secondary school students have poor study habit which might lead to poor academic performance.

it is yet to gather adequate research evidence to prove that it is a key factor on why students fail. Emphasizing the importance of school environment to students academic performance, Oluchukwu, (2000) asserted school environment is an essential aspect of educational planning. The scholar went further to explain that unless schools are well suited, buildings adequately constructed and equipment adequately utilized and maintained, much teaching and learning may not take place.

The high levels of students’ academic performance may not be guaranteed where instructional space such as classrooms, libraries, technical workshops and laboratories are structurally defective. However, little is known on the impact of school environment on students’ academic performance in an urban city like Rivers State. It was agreed that inadequate provision of equipment in public secondary school. It is based on the above stated problems that the study on assessment of factors responsible for students academic performance in public secondary schools became necessary for investigation.

1.3   Purpose of the Study

The major purpose of this study was to assess the factors responsible for students academic performance in public secondary school. Specifically the study is:

1.     To examine the factors Responsible for student’s academic performance in public Secondary Schools.

i.      To examine the influence of human resources on students’ academic performance in secondary schools.

ii.     To determine the influence of financial resources on students’ academic performance in secondary schools.

iii.    To establish the influence of physical resources on students’ academic performance in secondary schools.

iv.    To determine how learning techniques influence the students’ academic performance in secondary schools.

v.     To examine the challenges for student’s academic performance in Public Secondary Schools.

1.4   Research Questions

The study was guided on the following research questions.

i.      What is the influence of human resources on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools?

ii.     How does a financial resource influence the students’ academic performance in public secondary schools?

iii.    To what extent does physical resource influence students’ academic performance in public secondary schools?

iv.    How does learning techniques influence the students’ academic performance in secondary schools?

v.     What are the challenges that affect student’s academic performance in Public Secondary Schools?

1.5   Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses guided  the study:

1.     There is no significant relationship between the factors Responsible for student’s academic performance in public Secondary Schools.

2.     There is no significant relationship between the challenges for student’s academic performance in Public Secondary Schools.

1.6      Significance of the Study

This study will be used to students researchers, scholars, educationists who use it for further studies. It is hoped that this study will provide information for parents, educators and school administrators to reflect upon various factors that help students in achieving their academic goals. In so doing, they can investigate the possibility of introducing those factors to their school, which may consequently lead to enhancing students’ educational outcomes in school. This study provides a valuable reference for other schools to reflect upon the school environment as it affect the academic performance of student in secondary school. It will serve as resource materials for others who want to carry out research in related field.

1.7      Scope of the Study

This research work focuses on the factors responsible for students academic performance in public secondary school in Rivers State. This research work covers all public secondary schools students in Rivers State.

1.8   Operational Definition of terms

Continue reading the factors responsible for students academic performance in public secondary school →

ATTITUDES OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDENTS TOWARDS STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work investigated the attitude of students towards students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) using the descriptive survey research design. The research conducted among undergraduates students of the Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. 200 students were randomly selected from the department of Vocational and Technical education. The instrument was a 20 item question name score in likert type response format; Strongly Agree (5), A =Agree (4), U= Undecided (3), DA= Disagree (2), and SD =Strongly Disagree (1). The research questions were analyzed using the mean rating, and the findings showed that:

1. School equipment were not found replicating those in the industries
2. The schools lack adequate infrastructures that discouraged students further in showing concern for industry’s based training
3. Knowledge of I.T was found to be valuable in giving students an idea of industrial management
4. SIWES enhance student’s ability to tackle technical problems

It was however recommended that ITF should ensure that regular visitation of the IT officers to supervisors, agencies, institution, employers and students on attachment. Also, checking of log –book issued to students at place of attachment by institutions is recommended in order that the average vocational students can develop a good sense of work commitment.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Statement of Problem

Purpose of Study

Research Questions

Significance of Study

Scope of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

An Overview Background of the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES)..

Objectives of SIWES

Bodies involved in the Management of SIWES

Guidelines on SIWES Programme

Indigenous Orientation of SIWES as Tool

For a Sustainable Society/Development

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

Attitude of students Toward SIWES

Problems of Manpower Production in Technical and Vocational

Education (TVE) in Nigeria

Approaches to Improving Manpower Production in

Technical and Vocational Education

Summary of the Literature

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Population of Study

Sample and Sampling Procedure

Instrument for Data Collection

Method of Data Collection

Validation of Instrument

Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS PRESENTATION & DISCUSSION

Analysis of Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents

Analysis of Research Questions

Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Study

Conclusion

Recommendations for Further Study

References

Appendix (Questionnaire)

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Attitude as a concept is concerned with individuals’ way of thinking, acting, and behaving. Attitudes are formed as a result of some kind of learning experiences. Attitude is fundamental to understanding social perception of people because they strongly influence people. Ojo (2000) said that it is the disposition of men to view things in a certain way and to act accordingly. This notion of attitude however, could be said to have propelled students who gain admission into universities to have preference for a particular course of study. Furthermore, some students still hold divergent views based on their attitudinal disposition to the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), which motivate them towards the studying of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) in tertiary institutions.

According to Akerele (2007) the  present  state  of  technological  development  in  Nigeria  calls  for  appropriate  orientations  towards technological and vocational education as a springboard for skills acquisition. The Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2004) in her national policy on education defined technical and vocational education as acquisition of demonstrable skills that could be transformed into economic benefits. It also refers to those aspects of education process  involving  general  education,  the  study  of  technologies,  science  and  acquisition  of  practical  knowledge and skills.

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is defined as a skill training programme that is designed to expose and prepare students of education, agriculture, engineering & technology, environmental sciences, natural science, medical science and pure applied science for the industrial work situation. The objectives of Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme among others includes to:

1.           Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practices.

2.           Enlist and strength employment in industrial commerce information and guideline for (SIWES 2002).

3.           Provide an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire industrial skill and experience in their approve course of study.

4.           Prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduating.

5.           Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery not available in the institution (Source: Information and Guidelines for SIWES, 2002).

From the above objectives, it suffices to say that there are ample opportunities for students who undergo the Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES). Turners (2007) opined that the more the career option, the broader the choices, or the fewer the categories of careers, the more the homogenous of the sort of career existing. In this gigantic and pervasive profession, career prospect in any profession can be examined in two ways. These are: (i) vertical and (ii) horizontal. In the vertical approach, various levels of academic qualifications of job seekers are considered, while the horizontal approach considered the experience acquired by professionals in the study or industry. Students may undergo SIWES in the following areas: Business Studies, Home Economics, Basic Technology and Agriculture, Local craft, computer education, fine art and music (Ezeji and Oviawe, 2009).

Infact, in recent past, the political instability led to dwindling interest of students in SIWES in institution due to poor infrastructure, lack of educational facilities and learning facilities like work shop laboratories. SIWES requires students to work with equipments in the work shop and typewriters in typing pools culture and utensils in the school demonstration farms. Turner (2007) opined that this poor state of infrastructures in universities does not only affect learning but also crippled students’ interest in sticking to the career decisions. The resultant effect of these problems have seen students leaving their bases for technical education courses in higher institutions, which as resulted in great economic loss. In Nigeria, the situations not changed, as it is becoming highly imperative to find out if most undergraduates will be interested in SIWES based on their predisposition to the programme, which is what this study wants to examine.

The government decree No 47 of 8th October 1971 as amended in 1990 highlighted the capacity building of human resources in industry, commerce and government through training and retaining of workers in order to effectively provide the needed high quality good and services in a dynamic economic as ours (Jemerigbo, 2003) this decree led to establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) in 1973/1974 the growing concern among our industrialist that graduate of our institution of higher learning-lack of adequate practical studies preparatory for employment in industries led to the formation of Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme.

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme by ITF was introduced in 1993/1994 (Information and Guideline for SIWES, 2002). ITF has one of the key functions to work as a co-operative entity with industry and commerce were institutions of higher learning can undertake mid-careers work experience attachment in industries which are compatible with students of study (Okorie 2002 in Asikadi, 2003).

Students’ education is regarded as a process of developing skills, teaching personnel so that they can impact goods and quality knowledge. In Nigeria it is stated in clear terms by FRN (2004) in her national policy on education implementation committee blue print. It stipulates that SIWES is mandatory for students in technical colleges, polytechnics, college of education and universities; and government has taken a bold step in ensuring full compliance of policy statement. The technical and vocational education is very vital in the educational system.

Teaching according to Oyedeji (1998) is a process of impacting knowledge, skills and attitude in order to bring about change in learners. The primary goal of SIWES is to improve student’s skills in order to enhance meaningful learning (Ogunyemi, 2000) Student Industrial work experience scheme is one of the content at which students performance is been improved after a period of instruction in a manner consistent with the goals of industries (Olatoye, 2006). Hence this study x-ray factors responsible for poor attitude of students to students industrial work experience scheme in higher institutions in Edo state.

 

 

Statement of Problem

Technical and Vocational Education students undergoing SIWES are very vital part of the educational system in Nigeria. Various perceptions of these students towards industrial training are based on some motivational factors like remuneration, relationship with employers, opportunities for practical amongst others. Turner (2007) note that “right attitude are impacted through adequate and proper orientation, whether materially or financially” to this end, certain problems have emerge amongst Technical and Vocational Education students undergoing SIWES, which calls for urgent attention from appropriate authorities. Amongst these attitudinal dispositions are non-punctual to work, respect for authorities etc. these problems just as they remained persistent in the Industrial Training, will continue to affect the skill acquisition goals of SIWES. Because of the enviable position of the Technical and Vocational Education and their role in the industries, we cannot afford to relegate to the background the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme. This programme (SIWES) will be critically examined in this study especially on the basis of students attitude to the work environment, and proffering necessary solution if need be.

 

 

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of students towards SIWES in the higher institutions. Specially, this study sought to find out the:

1.           Attitude of students towards SIWES in the higher institutions.

2.           Factors responsible for students attitude towards SIWES, and

3.           Attitudinal differences of male and female students’ towards SIWES.

 

Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:

1.           Is there any significant difference in the mean response of male and female students’ attitude towards SIWES?

2.           What are the factors responsible for students’ poor attitude towards SIWES?

 

Research hypothesis

H0: there is no significant difference in the mean response of males and females

H1: there is a significant difference in the mean response of males and females

 

 

Significance of the Study

The research work is expected to create impact on the following areas:

Contribute to the already existing knowledge on students’ attitude towards SIWES, especially as it relates to Technical and Vocational Education students of universities undergoing Industrial Training. The findings of the study will bring to the attention of the educational policy makers in schools to encourage proper incentives and policy that will favour placement of students in their quest for undergoing training. Government and its agencies in charge of SIWES through the findings of the study will discover the need to create enhanced environment for conducting practical learning through the industries. Students will benefit to a great extent in that factors influencing positive attitudinal disposition will be recommended, and this objectively determine actual performance of students in the field. The findings will also make the students, parents, schools management and the government to be in line to their duties towards the success of practical education in this great nation (Nigeria).

 

 

Scope of the Study

In this study, the attitude of Technical and Vocational Education students towards SIWES was carried out amongst students in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State. The study was restricted to 300 and 400 level students of the department of Vocational and Technical Education. This is because an only student at the two levels has gone out for the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWEWS).

 

 

Continue reading ATTITUDES OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDENTS TOWARDS STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME →

ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHING FACILITIES IN JSS IN KADUNA STATE

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ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to access the importance of teaching facilities in the teaching of Social Studies in secondary schools in KadunaState. During the study, data were collected by means of questionnaire and it was detected that teaching facility is very important in the teaching of Social Studies in Junior secondary schools. The researcher thereby stressed that teaching facility is very important and therefore should be in any school setting. Furthermore she also stressed that teaching facilities will increase the interest of the students in learning, a development that will enable the child to become a useful person to the society. In conclusion, it was recommended that teaching facilities should be used in every school in Kaduna State for effective teaching and learning process to take place

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is well known among educators that, the educational experiences involving the learner actively participating in concrete examples are retained longer than abstract experiences. Teaching facilities add elements of reality by providing concrete examples to learning. Many authors have written on the assessment of teaching facilities both in teaching Social Studies and other related subjects in order to enhance teaching for desired social and behavioural change. These authors include; Mcluhan (1964), Alaka (1978), Kochar (1986), Okafor (1988), Mkpa (1989), UNDP (1998), Heeks (1999), World Bank (1999), Aguokogbuo (2000), Koert (2000), Greenwood (2001), Bozimo (2002), Nwanna-Nzewunwa (2003) and Adekeye (2008). More specially, it was emphasized in the work of these authors that the assessment of teaching facilities is a sine qua non in affecting behaviour of learners of every field, especially social studies. It was equally shown by some of the authors that these materials are important catalysts of social re-engineering and change. It is obvious that social studies teaching and learning cannot be well accomplished without the assessment teaching facilities.

The reason is not far fetched. Advances in technology have brought teaching facilities especially the projected and electronic materials to the forefront as the most radical tools of globalization and social development which have affected the classroom teaching learning situation positively. Such technology or technological breakthroughs as networked and non networked projected and non projected, visual, auditory, audio-visual electronic materials are important landmarks in knowledge transfer. With them both teaching and learning become very pleasant experiences.

Teaching facilities possess some inherent advantages that make them unique in social studies teaching. For one thing, they provide the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to want to learn more and more. Also, by providing opportunities for private study and references, the learners’ interest and curiosity are increasingly stimulated. Further, the teacher is assisted in over coming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. They generally make teaching and learning easier and less stressful. They are equally indispensable catalysts of social and intellectual development of the learners.

Bolick (2003) pointed to a good relationship between the teachings of the social studies and using of teaching facilities. He argued that while some educators have been fascinated by the potential of teaching facilities to enhance teaching and learning teachers’ lagged behind in using teaching facilities during teaching and learning. Others expressed doubts that teaching facilities will ever incite teaching reform in social studies. Teaching facilities are integral components of teaching learning situation. It is not just to supplement learning but to complement its process.

Teaching facilities are made up of objects such as printed materials, audio, visual that aid in the successful delivery of social studies lesson (Chuba 2000: 101). To this end, teaching facilities are said to be objects or things the teacher can use in the classroom while teaching in order to ease off his teaching activities. However, teaching facilities cannot address all the teaching learning problem but it can go a long way in solving them, simply because they are additional apparatus that can influence the reality of teaching and learning activities.

Joof (1995: 85) explained that, the concept of teaching aids has gone through several evolutionary stage from the simple aids, educational technology, media to communication and educational technology. This however, tells us that teaching facilities are not just objects or equipments used during teaching learning process but there those objects improvised by the teacher to make conceptual abstraction more concrete and practical to the learners. Teaching facilities are the relevant materials utilized by a teacher during social studies teaching  process for the purpose of making the contents of teaching more practical and less vague. Teaching facilities are indispensable factors of in any teaching learning process. Ordinary words or verbalization has been found to be inadequate for effective teaching. Teaching facilities serve as a channel through which message, information, ideas and knowledge are disseminated more easily. They can therefore be manipulated, seen, heard, feet or talked about. They facilitate activities. They are anything or anybody the teacher turns to for help in his learning process (ESU & Umoren 1998).

Teaching facilities group the learners’ intellect and eliminated boredom. Some of the unique qualities of teaching facilities is speedy learning and accuracy. They make the work easier, more appeal, accurate, neater and boosting for clarity of social studies concept. If social studies is to be learned effectively, it must be experienced. Social studies is so close to the life of every child that no teacher needs ever be without teaching facilities for teaching of social studies. One of the biggest draw backs in the assessment of teaching facilities is inadequate supply of teaching facilities.

Teaching of social studies in respect to its scope and nature, which is multidimensional, integrative and dynamic, cannot effectively take effects without the assessment of teaching facilities, the teaching of social studies contents must focus not only on making teachers competent at using teaching facilities, but at the same time, promote strategies that enables the integration of teaching facilities that enhances teaching and learning of social studies goals and objectives.

Teaching facilities as an act of giving help normally by teachers to provide help and encouragement in students or pupils learning activities. They further described teaching facilities as a tool, which can easily be used by a teacher to correct wrong impressions and to illustrate things that learners cannot forget. The major aim of using teaching facilities in social studies teaching  is to achieve excellent result.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The assessment of teaching facilities in teaching social studies has been widely researched but many questions are still remains unanswered. The need for exploring locally available materials in our schools, resourcefulness of the teacher must be in line with the learners’ curriculum and environment so that classroom teaching does have to be retarded by lack of funds. The problems are that; teaching facilities not available in our schools, teachers are not improvising and reluctant in using them.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to determine the assessment of teaching facilities in social studies teaching. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To access the teaching facility in social studies .
2. To find out how adequate the teaching facilities available, types and selected suit the teaching of social studies content.
3. To assess the problems associated with the assessment of teaching facilities.
4. To determine the teachers’ knowledge, competency, in the selection of teaching facilities and reasons why they do not utilize the teaching facilities.
5. To find out how often social studies teachers utilize teaching facilities in the course of teaching social studies.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions were asked and answered in the study;

1. How frequently do social studies teachers utilize teaching facilities during social studies lesson?
2. What are the problems associated with the assessment of teaching facilities in teaching social studies?
3. What are the reasons why the teachers do not use teaching facilities?
4. What are the benefits of teaching facilities to the students?
5. What are the suggested solutions to the problems?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is obvious that, teaching facilities cut across all the spheres of teaching. The findings of the study have some implications for all the processes of acquiring knowledge as it will give insight into the importance and procedures for selecting and assessment of teaching facilities in the teaching learning process of any subject at all.

The integrity of teaching and learning would be rekindled as meaningful learning will be achieved as prospective teachers both in the field of social studies and any other discipline would also have a strong background as how to manipulate and integrate teaching facilities with teaching. This will help in showing the effectiveness and the usefulness of teaching facilities for teaching social studies to the teachers and all other classroom teaching and learning activities. It would help the educational supervisors on the basic teaching  equipment to be provided for social studies teaching whenever inspection is carried out.

 

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EFFECT OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF YOUTH IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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ABSTRACT

This issue of teenage pregnancy in our contemporary society has been considered an epidemic and endemic in nature, which constitutes social problem that should requires social action for amelioration.

Moreso, this study focuses on effect of teenage pregnancy on educational attainment of youth, Because, the rate of youngsters (students) especially female dropping out of schools has been on the increase. And having considered the political, socio-economic and socio-cultural effects. It should be a matter of concern to individual parents, teachers, churches, mosque, non-governmental organization (NGOs) and groups.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1        Background of the Study

1.2        Statement of Problem

1.3        Purpose of Study

1.4        Significance of the Study

1.5        Research Question

1.6        Delimitation

1.7        Limitation of Study

1.8        Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.1        Literature Review

2.2        Low Level of Teenagers Education

2.3        The Government Influence

2.4        Influence of Schools Administration

2.5        Poor Parental Socio-Economic Background

2.6        Mass Media Influence

2.7        Peer Group Influence

2.8        Sexual Activity

2.9        Pregnancy

2.10    The Use of Contraception

2.11    Family Planning Services

2.12    Abortion

2.13    Sexually Transmitted Diseases

2.14    Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE        

3.1        Methodology

3.2        Design of the Study

3.3        Sample and Sampling Technique

3.4        Instrument

3.5        Validity of Instruments

3.6        Reliability of the Instruments

3.7        Method of Data Collection

3.8        Method of Analyzing the Data

CHAPTER FOUR

4.2        Data Analysis

4.3        Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE:           SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1        Summary

5.2        Findings

5.3        Conclusion

5.4        Recommendation

References                                                       

Appendix                                        

 

 

                   

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.9       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Teenage pregnancy among youths in Nigeria has assumed an alarming proportion in recent years. A careful observation of the unfolding scenario of history would reveal the complexity of the problem which is even more glaring by the fact that is occurrences seems of double edge sword to the victims family, community and the nation in general. Meakers and Armed (1999).

A teenager is one who have attained between the ages of 13 – 19 years which is also regarded as “adolescence” period that is characterized with puberty experiences.

According to psychologist, regard this period to be more dedicate in the life of every individual as it precede and determines adulthood personality and adjustments. Horrocks (1975) with this, adequate guidance and counseling is needed whereas if lacking many lead to maladjustment. A Haurlock (1982) it is a period of adjacent storm, stress and crises when one grope, for adjustment in order to meet the demanding physical, mental, social, emotional, political, and economic standard. Therefore the need for adequate paternal and maternal care for teens cannot be overemphasized.

 

In many parts of the world, the problem of teenage prostitution and pregnancy has been a frightening reality. The results are tragic and often times involve them in crime and drug abuse. Many of them feel frustrated and worthless, seeing little or no prospect of escaping their wretched lives. Influential personalities recognize the devastating effects of teenage prostitution and pregnancy Brazils ex-president, Fernando Henrisque Cardoso aptly stated, child prostitution is a barbarous crime. Also a Brazilian newspaper published this sobering comment about child prostitution countries where such a practice is common, tolerated, accepted and even bought after because of the money it beings experience every day the devastation that it causes awake, child prostitution a tragic reality (Feb. 8, 2003).

Despite the noble intentions most well individuals and groups to curb the phenomenon still stands in a growing rate. What leads to this horrific situation? Why do so many tolerate and even promote such a suicidal and genocidal behaviour. There has been jingles in day to day radios and television stations and such more plethora reports in newspapers about the ugly trend of teenage pregnancy among youths. Effort put in place has seem on difference, as a great number of students untimely withdrawing out of school in a massive manner. Not only limited to the females but along with their males counterparts who in collaboration involves in the act. L. l. Lauries, (1985).

 

Lloyd and Menseh (1999) believed that the nature of the school, a girl or boy attends is presumed to be important because the negation process around sex. The description of this process is that girls “give in” to boys in exchange for gifts money transit.

Inevitable the consequences is said to be unmeasurable as it send many to grave others who end up with the complications of pregnancy and childbirth including infertility, pelvic infections and chronic pain, obstetrician Olubukola Fawole (2001).

Former, minister of health Dr. Ransome Kuti said that adolescent girls are victims of 50% of all maternal deaths in Nigeria. Early pregnancy in these young females result in very high mortality due to obstructed labor and other obstetric complications. Also, among girls below age 19, 72% of all deaths result from abortion complications. In addition to teenage pregnancy, other factors responsible for high maternal mortality in Nigeria include low education levels, poverty, lack of access to good health are and harmful traditional practices such as genital mutilation and especially early marriage.

In Nigeria increased unprotected sexual activities among males and females adolescents leading to unwanted pregnancy and illegal abortion is posing serious health problems.

Approximately 610,000 abortions are performed in Nigeria annually, 60% of which are thought to be unsafe the maternal mortality ration in Nigeria is 1,500 deaths per 100,000 live births, of these 12% are estimated to be due to unsafe abortion.

In some series, unsafe abortion accounted for up to 40% of maternal mortality, the average unsafe abortion morality ration in Africa is 110, deaths per 100,000 live following unsafe abortion in Nigeria is said to be worrisome.

World Health Organization (WHO) 1993, education of teens could play a vital role, according to Universal Basic Education (UBE) policy on education (1981) specify equal right of every one to education. But this is reverse in practice as many female teens has been forced to withdraw out of school, due to pregnancy, which is the leading proximate cause of female early dropout of school. And many other reasons are absence of social and economic opportunities for girls and woman and the demand placed on them, coupled with the gender. Inequalities known to exist within the educational school experience, poor academic performance and resignation to preference and resignation for early motherhood.

Therefore although pregnancy is often though to disrupt the education of adolescent girls, teenage reproductive behaviour may be endogenous to school completion in that many of the same factors tend to drop out and early child bearing. Lloyd and Mensch (1999). However, the need to untangle the issue of teenage pregnancy has down on us undisputable major concern that is germane to our task of explaining and ascertaining the causative factors, and solution to ameliorating the menacing ugly trend among youths in Edo State.

Secondary school students in Edo States are mostly between the ages of 12 – 18years, which makes them teenagers or adolescents secondary school female students in Edo State are vulnerable for reasons such as home background, economic situation, peer group (mixed secondary schools). Thus exposes them to early pregnancy.

 

 

1.10   STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study is geared towards investigating into the effect of teenage pregnancy on educational attainment of youth in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

It is no doubt a social malady playing our entire society. Hence, the need to explore the underlying factors and solutions for the degrading phenomenon is undisputable, several ways of its correction and eradication has been widely acknowledged in literature.

 

 

1.11   PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the problems of teenage pregnancy among youths of Edo State. It will consider the predisposing factors responsible for teenage pregnancy. Also to seek measures of addressing the menace to the barest minimum in our society, precisely in Edo State in particular.

School age girls who become pregnant come from all socio economic classes of all race and all parts of the country. (Rural and Urban). Many teenagers are facing the dilemma of unwanted pregnancy and unwanted parenthood.

Parents, the society and the nation, and the world in general are affected by them directly or indirectly, and their choices will have significant consequences for the future of their communities, their countries and the rest of the world.

1.12   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The essence of this study is that it finding would be of tremendous assistance to educators, teachers, parents, guidance, government, Youths in Edo State and beyond. Should the resultant recommendations are considered and appreciated; the good image of the state will be protected through educational standard and manpower improvement. Parents would stand the changes of enjoying the fruit of their womb and labour, as there will be no longer untimely withdrawal from school, less health hazards among youths (female teens), less economic waste and personality degradation.

The school management would be proud of their academic standard since reliable and enviable products would be emerging out of the school in a dramatic manner. Also the government would be relieved of the pressure of meaningless and extravagant spending on family planning services, chemotherapeutics drugs and equipment, adoption laws and regulations, sex education and the like.

 

 

1.13   RESEARCH QUESTION

In the course of this study to unravel the effect of teenage pregnancy on educational attainment of youth in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State., the following questions are intended to be investigated.

1.           Does teenage pregnancy affect the academic performance of female youths?

2.           Is the school administration responsible for teenage pregnancy?

3.           Does poor parental social-economic background also contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy among youths?

4.           Does influence of peer group has to do with teenage pregnancy in our schools?

5.           Do the mass media influence responsible for teenage pregnancy among youths in Edo State?

6.           Could the educational level of female teens responsible for teenage pregnancy among teenagers?

 

 

1.14   DELIMITATION

This study is designed to embrace all SSS I – III female youths of Egor Local Government Area, Edo State.

The students age range fall between the bracket of 13 – 19years with high variance.

1.15   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mortality Ratio:                 Is the number of deaths recorded in a population of people over a given period of time.

Puberty:                           It is the onset of menarche for girls and the first experience of nocturnal emissions for boys.

Suicidal Behaviour:           It is the behavioiur vulnerably inimical to one’s survival.

Genocidal Behaviour:        It is the behaviour that could vulnerable estimate a race of people (nation).

Peer Group:                      People of the age with similar background and interest.

Contraception:                  It is the practice or methods employ deliberately to prevent pregnancy.

Ectopic Pregnancy:            A fertilized ova developing outside the womb (uterus) as conception.

Abortion:                               It is the premature expulsion of (embryo, placenta etc) from the uterus of conception before 28th weeks of gestation.

Pornography:                    Presentation of image or pictures exposing sexual parts of human body.

Adolescence:                    A time of discovery of self, of feeling and of the complexities of society usually occurring between the ages of 13 – 18 years. This period of psychological maturation.

 

 

 

 

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