ATTITUDE OF FEMALE MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS TOWARDS JOURNALISM AS A CAREER

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CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

It has been observer that female student journalist have negative attitudes towards taking up journalism as a career on graduation. This negative attitude is highly reflected in the number of woman engaged in communication work in various media of communication all over the country offering courses leading to the award of various degrees and certificates, including national and high national diplomas, bachelors degrees, and masters degree. The increase of female journalist in this school is not reflected in the number practicing journalism.

In June, 1983 alone, about 22 female journalist graduated from oko and Auchi polytechnics while the while the institute of management and technology (IMT) enugu turned out not less than 18 female journalist the same year, the Ozoro polytechnic also had about 10 female journalist the same year.

The picture in other mass communication schools virtually the same, for instance in 1983, the university of Nigeria Nsukka graduated not less than 8 female journalist, the university of Ibadan which offers past graduates studies mass communication produced 3 female journalist in the year 1983 too.

This data about expanding number of female journalist graduate s stand in stark contrast to what this researcher has observed in media institution as far of female participation in mass communication work is concerned. in recent years media houses across the country have been facing an increasing shortage of trained young women in various communication activities.

The “daily star” newspaper, for instance has only one female trained journalist while the editorial department alone has about 18 males. One question then that could arise from this imbalance is, does this suggest a kind of discrimination against the employment of women, as Alice Fins, who was also worried about this situation observed: according to he, “if there were more women seeking for jobs in the media mass communication and also more men seeking for work in the field with the same ability and background the men got the job. She notes that it is only when a woman is better qualified or worked harder would she be awarded the job, she further said that very often, the woman’s job was at a lower rate of pay than would receive and involved doing more professional tasks.

The Anambra television authority has a good number of trained male journalists, working in the different areas, but has only about four trained female journalist, the Nigerian television authority enugu (NTA channel 8) has only about 2 trained female journalist. The other media institutions not mentioned are not likely to be a sharp contrast from those mentioned.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

This observation about female journalist not ending in taking up journalism as a career has for long agitated the mind of this researcher. This researcher has therefore investigated the reasons for such negative attitude towards journalism instead of depending on mere assumption, in the words of Ikechukwu Nwosu, a senior lecture in the department of mass communication IMT Enugu.

“there is no need to develop opinion and facts from available information through the employment of social science research methods rather than depending on assumption”

Journalism educators also may be occasionally wondering, about the female journalist graduates, they provide for professional journalism. Do they really go into the profession? If they do, how do they find their jobs? If they don’t, what militates against their going into the professions?

Another journalism educator, Chinyere Okunna has wondered where female graduate of mass communication schools are since not many of them take up the teaching of mass communication as a carrier, in an article titled “impact of women on the media, delivered at a seminar organized in honor of Miss Diana Johnson (broadcaster) by the Nigerian union of journalist (NUJ), Anambra state council, she notes “women in Nigeria are apparently not contributing much to the achievements of journalism schools, either at the university level or at the polytechnic level; she noted that mast schools offering mass communication have only one or two women involved in teaching mass communication, for instant at both the university of Nigeria Nsukka and university of lagos where mass communication is studied at both undergraduate and post graduates levels, only one female lecturer is involved in teaching in a polytechnic, like IMT, e3nugu, there is one female journalist lecturer in mass communication department named Mrs. Nkem – Fab Ukozor.

The article assumes that many women journalist prefer working in the field to teaching in class rooms because the glamour of the media particularly the electronics seems irritable to many of them.

TELEVISION VIEWING HABITS OF NIGERIAN ELITES (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS)

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The tendency, most of the time especially in the developing countries, is for media practitioners to package their media contents well. In doing this, they do not take into consideration their supposedly diverse audience. This may be as a result of professional ignorance or perhaps taking the audience for granted. But taking the viewer, listener or reader for granted today is ver costly on the part of the communicator.

In same vein, may be the level of our development still makes the media operators in each of the sectors not to care very much about the programme requirements of the various audience for example, the programmes contents of some of our television stations do not take care of the heterogeneous viewing public. This implies that each audience has specific reason (s) for tuning into a particular programme in fact   their media expectations seem to be diverse as their   demographic and psychographic variables.

To attain the ultimate goal of communication which has to do with meeting audience needs, ensuring their continuous patronage and profitability, the satisfaction of the audience must be guaranteed through result- oriented, popular, diverse and professional packaged programme contents. To achieve this, the true nature eof the audience must be known. This possible through audience segmentation- that is the dissection into specific needs and their characteristics. This is a must for communicators whether in advertising, public relation, broadcasting etc it is very imperative as the availability of information is one thing ad its effect another.

With the society becoming more complex every day, different need are bound to exist with people from different backgrounds- education social, culture, economic, ethnic language political and religious different,   media needs must prevail. No one can meet such needs through mere guesses or trial. Agee, etal (1985) put it this way “Unsystematic, informal, intuitive method is not longer adequate for the modern communicator for so many reason”

It is also in the interest of media operators to consider this. The stiff competitive environment the media are involved today means the media operators must be professionally ethically and profitably minded. To attain this, the practitioners must embrace audience research in order to clearly understand the desires of the audience.

“In some studies researchers are seeking to determine the motivations for media use in others the goal is to determine the gratification people derive from suing the media”, said Agee etal (1985).

Okunna (1994 supports this :

Through use and gratification research, communication scholars have shown that everywhere, people selectively expose themselves to mass media contents, choosing only these media message that would serve the functions of satisfying or gratifying their needs”

This is the situation at a time, information and communication have assumed new dimension in globals scheme of things. It is today almost the fourth essential need of man, after food, shelter and security.

Communication, whether through radio, television, newspaper, magazine or internet is today central to the survival of man for man’s optimal, functionality, he requires daily dosages of information, irrespective of his area of profession.

When man’s goals of media patronage are met, he reciprocates, by aiding the funding of media contents through advertisement and sponsorship. In turn the media make profit reinvest and thereby boost the economy. The present poor performance of the Nigerian foundation s manifested in over – centralized location, poor funding, inefficient personnel, besides the poor quality programmes coming from them. This has resulted in gross imbalance and pardon of the actual needs of the audience, which of course is a sight.

So, what are the present situation needs of   the television viewership in Enugu, efforts of the local and international stations to meet them, and translate the viewer desires into profit.

THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA PROGRAMME ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ESBS, NU OHA PROGRAMME)

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          For government to articulate sound policies without reaching the target is a tragedy as irredeemable as the ideal man who swallows all his thoughts.

In this regards, successive governments in Enugu state through Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) continually grape through multitude programme, through endless permutations of strategies to fathon human predicaments and redeem man from such chaos and disorder. The process spawns what planners call “Programmes” project and target in government administrative parlance, as the linkage factor between policy articulation and its implementation the crisis point in this beautifully linkage is the target were as objectives manifesting on the ground, or as end users of the policy objectives.

The ability to convince and persuade has also been institutionalized in some of the media programme such as “ONU OHA” ab ESBS audio programme. The programme “ONU OHA” which is composed to enlighten the rural dwellers on what is going on in the government of Enugu State. Is a production in Igbo unit of the ESBS radi Enugu. The programme, which lasts for 15 minutes is started this year and aired once in a week (on Sunday).

It establishes a direct contact with the listening audience of Enugu State and makes them to know what is happening in the government and then air their own views/ contribution through planning the programmes seeks to create awareness on the people of Enugu state about the important of rural development through collective and individuals contribution of ideas of the rural people.

On the effectiveness of this programme, the producer, Chukwuma Ogbonna told us that the programme has been achieving its objectives. This according to the producer is ascertained through the acknowledgement letters gotten from the rural dwellers. According to Dr. Frank Ogboaja. One would not loose sight of the low literacy rate in our society, a factor capable of impeding the understanding and the interpretation of mass media messages.

Thus in trying to bridge the knowledge gap in the communication of development issues. Nigeria mass media have resorted to increasing use for this vernacular language. The use of ESBS Radio for this programe has become necessary considering the mass local audience covered and the fact that out of the whole mass media of communication available, radio is the most accessible to the people of Enugu state especially Nsukka Zone.

Being an Igbo programme, it will go a long way to help the people in comprehending the purpose and need for rural dwellers participation in formulating the policies of Enugu state government

According to Lazardfeld and co:

“Many are alarmed by the ubiquity and the potential power of mass media especially radio, comprise a powerful instrument which may be used for good.”

In this research therefore, we would critically look for and possibly find out whether ESBS rural development programme ONU OHA” actually has any impact on the people of Nsukka zone, nay the society.

CREDIBILITY OF NIGERIA BROADCAST MEDIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

This will be research work designed to take a look at credibility of Nigeria Broadcast media with special emphasis on NTA Enugu in Enugu State.

This study is attempts of evaluate the position of Nigerians towards the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) it is intended to prove empirical data on NTA, and how media play a vital role in the life of people.

Reviews of related literature clearly examine in great detail the factors surrounding the credibility of broadcast media.

Several data gathering techniques were employed; these included a survey of opinion of television viewer’s questionnaire and direct personal observation.

The finding indicates that broadcast organizations and its programmed use to be trust and accepted to the people for their truth objectivity and elimination of boas they met. It also indicates that although Nigerians accepts other media as an organs of information dissemination, people in Uwani prefer and rely more on NTA television network for reliable and dependable news.

Based on these finding, this study recommends broadcasting objectives which other media will follow to redeem its image enhance acceptability.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The media play a vital role in communication and understanding of service to a wide audience. Both broadcasters and Journals can benefit from a constructive, relationship, based on a mutual respect for each other’s respective role broadcasters can assist research in going public recognition for their work.

Credibility of Nigeria broadcast media is the key to success of Nigeria broadcast. The NTA must continue to have editorial independence to produce and accurate, objective and comprehensive programming. People will listen to the broadcasters only if they believe them. Credibility in Nigeria broadcast media depicts the honest and competence of NTA when it commerce to commenting on a particular issues. Although, there may be opinions about a range of topic

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study, the researches considered UWANI metropolis, Enugu, because of its strategies location.

Television newer ship has fallen off in recent years, credibility ratings for the major TV news outlets have remained relatively stable. As was case in 1998 and 1996, NTA is related the most credibility TV news source. Roughly four in ten people in Uwani who are able to rate it (39%) say they can believe all or most of what they see and hear on NTA.

Since the mid-1980’s, Nigeria have become increasingly skeptical of what they see, hear and read in the media and almost no major news outlet has escaped this trend. For many media outlets there has been little change in public evaluations in the last four years but ratings for some continue to inch downward.

Different studies in different countries have found that developing countries need the media for evolution of new psychological personality, learners study of the middle East, pools study of the media, Rogers diffusion of innovation, all bear clear and eloquent testimony to the crucial role of the mass media to national development.

Leading credence to this assertion, Wilbur Schramm in his graphic message concludes “Communication is always at the very center of existence, for any society, developing or not that countries in a hurry cannot afford the luxury of an inert mass”.

Defleur Dennis on his part, oberserves, “Traditional societies with limited mass communication tend to develop slowly but when mass media are introduced, changes take place. This is because the society has grown all the more complex and this has made direct simple communication alone less relevant.

The way media performs its functions would go to support or undermine the claim that they are contributing to national development. This point is well made by Wilson P. Dizard when he observes that television in some countries has proven a mere boondoggle.

THE EFFECT OF GRATIFICATION ON THE PRACTICE OF JOURNALISM (A CASE STUDY OF (ESBS) ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

The   pace of social development every where seems   to be quickened by the important roles the mass communication play in our society. Unfortunately effect of gratification on the practice of journalism is on   the increase and it has now posed seriously concern to enlightened Nigerian.

The   study is aimed to find out why   journalists demand   gratification and if the practice influences the selections of news to be aired.

A   survey was employed in the study responses were coded in percent tages and presented in tables. The result of the study the study shows the lack of financial stability is the major reason why journalists demand and accept gratification.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

In this dynamic and challenging society of ours, the role of Nigerian mass media is too many to mention. Journalism practice has performed enormous and crucial roles   for meaningful rural and national development.   The Nigerian media serve as a pivolt upon which socio-economic   political and cultutural   activities revolve. It is on   this basis is   that many succession government in Nigeria depend largely on the support of the media in propagating their polices and programmer   to   the people.

This rise in the mass media and mass communication as journalism practice has been stimulated in   various science. The reason for   this     can be explained by the simple realization that people are curious beings. Their in qursitive mind always seals   to comprehend and interpret the world around them and the occurrence therein. Above all, people are social   beings; they are communicating creatures Umechukwu (20000).

The development of popular newspapers and periodicals broadcasting   has led to institutional and cultural innovations, this permitting efficient and rapid communication between a few individuals and large populations, these various   media of communication have been responsible for the rise in the social empowerment of citizen of modern societies. Additionally, the media have shifted though generally, from the traditional roles to more vocationally relevant objectives, which   embrace the promotion of people’s interest in society in all sphere of life.

Hoggert (1957) endorses the above view when he observes that, over the years, mass media have become an important force in society not only as a means for the expression of ideas also as a social force to be reckoned with and a vehicle for mobilization.

Geibner (1990) is right when he says that the mass media provide the broadest common currencies of public interaction in a society”.

Therefore, communication endenced   through the mass media becomes one of   the important and basic social processes in any society. This is simply so because people, as social being, must communicate and by so doing, establish credibility and enhance their enhance for survival. Hence mass     communication performs a number of vital functions such as: information, education, agenda setting, watch dog, cultural promotion, integration cultural promotion etc, without which society would be in chaos and in the     dark.

In British playwriting, Tom slippardsplay, Night and Day, set in post colonial Africa a world weary press photographer has this to say. “I have been around a lot of places people do awful things to each other. But it’s worse in places where everybody is kept in the dark. Information is light.”   By providing information for the people, the mass media, according to lass well (1948) summarized do the duty of keeping. Surveillance on society, correlate the environment and transit social her tage from one generation to the other, and entertain the public.