THE INFLUENCE OF WESTERN TELEVISION PROGRAMME ON THE CULTURAL VALUES OF NIGERIA YOUTHS.

 

(A CASE STUDY OF CARITAS STUDENTS, ENUGU).

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study –       –       –       –       –       1

1.2   Statement of the Research Problem –       –       –       –       2

1.3   Objective of the Study –   –       –       –       –       –       3

1.4   Significance of the Study –       –       –       –       –       3

1.5   Research Question –        –       –       –       –       –       –       3

1.6   Research   Hypothesis –   –       –       –       –       –       4

1.7   Scope/Delimitation of the Study –   –       –       –       4

1.8   Assumption of the Study –       –       –       –       –       4

1.9   Limitation of the Study    –       –       –       –       –       5

1.10 Conceptional and Operational Definition –      –       –       5

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Sources of Literature –     –       –       –       –       –       6

2.2   Review of Relevant Literature – –       –       –       –       6

2.3   Theoretical Framework –  –       –       –       –       –       12

2.4   Summary of the Literature –     –       –       –       –       14

 

 

CHPATER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1   Research Design –    –       –       –       –       –       –       16

3.2   Area of the Study     –       –       –       –       –       –       16

3.3   Population of the Study – –       –       –       –       –       16

3.4   Research Sample and Sampling Technique –   –       17

3.5   Instrument used for Data Collection –      –       –       17

3.6   Validity of the Instrument –      –       –       –       –       18

3.7   Method of Collecting Data –     –       –       –       –       18

3.8   Method of Data Analysis –        –       –       –       –       –       18

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1   Date Analysis and Presentation –     –       –       –       39

4.2   Hypotheses Testing –       –       –       –       —     –       –       47

4.3   Discussion of Findings –  –       –       –       –       –       52

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1   Summary –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       58

5.2   Recommendation –  –       –       –       –       –       –       59

6.3   Conclusion –    –       –       –       –       –       —     –       61

6.4   Suggestion for  further Studies –      –       –       –       63

 

ABSTRACT

This study probes the impact which Tv has on the cultural values of the Nigeria youths. It specifically tackles the impact of western Tv programes on Nigeria University students. The research posits that the current trends in cultural behaviour of youths in Nigeria as observed among Caritas student Enugu is significantly associated with their perception of western culture and exposure to western Tv programmes. The assumption that foreign media content has direct powerful effects is shared by optimistic modernization theory. Lerner (1962) Rogers (1964) Schramm (1964) and the later critical perspective of cultural and media imperialism. McPhail (1981), (1984) Gerbuer (1977). The research applies the theory of acculturation along with the culturation hypothesis. “Defluer and Dennis 1991, Garbner 1977, Morgan 1991” explains that acculturation of Nigeria youths take place as a result of exposure to western Tv which influence the perception of Tv reality and alters self-image. From the review of related literature, the following hypotheses emerged for testing HI: More exposure to Tv will tend to identification of western television stars as models. H2: The improvement of Local Tv movies industries will increase Nigerian youths’ preference for local Tv product. Research hypotheses 1 and 2 received statistical support from the analysis of collected data using the survey research method Recommendations to check the cultural genocide for further research were preferred.                   

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study is based on the influence of western television programmes on the cultural values Of Nigerian youths using Caritas University Students as a study. The term culture has been defined differently by different people. The different definitions attached to culture are based on the differences in the orientation of the people.

According to Ekeh (1989), culture is the construct used in an attempt to analyze and integrate events and ideas in broad spectrum of areas of society. Jekayinka (2002), states that from wider perspective, culture includes the total repertoire of human action which are socially transmitted from generation to generation. Obiora (2002), says the transformation of culture is gradual and not sudden. He (2002), contends that culture is a continuous process of change. It changes exactly the same way as the human being change. It is dynamic, learned, acquired and transmitted or diffused through contact or means of communication flow from generation to another. The Nigerian culture is observed to be fading out as a result of the acceptance and adaptation of the modernist’s solution on to underdevelopment. One of such theories which relates to this subtle method of assault international communication is given by Lerner (1956).

In his concept of “empathy”, Lerner states that the inhabitants of third world nations must learn to empathize with the West for modern transformation of their societies to be possible. Schramm (1964), on the other hand, developed an interesting model in which he equates the level of social development of communication to various nations. Access to these modern mass media (Radio, Television, films, telephone, and newspapers) is linked to individual modernity. Nigeria and other third world countries have reacted to these finding by inventing a substantial amount of their foreign exchange earnings to import radio and television transmitters and sets. The television programmes especially provides many powerful models for children and abundant opportunities for observational learning.

The television programmes include:

1. Depiction of sex
2. Violence
3. Drug and Alcohol used
   1. Vulgar Language – behaviours. Etc. that most parents do not want their children to imitate.

Studies have been found by early adolescence that the average Nigerian children have watched thousands of dramatized murders and countless other acts of violence on television (www.encarta.com). For many years, psychologists have debated the question of whether watching violence on Tv have detrimental effects on children. A number of experiments both inside and outside the laboratory have found evidence that viewing Tv violence is relayed to increased aggression in children.

Nigerians as exemplified by trends in Enugu Metropolis where Western exports of television entertainment, information are shown in NTA Enugu, ESBS Television, Minaj Channel, Cartoon Network, ESPN –“Expanded Sports programmes Network” channel provided by various satellite transmission  operators as DSTV, Multi – Choice, Music television, Euro – sports, etc, have raised Nigerians eyebrows to such Western television programs. Thereby, making uss to behave like them, associate with them and even speaks like them. Even our generation that is shown on NTA Enugu and the youth perspective on ESBS are presented by youth and replete with music video of Western origin dominated by rape stars as (Late) Tupac, Beyonce, Ashanti, 50- Cent, Sean Paul, Kelly Rowland, Celine Dion, etc. It is the researcher’s believe that western television especially American television exports have an influencing “weapon” with aim to overpower the cultural values of Nigerian youths.  

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The influence of Western television programmes on the cultural values of Nigerian youths have been said to be a serious problem facing Nigerians. Some of these problems are:

1. Inadequate policy to guard the youths towards Western Tv programmes.
2. There is an erosion of the cultural values.
3. The imitation of Western cultures especially the American
4. The Nigerian youths are faced with brain wash.

Therefore, if the above problems are not been taking care off, it will lead to a total destruction of the Nigerians culture.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The researcher’s objective is to conduct an in-depth research on the influence of Western television programmes on the cultural values of the Nigerian youths with an insight to determine its implication to the cultural values of Nigerian youths are:

1. To show how the contents of Western television programme affects Nigerian University
2. To examines its pervasive impact on the cultural values of Nigerian University
3. To know how to isolate Western television programmes from Nigeria.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will help to  bring back the  Nigerian culture which until the present has been characterized with good neighborliness, respect for elders, virtuousness, community orientation and collectivism.

1. It will enable the government and policy makers to put adequate measures in place to checkmate the movement of Western television programmes into Nigeria.
2. It will help remove the idea of imitating Western cultures or ways of life from Nigeria.
3. The conduct of this research will enable the government to know what role the media can play in the development of a country and therefore, harness the mass media especially Tv in the democratic process and development process in general.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

These research questions are constructive questions from the researcher to the receiver with feedback in order to proof the influence of western television programmes on the Nigerian youths  .

1. Do Nigerian youths expose themselves more to Tv than other media?
2. Do they prefer Western Tv programmes to locally produced ones and why if yes?
3. Do Nigerian youths identify more with locally or foreign Tv stars as models?
4. Will improvement of local Tv/movies industries improve Nigerian youths preference for local Tv product?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1. Hi: More exposure to Tv lead to identification of Western

Tv stars as models

Ho: More exposure to Tv do not lead to identification of

Western Tv stars as models.

2. Hi: The improvement of local Tv /movies industries will

increase Nigerian youths preference for local Tv product.

Ho: The improvement of local Tv/ movies industries will not

increase Nigerian youths preference for local Tv product.

 

• SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is to find out how the Western Television Programmes affect the Cultural Values of Nigerian Youths using Caritas University as a case study.

The institution is been noted for a constant influence of Western television programs on their cultural values. Hence, the need for choosing the institution as a study commenced.

In the cause of the research, oral interview were consulted on both staffs and students of the institution. But the research depends more on the questionnaire which were distributed to students and staffs and were completed and returned. The researcher also consulted some textbooks, Newspapers and journals which provided a lot of information pertaining to the study.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

The following were the assumption of this study:

1. A greater number of Nigerian University Students watch Tv.
2. Western Tv programmes have a greater appeal to Nigerian University Students than locally produced programmes.
3. That the programmes contents of Western Tv project symbiotic forms of social reality.
4. The Western Tv is having a greater acculturation on Nigerian University Students in particular and on Nigerian youths in general.
5. That the improvement of local Tv/ movies industries will change Nigerian youths attitudes towards Western Tv programmes.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Though this research work is on the infludence of Western television programmes on the cultural values of the Nigerian youths. It is limited to Caritas University Students Amorji-nike, Enugu, using five departments that were randomly selected from faculties and hundred and fifty questionnaires that were distributed to them. This is because of time and resource, had it been that time and resource were available similar studies would have been done in other private University/ schools in the country so as to ensure a more embracing result.

 

• CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS.

1. Youth:

Conceptual:      It means young men and women.

Operational: It is defined as students in various Universities in Nigeria and who fall between the ages of 15 -30

2. Media:

Conceptual: The means of giving news and opinions to large number of people.

Operational: The media is known as television in which broadcast used to transmits or circulate information to the public.

3. Cultural identify:

Conceptual: it is the self definition, self perception and self- image of a person as a member of a group exhibiting uniform culture that are consistent with the values of that group.

Operational: It is those commonly shares socio-political interpretation and meanings related to the beliefs, norms, values, attitudes and behaviors’ within Nigeria.

4. Cultural dominance:

Conceptual: This refers to nations of neocolonialism that uses policy and practice that have effect to dominate the culture and affairs of less developed countries.

Operational: it means the conscious and unconscious domination by Western Tv media on the media system of Nigeria.

 

 

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Abstract

 

The study finds out the role of Anambra broadcasting service Awka in the fight against cultism in Nnamdi Azikiwe University. It looks at the degree, causes and ways of curbing cultism as well as its implication on academic and other parts of life on the inhabitants in the campus. Survey method was used to gather some information that helped in putting this project in order which questionnaire was used as the instrument to collect data. Simple random sampling was used to select each element involved in the study giving a total of 100 respondents involved in the study. The findings got from the questionnaire show that Anambra Broadcasting Service are doing a great work in curbing cultism in Nnamdi Azikiwe University. It is recommended that parents, government of the state, law enforcement bodies and staff of Anambra Broadcasting Service should take a giant step forward in helping eradicate cultism in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka.

 

2

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

 

INTRODUCTION

 

• Background of the Study

 

 

 

It is always a tale of sorrows, tears and blood whenever cult members are on strike. Inorderwords, they have no regard for laws and respect, any Authority or order. In some higher institutions’today,theyhavealmost taken over control of activities even those who tried to cross their bridge were wasted in a terrible manner.

 

 

Hanks (2003) in a paper titled “focus on the menace of student c killings on the campus and mass acquiring of dangerous weapons by students for they are

 

gradually running the university into a theatre of war. In a further emphasis, the writer attributed this act to inadequate parental care that gives rise to such violent groups of people. Instead they are mostly concerned with their businesses leaving their children to attend late night parties, watch pornographic video films, leading to negative values.

 

 

Cult members engage in many dangerous acts such as armed robbery, ritual killing, arson, rape, prostitution, drugs, open conflicts, witch-hunting, assassination and host of other deviant behaviors. In recent times, most of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University lecturers and students have been battered upon and utimediated by cult members. Many lives have lost and properties worth millions of naira destroyed. According to Mr. Gabriel Okpalaeze ( head of news department) in Anambra Broadcasting Service Awka presently their managing director asserted, it is estimated that twenty thousand student have been killed since cultism started at the institution in the 1990s. It has equally been projected that absence of any radical action, another four thousand would die in next twenty years.

 

 

There is no doubt that many serious minded students and lecturers on campus are under constant fear of being attacked deliberately or mistakenly by members of secret cults.

 

3

 

 

 

 

The frequency of cult activities in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka has become a source of anxiety to educators, religious ministers, students, government, the professionally trained guidance counselors and the general public hence the clarion call from all and sundry to find a lasting solution to cultism among the youths in the university is necessary.

 

 

The number of secret cult members in the campus has not only increased but have also become more instruments in recent times. In other words they no longer hide their identities; their activities disrupt academic programs and anger, violence and social disorder as well as threaten the security of lives and property in the school as they operate in broad daylight.

 

 

However, the fact still remains that the school was established with the basic aim of producing students who are expected to take over the month of leadership in the nearest future.

 

 

To have a balanced education however, can only be given and received in the school with conducive atmosphere that is the school that is not polluted by the activities of secret cult members.

 

Nigeria television authority Awka which performs function like informing, educating, entertaining, educating, entertaining, agenda setting etc need to be employed adequately in the fight against cultism in the school.

 

 

• Statement of the Problem

 

Over the years, activities of the cult in Nnamdi Azikiwe University have created a poor atmosphere that has prevented serious academic activities to be carried out. As a result many serious minded students and lecturers who reside within the school premise are always on fear.

 

 

The constant fear of cult members in the school has hampered to a large extent the academic pursuit of serious minded students.

 

However in order to resolve this kind of situation, there is need to employ the functional role of television, such is informing, educating and entertaining the populace which will serve as the relevance in this context.

 

4

 

 

 

 

Therefore the aim of the study is to examine how Anambra broadcasting service Awka can help to checkmate the activities of cultism in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka.

 

 

• Objectives of the Study

 

 

THE PLACE OF TRADITIONAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN THE ERA OF MODERN / NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

(A  STUDY OF   AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE)

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This study is geared towards exploring the place of traditional mode of communication in the era of modern / new communication technologies in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Modern technology has developed our society today through its beneficial impacts in transmission of information which enhances societal developmental change both cultural and moral values which Awka South is equally among. Traditional mode of communication through research shall be viewed as a major instrument that imbibed modern trend in communication. In other to show case its aid in community development through information dissemination and management, the traditional mode has greater in information dissemination in ensuring effective transmission of cultural values of Awka South into modern communication. The finding of the study are that various traditional modes of communication in town which are very important since they tend to unify modern communication with that of traditional mode. The method adopted in this research is random sample; systematic sampling was used to enable the three villages under case study to select at least 250 people needed for this research work.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction ……………………………………………………..….1
• Background of the study …………………………………….……9
• Statement of the Problem …………………………………………10
• Research Objectives ………………………………………………11
• Research Questions ………………………………………….……12
• Significance of Study ……………………………………………12
• Scope of the Study …………………………………………………13
• Limitations of Study ………………………………………………13

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review …………………………………………………15
• Norms and festivals in the Town…………………………………20
• Traditional Mode of communication ……………….………….22
• Location and Historical background of Awka South……….…22
• Traditional system of Government…………………….………..23
• Modern Technology ………………………………………………24

CHAPTER THREE

• Research Methodology ……………………………………………27
• Population of Study ………………………………………………27
• Sample Size …………………………………………………..……27
• Sampling Technique ………………………………………………28
• Instrument of Data Collection …………………………..………28
• Validity of instrument ……………………………………………28

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Presentation, Analysis ………………………………………29

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations……………..….34

• Summary …………. ………………..……………………………..34
• Conclusions ………………………………………..………………35
• Recommendation …………………………………………………36
• Recommendations for further studies ………………………….37
• References …………………………………………………………39

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Introduction

          In this examination of communication and society, it is necessary to have an idea of what the two basic terms means by way of definition and explanation. Communication has been defined by the Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of current English as the process of imparting thought, knowledge or intelligence verbal or written form from a source to a receiver. Edward Sapir also recognized “communication as a fundamental social process”.

Another definition of communication is that communication is the passing on or transmission of message with the use of language to heterogeneous audience.

From the above definitions, it is seen that the two concepts have something in common; that holds them is the relationship that exist between them.

Communication generally is a fundamental social process which essentially has to do with any discipline or activity that is concerned with human society and behavior.

Therefore, it has been identified as “the basis of human existence, for it is at the heat of all society intercourse.

In our day-to-day life, we interact with one another by way of communication. This society cannot exist without communication for it is the only mechanism through which human interaction exists.

Living generally also depend on communication for even our body system cannot function without communication with one another through contact.

Communication also takes place when an individual talks to a follow individual, when an idea is made known to a group and when a concept is disclosed.

There is also a need for communication among human groups, as this is the Chief factor for creation of unity and continuity for the society and the vehicle for the conveyance of the culture. But it does not suffice to say that communication itself can be meaningful and effective without its association with other thing and other processes.

This is because, communication does not exist on its own in a vacuum, rather it exist in the society and function among persons.

It emanates from members of the society and assumes a social network. Going form one person to another and linking itself to means of its transmission through a channel, which is the mass media. This leads to a chain of process. Thus “through communication which exist between two persons or one person as the source to a group of person, ideas, needs information is conveyed through the channel. This message is decoded at the society who is the audience. By way of this life in the communication process, the channels of communication contributes tremendously to the propagation of information and the continued existence of the society.

It is pertinent to point out at this juncture, that every communication or message has its targeted audience to whom it is directed to. And when such a message gets to the audience an aim has been achieved. Also, when the audience is able to decode the encoded message as the effect compliance, another aim which is the ultimate aim is equally achieved in the face of these, what then is the essence of communication.

The aim of communication is to create awareness, education or enlightenment and through such awareness created, to elicit response, compliance, a change of attitude in respect or re-enforce them.

Traditional Communication in Igbo Land

Before the white man came in Igbo land, the oral communication was the system of interaction in the area. The town crier performed a very important function by collecting and spreading very important information among his people, he served as an intermediary between the heads of the people and report their feelings to them.

Most of the time, the town criers had to embellish whatever message they had for the villages with riddles, idioms and proverbs or may even code the message in order to drive home the news in the light of this, the town carier were and are very popular among the village-folks, who are always ready to listen to them so as to be abreast with current news and events even today. In spite of the numerous electronic, broadcast stations with their educative and informative program, most villages still enjoy the functions of the tradition town carriers which are often more effective.

The main instrument of communication used by the town caries in Igbo land is the gong and flute. In addition to this there are other instruments used in non-herbal communication in Igbo land. Among these are the metallic and wooden instruments, signs and symbols. Wooden gong (Ekwe) metallic gong and xylophone (ngelegwu) etc are metallic and wooden instrument used for communication while the palm fruit at its tender stage (omu) is also an instrument of communication.

The notes from this communication instrument signs and symbols are interpreted very well by the people, to whom they are directed. The sounding of the wooden gong (ekwe) and the valorous gong (ikoro) in the night normally depicts dangers in Ngwo. This could be that, thieves or armed robbers are around and they are used to keep everybody at alert.

Much importance is attached by the village folk to non-verbal means of communication. Achebe attested this in “Things fall Apart”, when he wrote that …Umohia was still swallowed up in sleep and silence when the Ekwe began to talk, men stirred on their bamboo beds and listen anxiously.

Equally writing on the important characteristics the place of traditional mode of communication, Ugboajah (1979) pointed that “communication in traditional Nigeria communicates is mainly a matter of human inter.-relationship so to accept action will effect established relationship that is what said is as important as who said it.

He referred to traditional mode of communication as “traditional Media” it is however to juxtapose the mode in terms of their effectiveness.

There is no gain saying that fact that the various mass media get to their targeted audience spontaneously within a twinkle of an eye, reading wider spectrum of human being of heterogeneous background and in a very sizeable number.

This ability of mass media to but across ethnic geographic and social background is really the strength of the mass media over the traditional mode of communication.

In other words, the traditional mode of communication is delimited in its scope of coverage as capable of reaching a wider size of the population at a time unlike the media which blast everything open to all sundry spontaneously. This delimitation also affected the traditional mates in the scene that it cannot be used to heterogeneous audience, consisting of various geographical ethics, social political and lingual backgrounds.

Despite the afore-stated differences, the traditional mode of communication could be ranked the same with the mass media in terms of its places to bring about desired results expected from the audience. In fact, in some cases where the mass media fail as a result of some inherent barriers, the traditional mode of communication is applied and the expected result is obtained. It is therefore logical to assert the traditional mode despite it shortcomings as mentioned above, are very effective as a means of communication. This assertion finds support in the facts of the ultimate in communication is the creation of awareness, to reinforce erode existing response (which the traditional mode do) they are therefore very effective on the other hand, if the traditional mode can be effective, where the mass media fails it follow that the traditional mode of communication are complementing or supplementing to mass media effective role.

However viewed from another perspective, the most communication that made use of the traditional mode are never intended to be so wide or limited in it scope, its targeted audience.

By their nature, traditional modes are often used within and about confined geographical location like a town or district. It therefore follows that message come through traditional mode of communication are intentionally traditional mode to be two persuasive and wide in scope, it became improper to fault it own that score or carry a comparative analysis on it in the same premises of coverage with mass media.

1.2     Background of the Study

In any given society that is developed, there must be a mode of communication in which they interact with each other example internet service, mobile phone, radio, television, email etc.

The traditional mode of communication in Awka South play a positive role in communication they are:

The town carriers and other signs and symbols, town carriers performs a very important function by collecting and spreading information among his people.

He serves as an intermediary between the heads of the communities and the villagers. This is because he conveyed the message of the community’s head to the people and reported their feeling to them. The main instrument of communication used by the town carrier in Awka South is the gong and flute.

Other signs and symbols are wooden gong, metallic gong, xylophone are metallic and wooden instruments of communication while the palm frond at its tender stage is also an instrument of communication.

The sounding of wooden gong and the various gong in the night normally depicts danger.

1.3     Statement of the Problem

The issue that inspired or motivated the researcher to carry out this study is to understand the place of traditional mode of communication in the era of modem / new communication technology in Awka South.

To know the benefits of communication also the traditional modes of communication in Awka South.

The second issue of the problem is to know whether modern communication has been able to influence the people of Awka South than traditional mode of communication. To also know if the people of Awka South prefer traditional mode of communication to modern communication.

1.4     Research Objectives

Generally, this research work is focused on traditional mode of communication and its aimed at examining its place in modern communication era at Awka South. This work intends to find out the followings.

1. The relevance of traditional mode of communication.
2. To find out whether Awka South people still make use of this traditional mode of communication.
3. To find out if the people of Awka South are abreast with modern communication technology.
4. To find out the extent at which the traditional modern of communication has effectively help in mobilizing the people into action.

1.5     Research Questions

1. Is there any relevance of traditional mode of communication?
2. Do people of Awka South still make use of this traditional mode of communication?
3. Are people of Awka South abreast with modern communication technology?
4. Is the traditional mode of communication effective in mobilizing the people?

1.6     Significance of the Study

The study has the following significance

1. The traditional mode of communication help to transform the people’s way of life that is their custom and culture this extends to non-Awka South people.
2. To enlighten the people of Awka South to know the benefits of traditional mode of communication.
3. To promote and elevate the traditional mode of communication as well as its relevance to people residing in rural communities like Nibo.

 

1.7     Scope of Study

The scope of this study is delimitated to the place of traditional mode of communication in the era of modern / new communication technology in Awka South

 

1.8     Limitations of the Study

Throughout the research of this study the author encountered many difficulties in other to make this research a credible one.

Also, time factor was another challenges but be it as it may, the researcher took time to go into many places in the community to get the real fact in other to make this study a credible one as well.

In line was financial constraints this occurred during the time of gathering information for this project, also, it extended to the typing printing and binding but by God’s grace all these challenges were surmounted and the work was successfully produced to  the best.

Operational Definition of Terms

The under listed assertion signifies the general ideas on experimentation of this study general ideas on experimentation of the study.

1. Traditional: The native belief and way of doing things according to ancestors.
2. Mode: The process through which information is conveyed
3. communication: The interactive transmission of a message from the source to the targeted audience.

4        Culture: The general belief or moral principle and laws of a native area.

5        Traditional Mode of Communication:– These various channel through which native or Africa institution or way of life is being transmitted.

6        Modern / New Communication Technologies: The new medium through which information is disseminated in a easier and faster channel.

 

 

 

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IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON MODERN JOURNALISM
(A STUDY OF JOURNALISTS IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS)

 

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1. Access Bank:
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2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
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5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
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7. Heritage Bank:
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8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
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13. Unity Bank:
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14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Research Hypothesis 5
1.6 Scope of the Study 5
1.7 Significance of the Study 5
1.8 Operational Definition of Significant Terms 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Review of Concepts 7
2.2.1 Concept of Social Media 7
2.2.2 Concept of Media 12
2.2.3 Concept of Journalism 15
2.2.4 Concept of Modern Journalism 16
2.3 Review of Related Studies 20
2.4 Theoretical Framework 23
2.5 Summary 25
vii
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Research Design 26
3.3 Population of the Study 26
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 27
3.5 Description of the Research Instrument 27
3.6 Validity of Data Gathering Instrument 28
3.7 Method of Data Collection 28
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 28
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis 30
4.3 Hypothesis Testing 41
4.4 Discussion of Findings 42
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 47
5.2 Summary of Findings 47
5.3 Conclusion 47
5.4 Recommendations 48
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies 49
References 50
Appendix A 52
Appendix B

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of social media on modern journalism in Makurdi metropolis. To achieve this aim, the survey research method and chi-square were used. Subjects were drawn from journalists in Makurdi metropolis in Benue State, using the purposive sampling technique. Three research questions and one alternative hypothesis guided the study. Research findings showed that social media have enhanced the productivity of journalists in Makurdi metropolis and a great number of journalists use them to source for news among other things. To this end, the researcher recommended that journalists should carry out a research on the available social media tools in order to identify reliable and trustworthy social networking sites and use them to discharge their journalistic duties. The researcher suggested that further studies should be carried out on the role of social media in sustaining democracy, advertising, public relations and public opinion polls.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
A century and half ago, communication between countries involved physical presence. Once, a reporter had to run as fast as possible back to the newsroom after interviewing and tried to beat the competition to print. With the advent of the digital age the role of the journalist changed. The inception of information communication technology such as the internet has made it possible to find out about events without actually being there. Journalists can report news across the world over the internet.
Throughout history, developments in technology and communication have gone hand-in-hand, and the latest technological developments such as the internet have resulted in the advancement of the science of communication to a new level. The process of human communication has evolved over the years, with many path- breaking inventions and discoveries heralding revolutions. The invention of pictographs or the first written communication in the ancient world brought about written communication. These writings were on stone, and remained immobile. The invention of paper, papyrus and wax, culminating in the invention of the printing press in the 15th century made possible transfer of documents from one place to another, allowing for uniformity of languages over long distances. The latest revolution is the widespread application of electronic technology such as electronic waves and signals to communication, manifesting in the electronic creation and transfer of documents over the World Wide Web (www.wikipediathefreeencyclopedia.com)
Social media which are a form of electronic communication have become the highest activity on the internet. They refer to social networking websites developed to specifically
2
help people share their views and stay in touch with their friends, relatives and well-wishers.According to Wikipedia, social media represents a shift in how people discover, read and share news, information content which brought about the democratization of information, transforming people from content readers into publishers.Social media are also internet sites where people interact freely, sharing and discussing information about each other and their lives, using a multi-media mix of personal words, pictures, videos and audio (Bruce and Douglas; 2008, p.27). In order to broaden our knowledge on the topic of study, a brief history of social media will be discussed below.
In the early 1990s, chat rooms and bulletin boards were forms of social media; in that they helped people connect with others and share interests.A little later,dating sites hooked together those looking for partners, and Classmate.com.let people connect with people they had known in high school and college.In the early 2000s, a site called Friendster was set up where people invited their friends to join and in turn, those friends invited other friends.The site was popular for a while but it suffered from technical difficulties and fake profiles and began losing members.Some of those members went to MySpace,which had actually started in 1999 but became better known in 2003.Its roots are a little muddy because it received financial and logistical support from another company called eUniverse, and most of the early users were eUniverse employees but Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe are given credit for much of the innovations and success of the site which built up to 115 million users worldwide. Members post bios, photos, blogs, videos, and other things that strike their fancy, and some TV programmes to air on MySpace. In 2005, Rupert Murdoch‟s News Corporation (parent of Fox Broadcasting) bought MySpace for 580 million dollars. A competitor to MySpace, Facebook was started in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg while he was a student at Harvard University; it grew up rapidly about 2007. At first Facebook was solely for college and high school students, but Zuckerberg opened it to everyone and like
3
MySpace, it encourages all types of member postings (Lynn Gross, 2010). Apart from the above mentioned social media tools,there are also others. These include; Twitter, YouTube, BlackBerry Messenger, Flickr, Word Press, Blogger, Badoo, Live Journal, Wikipedia, Type Pad, Second Life, Lulu, and many others. All these social media appear in many forms including blogs and microblogs, forums, and message boards, social networks, wikis, virtual worlds, social bookmarking, tagging and news, writing communities, digital storytelling and scrapbooking, data, content, image, video sharing, podcast portals and collective intelligence.
Journalism on the other hand is the deliberate and conscious efforts to gather information, collating and analyzing data for the purpose of informing, educating, and entertaining the people with a view of making an appropriate decision (Qasim Akinreti; 2007). Journalism is also an investigation and reporting events, issues and trends to a large audience. Though there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience about topics ranging from government and business organizations to cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field of journalism include; editing, photojournalism and documentary (www.Wikipediathefreeencyclopedia.com).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The impact of social media in today‟s world of communication, especially journalism cannot be over-looked. Since its arrival social media have certainly changed the way journalists work, how stories are developed and disseminated. Social media have had positive impacts, without doubt, but there are also concerns about their impact on productivity and the disruption it could have on journalists‟ working patterns. Social media have created a dependency among those working in the media and many are unable to do without them.
Social media have become journalistic lexicon and it seems sourcing information has overtaken self-promotion as a primary social activity. While journalists are growing more

AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REMOVAL OF FUEL SUBSIDY

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	4
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5Scope of the Study		4
1.6	Significance of the Study	4
1.7	Operational Definition of Trems
CHAPTER TWO:   LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Introduction	6
2.2	Review of concepts	6
2.2.1   Concept of Perception		6
2.2.2   Concept of Fuel Subsidy Removal		8
	1

2.2.3	Concept of Deregulation	11
2.3	The evolution of fuel subsidy in Nigeria.	12

2

2.4	The History of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria	13
2.5	Reasons/Causes of fuel subsidy removal	15
2.6	The effects/impacts of subsidy removal on Nigerian economy	17
2.7	Theoretical framework	23
2.8	Summary of literature Review	24
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1	Introduction	25
3.2	Research Design	25
3.3	Population of the Study	25
3.4	Sample Size and Sampling Technique	26
3.5	Description of the Research Instrument	26
3.6	Validity of Data Gathering Instrument	37
3.7	Method of Data Collection	27
3.8	Method of Data Analysis	27
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1	Introduction	28
4.2	Data Presentation and Analysis	28
4.3	Test of Hypothesis	43
4.4	Discussion of Findings	44
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1	Introduction	52
5.2	Summary	52
	3

5.3	Conclusion	53
5.4	Recommendations	53
	References	56
	Appendix A	57
	Appendix B	58

4

	List of Tables
Table 1:	Gender distributions of respondents	29
Table 2:	Age distributions of respondents	29
Table 3:	Occupational distributions of respondents	29
Table 4:	Marital status distributions of respondents	30
Table 5:	Audience perception on fuel subsidy removal	31
Table 6:	Fuel subsidy removal reflects the nature of corruption	31
Table 7:	Fuel subsidy removal will curb fraudulent acts	32
Table 8:	Fuel subsidy removal is the elite means to enrich themselves	33
Table 9:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in fuel pump price	33
Table 10:	Fuel subsidy removal is a way on been insensitive to plight of the masses	34
Table 11:	Causes of fuel subsidy removal	35
Table 12:	Fuel subsidy removal is due to corruption in the oil sector	36
Table 13	Fuel subsidy removal was as result of few corrupt individuals	36
Table 14:	Fuel subsidy removal was to create jobs for the citizenry	37
Table 15:	Fuel subsidy removal was because poverty eradication and alleviation	38
Table 16:	Fuel subsidy removal was to provide steady power supply	39
Table 17:	Effects of fuel subsidy removal	39
Table 18:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in standard of living	40
Table 19:	Fuel subsidy removal will improve the economy	41
Table 20:	Fuel subsidy removal will increase the prices of transportation, food	41
	Commodities thus compound poverty
Table 21:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to infrastructural development	42
	5

Table 22:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to increase in operating cost of micro and	43
	Small enterprises
Table 23:	Test of Hypothesis	43

6

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate Audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Warri metropolis. Three main research questions were formulated for the purpose of this study and other sub questions aimed at prying into audience perception, causes and effects of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria. Survey research method was used because of its convenience, reliability and cheapness. The study population was Warri Metropolis. A total of 200 respondents were selected, using the purposive random sampling. The number of retrieved questionnaire was 195, representing 97.5% response rate. Statistical analyses of data collected were performed using, frequency distribution, percentages, tables while Chi-square formula was used to test the formulated hypothesis. Results revealed that audience perceived the removal of oil subsidy as an act of selfishness, wickedness and the federal government means of promoting their selfish interest, thereby making the masses to suffer. Corruption in the oil sector and gross mismanagement and also due to few corrupt individuals that are united to promote their private interest among other factors have been found to be the reasons and causes for the removal of fuel subsidy. These in turn have led to increase in prices of fuel pump oil products; increase in prices of food commodities, transportation and increase in operating costs of micro and small enterprises. The researcher recommends that there was a significant relationship between fuel subsidy removal and cost standard of living of the general populace. She suggested that the federal government should look into other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, tourism etc. in other to boost the economy.

7

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

For some number of years, Nigeria enjoyed subsidy on petroleum products. This came to an end on January 1st, 2012, after a declaration from President Goodluck Jonathan that afterwards, the subsidy was to be removed (Zaccheus, 2011). In Nigeria, the issue of appropriate pricing of petroleum product has always been a controversial policy issue. Successive governments have dealt with this problem to no avail. Suffix to say that in Nigeria, subsidy removal implemented by governments had always yielded negative effects on the citizens. According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives (2012), a subsidy by definition is any measure that keeps the prices

8

consumers pay for a good or product below market levels for consumers or for producers above market. The essence of having subsidy in place for products and services is that it has direct positive impact on poverty reduction in the lives of the poor masses who could not afford high prices (Nwaoga and Casimir, 2013).

Subsidies were introduced in the Nigerian en creeping phenomenon, the value of the subsidies has gone from 1 billion in the 1980s to an expected 6 billion Dollars in 2011. In this period the specific products targeted for subsidy have changed. Diesel oil has had its associated subsidy redacted while petrol, gasoline; kerosene continues to enjoy a 54.4 % subsidy over the international spot market price at the Nigerian pump. Economists believed that social welfare is maximized when the price of each good and service is freely determined by the interaction of buyers and sellers in open competitive markets. In practice and especially in developing countries however, policy is often driven more by political consideration than rational economic theory. The risk of social unrest, street riots, and threats of civil war very easily make introduction of market distorting policies justified. Nigeria as a case in point is under increased pressures to grow its economy. Yet countervailing forces of corruption, mismanagement of public resources and poor governance conspire to frustrate efforts to sustain growth in the face of rising population numbers and demands for a democratic dividend by the citizenry (Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, 2012).

According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, the justifications for introduction or removal of subsidies vary markedly. In developed economies Environmental issues, international trade and maintaining competitiveness are the main drivers of policy. Whereas welfare, poverty alleviation and election cycle politics largely underpin the reasons for which subsidies are introduced in developing countries. A new factor in the current mix of policy drivers is the

9

renewed emphasis on governance reform championed by the Bretton woods institutions-The World Bank, IMF and the donor community. Lending urgency to this scenario is the global economic downturn and consequent rationalization by lenders, aid granting countries. As domestic demand for funds increase in these countries amounts available for aid, FDI and subsidies diminish. The consequence is a demand for greater efficacy in the economies of the aid receiving countries of which Nigeria is one.

Furthermore, the issue of fuel subsidy removal has torn this nation into two factions, the government and the economic experts on one hand and the masses on the other hand. The last fuel subsidy removal on 1st January, 2012 sparked an uprising that almost led to a revolution; this attracted a lot of public debate, opinions and reactions leading to NLC strike and demonstrations in various states. Therefore, the major focus of this study is to investigate audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria on January 2012.

• Statement of the Research Problem.

Fuel is central to the economic pursuits of Nigerians, whose sustenance daily bread is tied to this bye product of Nigeria‟s rich crude.ThePetroleumoilProductdepositsPricingRegulatory Agency (PPPRA) regulates the downstream Oil and Gas industry on behalf of the Federal Government and by the removal of subsidy on Premium Motor Spirit (Petrol), the downstream sub-sector of the Petroleum industry is deregulated for Petrol. Deregulation leaves market forces as the sole determinant of product prices. While over the years, many Nigerians have opposed the implementation of the policy in the Oil and Gas Industry, international finance and donor agencies like the World Bank and IMF have been very harsh in their criticisms of the successive governments that have sustained the policy for a single inher