A SURVEY OF CAUSES AND MODES OF EXPLOITATION OF STUDENTS BY TEACHERS

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name:3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

From the research project which its topic is “a survey of causes and modes of exploitation of students by teachers schools”. Responses were gotten from 200 students collected randomly from various departments in the college. The instrument used in the study is questionnaires, which was distributed to the students to answer. The responses from the questionnaires were collected and computed into tables in percentage scores. The result of the findings shows that students are really exploited by teachers in many ways. Moreso, this exploitation of students by teachers has created some anxiety and frustration in the students and has lead them to all sorts of atrocities including prostitution. The researcher therefore recommended that the teacher should be paid their salary when due and expected. The school should also be adequately funded by the government. Finally, the teachers should act as a caretaker to their students.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Exploitation of students by teachers is not a new phenomenon in our society. In the past, some students have been physically and emotionally exploited. Students are made to work in their teachers farm, carry firewood to their teachers house, fetching water for their teachers etc. nowadays, it is a different thin altogether, the act of selling monographs, and text books has given some bad impression on the lecturers manipulate and exploit the students to make their own money without considering the bad economic situation prevailing in Nigeria now. Again students are been exploited by paying one levy or the other like departmental, levy, test levy etc in the years past, when education was what it suppose to be, students were not being taxed for anything. Text books and handouts were given free of charge but now the reverse has been the case, teachers have turned our schools to become book shops where buying and selling of books are made available and compulsory in the name of money, both in primary and secondary level.

The indigent students that have no money to buy these books are being made to fail the course because of the fact that they could not purchase these books. Teachers also exploit the students through sexual harassment and sorting of result where the students are made to pay either in cash or kind. Students are no longer serious with their studies since they feel that if they are able to meet up with the demands of their teachers they pass. For the fact that this situation of exploitation has been a burden to students in secondary schools and tertiary institutions, parents and guardians who see to the education of their children and relations have little or no left over money with them due to the fact that the money were being taken away by teachers in one way or the other. Money used in the olden days to train three to four people in the university is now spent on one person.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The teachers who have made textbooks and handiwork compulsory in primary schools have created some anxiety and stealing into pupils, while in secondary and higher institutions have created also some anxiety and frustration into the students. I the sense that students are forced to have carryover by some lecturers that made their monographs and text books to be compulsory. These teachers go along way to prevent students from having their continuous assessment thereby making them to have incomplete results. This has created the act of do or die attitude towards students who have been seeking ways of passing their courses. This leads to student’s starvation and also make prostitution and promiscuity to become well pronounced especially in higher institutions. Because of this immoral attitude by teachers, a good number of students have fallen victims of contacting sexual transmitted disease as well as victims of unwanted pregnancy in our higher institutions of learning today. This study seeks to find out the different ways students are exploited by the teachers.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The purpose of this study is to find out the different ways students are exploited by their teachers but in specific terms this study wants to find out:

1.          Whether textbooks and handout are made compulsory for students by their teachers or lecturers.

2.           If the teachers make the students to have carryover in those courses.

3.          If the buying of monographs and textbooks are used as continuous assessment

4.          How this affect the students especially the female ones in higher institutions.

5.          If this exploitation by lectures contribute towards female prostitution in higher institutions.

6.          How this affects the families and to what extent the school authorities had addressed herself to this problems.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this research may serve as an empirical data which might be useful as a basis for decision making ni matters affecting students exploitation by their lecturers. Results of this study will enlighten the students to put more efforts on their studies and avoid moving for the easy way out of difficulties.

The school administration may find the result of the research beneficial, as it well serve as a guide in creating a good standard and conducive environment for learning, with this findings also it will help and direct the curriculum planners plan well and as well have much learning facilities in the way that the students out reach be more emphasized. The findings will be a device for evaluating the efforts of school authority towards the achievements of good studying environment. The ministry of education may also through this finding be directed to the areas to focus attention to minimize the speed growth of student’s exploitation by their teachers in our various higher institutions of learning. The findings of this research will also serve as a clue to our guidance and counselling in educating our female students patterning the effect of prostitution.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.          Do teachers really make their handout and textbooks compulsory?

2.          Do teachers fail students who do not buy their textbooks or handout?

3.          Do teachers use textbooks or handout as continuous assessment?

4.          Does this exploitation of students by teachers have any effect on the students?

5.          To what extent had exploitation acted as clog in the wheel of the prostitution and starvation of the students?

6.          To what extent had school authorities addressed herself to the problems of exploitation of students by teachers?

7.          Do parents feel happy spending money in training their children?

8.          Is sexual harassment one of the ways of exploiting students by lecturers?

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

The study will cover the causes and modes of exploitation of students by teacher in Edo State;

 

 

 

 

Continue reading CAUSES AND MODES OF EXPLOITATION OF STUDENTS BY TEACHERS →

EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name:3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research work is to find out the causes and consequences of examination malpractice in secondary school, using some selected Secondary Schools in Ughelli North Local Government Area as a case study. A total of 100 students were used on this study. The instrument used for collection of data from them as the questionnaire and records of students who have been punished either by expulsion or warning their class. The generated data were analyzed using simple percentages. The findings of the study are as following, recommendations are made. More teachers should be employed so that during examination, the different rooms and hall will have more invigilators. The teachers should teach the students; about reading skills to enable them develop good reading habits. The management should endeavour to build more large halls. Course system should be introduced in secondary school. The educational system should be restructured to provide for a smooth transition. Less emphasis should as from now be accorded paper qualifications owners.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

There is evidence in the literatures that examination are some of the controversial issues in education today because of their nature, they attract many critics some of these critics think that less emphasis should be placed or laid on examination while others advocated understanding of subject rather than recourse to examination.

Also examinations are known to play very important role in our education system. According to Ojerinde in Oyechere (1996), examination is a formal test of somebody knowledge, skills or ability in a particular subject especially by means of oral or written questions or practical exercise. According to Liman, (1996) examination is a means of testing student’s knowledge and competence. To Ahmed (1996) examination is any act of wrongdoing or neglect that contravenes the rules and regulations of acceptable practice before, during and after an examination by any after an examination by any reason. In all countries of the world examination, which are in reality and frequently in name also competitions designed to eliminate the majority of candidate and allocate the remainder to certain known vacancies.

The most important quality of examination is used to determine pass or fail of students or group students in a school. This is necessary because I the opinion of Ahmed history seem to support the views that setting students against one another in trial and competition has always been repeatable means of inviting them zeal. Students who knows that he might fail an examination which will in turn determines his progress or promotion will strive to pass. Examination is also used academically for assigning grades to student’s secondary schools, we find students being places in division one, two and three or distinction credit and respectively determined through an examination.

 

In the universities also, students are stratified into first, second, (Upper and Lower) or third class degree having gone through an examination. These grades are measure of success and prestige students with a division one pass in school certificate examination will be retained by those around him as academically precious, he is also likely to have a place in institutions of higher learning or in job situation with the society easier than students with a division three pass. All these candidates have combined to influence a student’s attitude to an examination, which always culminates in an urge for success in any particular examination on whether or not he had prepared for it.

 

Examinations are also used for other functions. According to Senekan (1996), examination is irregularities, which are premeditated and perpetuated by the candidates or their agents with the intension of gaining undue advantage in the examination. They are designed as a basis for licensing. An example according to Senekan is the drilling test no one so far wishes to part a limit to the number of drives on the road or to set motorist completing against to knock out all bet a small pre-determined quantities of top-grade performance. The authorities have every desire to ensure that those who handled cab are capable of doing so with at least a minimum of efficiency. All licensing examination is a means of screening undesirable, so as to make life safer for many of our roads. Results are governed not by an absolute standard and performance but by the level of competence of the competitions and in the last sort. Civil Servant by the number of posts to be filled in Delta State school system, the students have to fall series of the ought in educational circles and hence the need of this work.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Around the nation today a lot, of people have been it discuss on the issue of the fallen standard of education. People have the notion that the fallen standard of education can be traced to examination malpractice hence the aim of this research is to find the causes and consequences of this menace called examination malpractices especially in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State.

 

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of examination malpractice in secondary schools especially, secondary schools in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, various methods employed by students as well as the roles by teachers, parents, secondary school authorities and the society at large.

 

 

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.          What are the consequences of examination malpractice?

2.          Why do student engage in examination malpractice?

3.          What methods do the students use in carrying out the examination malpractice?

4.          What are the contributions of teachers towards encouraging examination?

5.          Does unconducive learning environment propel students into examination malpractice?

 

 

1.5  HYPOTHESIS

The following hypotheses were drawn for this study;

1.  There is no significant consequence between students who engaged in examination malpractices and those who do not.

2.  There is no significance contribution of teachers to the major problem of examination malpractice

3.  Unconducive learning environment does not lead or propel students into examination malpractice.

4.  Inadequate provision of instruction materials does not push students into examination malpractice.

 

 

1.6  SCOPE OF DELIMITATION

The researcher concentrated on Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. These are the name of the schools;

1.          Orogun Grammar School Orogun

2.          Anglican Girls Grammer School, Ughelli

3.          Government College Ughelli

4.          Otor-vwodo Grammar School Ughelli

5.          Ojowe Secondary Schol Orogun

6.          Standard International School, Ughelli.

 

 

1.7  SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

It is of great importance to note that at the completion of this research work, various secondary schools, communities, towns, state and Nigeria in general will find the result of this research work to be beneficial to a great extent, this research work would play an essential role in the standard of education and in the task of economic growth and development. The result from this research work will also provide an ample opportunity for parents to be aware of what role they must play in order to prevent their children from being engaged in examination malpractice.

 

 

 

 

Continue reading EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS →

IN PORT HARCOURT LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

There is a growing body of literature from researchers and educationists which have made an attempt to examine the relationship between education management and students academic performance (Orodho, 2014; UNESCO, 1999; United Nations, 2013; Waweru & Orodho, 2014). The results reveal rather spurious relationship (Waweru & Orodho, 2014).

However, what is clear is that educational management in secondary schools (either private or public) involves the application of management principles in designing, developing and effecting resources towards achievement of educational goals (Okumbe, 2001). This effectiveness according to UNESO (2009) is judged by the extent to which schools generally meet the expectations of the society within which they are established. Since independence, the Nigerian government has demonstrated commitment to the provision of quality secondary school education through allocation of financial resources, provision of trained teachers and establishment of quality assurance department. The government of Nigeria has also put in place a guideline for the establishment of private secondary schools and has continually monitored the activities of secondary school owner with a view to ensure compliance with the set standard and the guidelines. According to Ohba (2009), shortage of teachers, lack of basic facilities, community interferences, poor teaching methodology and administrative related factors such as poor management of school resources have been noted as some of these factors that are militating against the effectiveness of private schools in Nigeria which has continued to have negative effects on the student’s academic performance.

Many private secondary schools in Nigeria lack infrastructural facilities, good teachers and are managed by unqualified proprietors. As a matter of fact, many private secondary schools have turned to “miracle center” where students are helped to write external examinations because the students are not prepared, don’t have the requisite knowledge and confidence to face external examination like the senior secondary examination and the junior secondary examination.

Literature related to school based strategies employed by school managers to improve students’ academic performance has revealed mixed and contrasting range of results (Croninger & Lee, 2001; Zepeda, 2004; Fullan, 1991; Lamb, 2007 ; Waweru & orodho, 2014; World Bank, 2008). Croninger and Lee (2001) reported that the degree of teacher caring and interaction with students reported by both parents and teachers has a significant impact on performance. In a review of effective schools in the US, Croninger and Lee (2001) found evidence that schools with a common sense of purpose and strong communal organization involving collegial relationships among staff and positive adult student relationships are efficient in promoting a range of academic and social outcomes reflecting students’ engagement and commitment.

Port Harcourt local government area has 243 secondary schools, there has been high rates of failure I the external examinations especially some private secondary schools located in the areas that can be described has “slums”.

This is a failure because the graduates of this grade do not qualify in most careers for further education and training. It is apparent that various intertwined factors could be responsible for this poor performance in the local government. This background prompted the undertaking of this study on examination of management strategies factor and its influence on students’ academic performance in private secondary schools in Port Harcourt local government area, Port Harcourt, rivers state, Nigeria.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Nigeria has put different policies for both private and public secondary schools in place to make education accessible, improve transition, quality, completion and retention rates to all her citizens. Some of these policies included decent infrastructural facilities (good classroom, library, laboratories, toilets etc.), health facilities, sports and recreational facilities. Despite this intervention, the problem of low performance persisted in schools especially in some private secondary schools that are characterized with poor qualities of facilities and teachers leading to high rate of indiscipline and poor academic performance of the students.

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

1.  To examine the role of management in the operation of private secondary schools.

2.  To identify the influence of management factor on the academic  performance of private secondary school students in Port Harcourt local government

3.  To determine the other factors that influences the academic performance of private secondary school student

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.  What is the role of management in the operation of private secondary schools?

2.  What is the influence of management factor on the academic performance of private secondary school students in Port Harcourt local government?

3.  What are the other factors that influences the academic performance of private secondary school student?

 

1.5   HYPOTHESIS

HO: Management factor do not influence private secondary school student’s academic performance in Port Harcourt local government.

HA: Management factor do influence private secondary school student’s academic performance in Port Harcourt local government.

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

1.  The outcome of this study will educate the general public and the government on the quality of management of private schools in Nigeria with a view of identifying the shortfalls and preferring solutions to them.

2.  This research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject area.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will cover the activities of private secondary schools in Port Harcourt local government area with emphasis on the management factor as to how it affects the performance of the students in their examinations.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

REFERENCES

Croniger, R. G. & Lee,V.E. (2001). Social capital and dropping out of high school: benefits to at risk students’ support and guidance. Teacher College Record, 103(4), 548- 581.

Finan, T. (2010). Impact of school feeding program in Kenya: (1999-2008) A Mixed Methods Approach, Rome; World Food Program, 2010. Fullan, M. G. (1991). The new meaning of education change. (2nd end). New York:Teachers College Press.

Lamb, S. (2007). Student Resource Package Three Year Rolling Benchmark Review—Victorian Government Schools (2008). Report prepared for the Victorian Secondary School Reform. Available at. : http://www.dpskl2.org/pdf/culture

Ohba, A. (2009). Does free secondary education enable the poor to gain access? A study from therural Kenya. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 21.

Okumbe, J. A. (2001). Human resource management: An educational perspective. Nairobi: Educational Development and Research Bureau.

Orodho, A.J.(2014). Coalescing Nutrition and Health Programmes to Enhance Pupils’ Participation in Basic Education as A Panacea to Socio-Economic Development of Marginalized Communities in Kenya in The 21st Century .A paper presented the Africa Nutrition Conference, North Coast Beach Hotel Mombasa, Kenya. 10-11 March, 2014.

UNESCO (1999). Education for All: A framework for action in Sub-Saharan Africa: Education Renaissance in the 21st Century. Adopted at the Sub-Saharan Conference on Education forAll. Johannesburg, South Africa, 6-10 December.

United Nations.(2013). A New Global Partnership: Eradicating Poverty and Transform Economy through Sustainable Development. The Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post- 2015 Development Agenda. The United Nations.

Waweru .P,N& Orodho,A.J.(2013).Management practices and students academic performance in national examinations in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. International Journal of Scientific Research. Vol.5, Issue 2 ,pp472-479 February, 2014.www.recentscientific.com .

UNESCO (2006). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007: Strong Foundations. Early Childhood Care and Education. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

World Bank. (2008). Kenya-Data and Statistics. Retrieved from. http://web.worldbank.org/pk:356509,00.html

Zapeda, S. (2004). Instructional leadership for school improvement. Larchmont. NY: Eye on Education

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Continue reading Effect of parental care on the academic performance of primary school pupil →

Effect of socioeconomic status and sex on attitude towards crime

 

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2      STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3      RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.4      OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.5      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.6      STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1.7      SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.8      DEFINITION OF TREMS

ABSTRACT

The research  provides  a theoretical appraisal of the effect of socio economic status and sex on attitude towards crime. It elucidates levels of  socioeconomic status and its effect towards crime. it is intended that the study shall serve as repository knowledge for attitudinal reformation framework towards crime.

 

INTRODUCTION

Social class, or socioeconomic status (SES), refers to an individual’s rank vis-à-vis others in society in terms of wealth, occupational prestige, and education . Abundant resources and elevated rank allow upper-class individuals increased freedom and independence , giving rise to self-focused patterns of social cognition and behavior . Relative to lower-class individuals, upper-class individuals have been shown to be less cognizant of others  and worse at identifying the emotions that others feel .Socio-economic status refer to the social and economic position occupied by parents in the society, Ivor (1978) defined it as a level made up of individuals who deem themselves equal due to similarities in family background, level of education, occupation, race and attitude towards social issues. Adebayo (1981) observed that the social status of individuals is a reflection of their economic status and he went further to explain that socio-economic status is usually a measure of the income and occupation of the individual, irrespective of his or her educational or social standing. According to him this has a tremendous influence on students’ behaviour.

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Ezewu (1987) posited that socio-economic status can affect the academic performance of students in terms of early attendance at school, attendance of best schools and the provision of necessary materials. The students from low socio-economic status would find it difficult to obtain his needs from his parents. So he or she may be lured into cultism in order to meet his needs. Giddens (1996) in a longitudinal study of the influence of socio-economic status of parents on children’s behaviour found out that children with behavioural problems come from families with lowsocio-economic background. Also Chauhan (2002) posited that, there is a positive correlation between poverty and crime involving very high earnings and very low risks.

He observed that the highest percentage of criminals come from low socio-economic background. Furthermore, he observed that all persons who come from under-privilege class are criminals. The crucial factor in poor homes is that parents cannot fulfill the legitimate needs of their children. This financial incapability makes students vulnerable to the deceit of cultism, who deceives them that they will empower them and meet their needs only to end up being a cultist. On his part, Ekpo (2000) view socio-economic status as a complex phenomenon which exerts pervasive influence on all aspect of one’s life. He noted that socio-economic status is a liability that renders students vulnerable to the mischievous antics of cultists in order to make ends meet.

Ukpong (1999) observed that socio-economic status has some sociological implication on the society. She explained that crime rates like cultism, gangsters, rape, street life such as hawking, prostitution and drug addiction are seriously on the increase because of poverty.

 

 

1.1      DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM

The problem confronting this research is to investigate the effect of  socio economic status and sex on attitude towards crime.

 

1.2      RESEARCH QUESTION

1            What is socio economic status

2            What is the effect of socioeconomic status and sex on attitude       towards crime.

 

1.3      OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To appraise the nature and effect of socioeconomic status and sex on attitude towards crime

1.4      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study shall provide a source of information on issues of socioeconomic status and sex on attitude towards crime.

 

1.5      STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1      H0   The level of crime in the society is low

H1   The level of crime in the society is high

2      H0    Effect of socioeconomic status on attitude towards crime                        is low

H1     Effect of socioeconomic status on attitude towards crime                       is high

3      H0   Effect  of sex on attitude towards crime is low

H1    Effect of sex on attitude towards crime is high

 

1.6      SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the appraisal of the effect of socioeconomic status and sex on attitude towards crime

 

1.7      DEFINITION OF TERMS

SOCIO ECONOMIC  STATUS

Social class, or socioeconomic status (SES), refers to an individual’s rank vis-à-vis others in society in terms of wealth, occupational prestige, and education. Abundant resources and elevated rank allow upper-class individuals increased freedom and independence, giving rise to self-focused patterns of social cognition and behavior. Relative to lower-class individuals, upper-class individuals have been shown to be less cognizant of others  and worse at identifying the emotions that others feel .Socio-economic status refer to the social and economic position occupied by parents in the society, Ivor (1978) defined it as a level made up of individuals who deem themselves equal due to similarities in family background, level of education, occupation, race and attitude towards social issues. Adebayo (1981) observed that the social status of individuals is a reflection of their economic status and he went further to explain that socio-economic status is usually a measure of the income and occupation of the individual, irrespective of his or her educational or social standing.

 

SECRET   SOCIETY

The 1979 Federal Constitution, Section 35(4) defined a secret society as “…a society or association, not being a solely cultural or religious body, that uses secret signs, oaths, rites or symbols.

(a) Whose meeting or activities are held in secret;

(b) Whose members are under oath, obligation or other threat to promote the interest of its members or to aid one another under circumstances without regard to merit, fair-play or justice”.

The above are the features of cultism on Nigeria University Campuses.

 

 

 

 

Continue reading Effect of socio economic status and sex on attitude towards crime →