VIEWER SHIP OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES  IN ENUGU STATE

(CASE STUDY OF ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

 

 

ABSTRACT

This research work was carried out in order to find out what the populace of Enugu South thinks or feels about television programmes in Enugu State. The research also attempted to look into other peoples work related to the research topic.

 

During research, the people of Enugu South were used as the populace of study; questionnaires were the major instrument of study. Random sampling method was applied to obtain the potion of the population on whom the instruments were administered.

 

Responses were analyzed on percentage. Furthermore, the significant problems and question for this research were spelt out in order to help, uphold or reject certain assumption. The data collected from the questionnaires made it possible for the researcher to get the answers agitating his mind. It was noted that on human behaviour.

 

The study was able to find out actually what the populace of Enugu South think or feel about the positive or negative effect towards television programmes in Enugu state. The research also made recommendations on what should be done to make our television content more result oriented and interesting.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

I.           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study centers on the viewership of television programmes by the populace of Enugu South local government area of Enugu state as the case study it has a double aimed. Firstly, it is in behavioural dispositions of the populace toward television programmes. One of the outstanding features of the media communication is composition of the audience. The audience of television is highly heterogeneous with members having several distinctive characteristics, different interest and they are scattered in all over the nation with different socio-economic strata.

 

Based on the heterogeneity of the audience, it is obvious that views differs among members of mass media, audience while some use a particular station programme others depend on the other.

 

Some may want to watch entertainment programmes while some might prefer thoughtful vital programmes like News, current affairs commentaries or documentaries depending on their likes. One of the plans in which an audience is active is though the use of selective exposure. It is the tendency of accepting to express yourself to communication that goes with your own value system, attitudes and viewpoint. The concept of self-selective exposure helps the active audience to control what he watches, to what he listens to and read; selective reading and listening are the function of selective exposure. You can buy the newspaper of your choice. You can also watch the movie you like, you choose from many television programmes and radio, and if you find yourself watching something you do not like you can tune to another channel. Different views have been presented in an attempt to determining why people watch television programmes. This can be identified with the following selective exposure which selective perception, selective retention and selective interpretation and the escapism.

 

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Television has been acclaimed as one of the dependable means of communication, and the role of television is to inform, educate and entertain. Among other functions of television are socialization, integration, debate and discussion.

 

However, some stations fulfill these objectives or aims more than other stations. The extent, to which television programmes are watched, is partly a function of the disposition of the audience members towards such a station. The Enugu South populace constitutes a considerable segment of television audience in Nigeria. The need for audience analysis of their nature therefore cannot be over emphasized. Television programmes producers try to attract a large audience or viewers, especially in competitive environment. The competition becomes high when there are more stations competing for the same audience. There s the tendency for viewers to select the type of station or programmes they watch. Most audience research findings suggest that economic factors and demographic factor influence television viewers, original disposition and some other factors have been identified as reasons for different viewing habits of television audience. Is this suggestion time for the viewing habit of television programmes by the populace of Enugu South? Which type of programme to the populace prefer entertainment news, documentary, talks, etc? Does the quality of the programmes affect their viewing habit?

 

Is the viewing habit of the populace due to time factor or does their occupation play some role? Is it because the television programmes are not national in coverage? The dominant question for this viewership is what essentially informs of human needs and purpose sustained in mass media concerned with determining television programmes that have the widest viewership among the populace. The factors for the preference of one television programme over others will also be examined in the survey.

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

what is the attitude of the

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF GOVERNMENT AND RELATIONS UNDER IBRAHIM BABANGIDA REGIME

 

ABSTRACT

The study on “press freedom in Nigeria” was a historical event of the past military directorship from 1985-1993 under Ibrahim Babangida regime.

This work used survey method and the purpose of this study is to find out it there was a press freedom under IBB’s regime or not. It also carried at knowing the extent by which press freedom was curtailed or favoured during IBB’s regime.

This work found out that IBB’s regime intact killed press freedom to its highest level. Journalists were jailed, detained while newspapers organizations were closed.

Decrees were unlawfully promulgated to he detrainment of the journalists and other media practitioners.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Significant of the study
• Scope of the study
• Limitation of the study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • Sources of review
  • The review
  • Press freedom
  • Conditions and actions that promote and bridge press freedom
  • Press freedom in Nigeria.
  • Theoretical background

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology
• Research method
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Method of data analysis
• Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data analysis and result

• Analysis of demographic
• Result
• Discussion
• Prior and subsequent censorship

CHAPTER FIVE

• Findings, conclusion and recommendation
• Conclusion and recommendation

Reference

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In independent society a major test of a nation’s freedom is the amount of liberty its people have in speaking writing ns publishing, indeed, one can say that life of a nation depends on the extent of freedom of speech and press that the people enjoy. One can also say that extent by which a nation enjoys this freedom depends on the relationship between the government and the press.

As a result of importance of this right the countries of the world have emerged through the limited nations organization (UNO) in a bid to protect this right s other. These countries signed the universal declaration of human rights in 1945.

Article 18 of this universal human rights established that “ every one has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (worship).

Article 19 of the same declaration also asserts that every one has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinion without interference and to seek receive, impact information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

The guarantee of freedom of the press in the universal declaration of human rights is the right to freedom of expression which includes freedom of speech and if the press. In compliance with the declaration, many countries of the world have in various degrees provided in their people constitution and opportunity for their people to express themselves within the limits of law. However, although almost al nations of the world have subscribed to thee universal ideas and replicate them in their constitutions, the ideas have remain in effect general principles as their interpretation and implementation have always been, subject to the political philosophy of the state applying them, the level of political freedom in such a state, the states history as manifest in some of its economic system and general societal influences. In spite of differences in interpretation and implementation, certain patterns seems to have emerged. Due to the librarians of democratic societies the rights of citizens to take precedence over those of the state in such societies and whatever right are enjoyed by the states are meant fro larger fulfillment and protection of he right of the citizens. In democratic societies, freedom of the press is usually paramount and will protected.

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS.

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ABSTRACT

Suffice it to say that a lot of research has been made in the area of the role of mass media in national development as well as rural development. The incontrovertible point has been that there can be no meaningful national development without rural development as an off shoot and most integral part of a country, the need for priority in rural transformation cannot be over emphasized.He mass media as a vehicle for information gathering and dissemination has a major role to play in the area of rural development. In the light of the above, the researcher choose the topic mass media coverage of rural development news. A content analytical study of the Guardian, Daily Champion, Weekly Star and Punch newspapers.

This is in view that the finding and conclusions  derived from this study will go a long way to determine the contributions and impact of the nations mass media particularly newspapers in the area of rural development and at the same time make useful suggestion for he attainment of desire bale results in this aspect.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

1.2  Statement of the Research Problem

1.3  Objectives of the Study

1.4  Significance of the Study

1.5  Research Questions

1.6  Research Hypothesis

1.7  Conceptual an Operational Definition

1.8  Assumption

1.9  Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1  Sources of Literature

2.2  The Review

2.3  Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1  Research Method

3.2  Research Design

3.3  Research Sample

3.4  Measuring Instrument

3.5  Data Collection

3.6  Data Analysis

3.7  Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1  Data Analysis

4.2  Results

4.3  Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary

5.2  Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

To achieve national development, rural development is a necessary step that cannot be jettisoned. The hope of developing Nigeria and all other developing countries in order to have a better tomorrow lies in the development of our rural areas.

The mass media fill the communication gap between the government and the rural dwellers on one end and the urban and rural populace on the other end.

With this, the mass media especially community responsible oriented ones, succeed in making the rural dwellers active participants of the government as they become aware of programmes and policies of the government by working towards being benefactors of these policies and programmes.

Moreso, high coverage or publication of rural development news by mass media especially the newspapers, without any doubt help in speeding up meaningful development in rural communities which will in turn boost the standard of the people.

With improved standard of living of the rural dwellers, the problem of rural-urban migration would be aborted. When this happen, there will be gross development in the country, a situation that will give room for proper utilization both mineral and human intellectual resources in their different places of existence.

Observation shows that not much has been done by the government in order to improve the quality of life of rural dwellers when compare to that of the urban populace. This means that much emphasis has been on urban development.

The mass medial has a vital role to play in rural development through the quality, quality and high level of rural development it covers and disseminate to the public.

Therefore, it becomes important that the rural areas be given more opportunities in the scheme of information being the food basket of the nation.

In order to achieve diversification of the economy, development of the rural areas is inevitable. An equitable distribution of wealth and provision of social amenities will help reduce the rate of rural-urban migration.

It is against this background that the researcher, embarked oon this study – Mass media coverage of rural development news. A content analytical study of the Guardian, Daily Star, Daily Champion and Punch newspapers.

1.2                        State of the Research Problem

This study is geared towards the Nigeria mass media and the extent to which they cover rural development news, with a view of determining the level of commitment of the nation’s press towards rural transformation and emancipation from the shackles of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, diseases and low standard of living.

In the absence of community newspaper like the “community concord” purely devoted to the coverage of rural activities, this research work is tasked to ascertain whether the amount and quality or rural news carried by urban mass media especially newspapers are sufficient and capable enough to bring the much desirable development in the rural areas.

Using four newspapers as a point of reference, the study is set to find out the reasons for the low coverage of rural news by Nigeria newspapers with reference to such factors as the location of the newspaper and ownership.

The researcher choose the Guardian, Daily Champion and Punch newspapers because they are elitist and widely read and daily Star newspaper because it is a government owned newspaper.

These problems brought about by the extremely small coverage of rural development news by the Nigerian newspapers is a major concern of this research work.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

There has been concentration of development effort in the urban areas of our country at the expense of the rural areas which had always brought about the problems of rural-urban migration because of inadequate or total lack of basic social amenities in the rural areas.

In view of the aforementioned, rural development and diversification of the nation’s economy is topmost in the priority list of government. This is why there have been various grassroots development programmes from both past and present government like Development for Food Road and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), The Better life for Rural Women Programme, The Family Support Programme, Poverty Alleviation Programmes etc.

On rural development as a major concern in Nigeria, a media practioner, Nwuneli Onura once said that “a country like Nigeria probably now realized that building sky scrapper and modern express ways and purchasing vast numbers of cars among other things are unholy aspect of development that do not  necessarily change the basic attitude of a significant percentage  of the population towards life”.

De-emphasizing the importance of communication in social development process, Nwuneli affirmed that “while social changes in desirable social development programmes can easily run into problems if they are not effectively communicated to the people.

By content analytical study of the coverage of rural development news by three national newspapers, this research work have the purpose of finding the extent to which the mass media notably the newspaper has succeeded or failed in carrying out it’s rural development functions through the quality and quantity of rural news it carries. One of the objectives of rekindling and reinforcing the desire for the coverage of rural development news by national dailies is to bear in mind that there are no or very few clearly marked community newspaper that are fully dedicated to the coverage of rural activities and selfless services with a view to bringing about rapid development in all ramifications in the grassroots as it concerns the rural communities.

THE ROLE OF THE BROADCASTING MEDIA IN UPLIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF STATE.  (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS )

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ABSTRACT

 

          Development is the process of moving the world, of  engage in the task of self- improvement with the available is necessary, not only for all aspects  of  a person’’ development,  but also for all aspects of a nation development following this, the broadcast media are the most vital instrument for influencing the masses to either consumer or conserve.   In development  countries an issue which does not appear on television or radio does not even exist.  Here in the development world, the question is: to what extent in educating the masses?

Therefore , the purpose of this research is to fid out the role the broadcast media have played in educational advancement of the people.  This work is divided into five chapters for an introduction gives an insight into the electronic medium and Enugu State education  It slides into detailed exposition of relevant related literature  and the formulation research appropriate research methodology and measuring instrument were used.

After a carefully conducted analysis it was discovered that three formulated hypotheses received statistical support route the remaining one up heed the null hypotheses.  Based on the above findings the researchers recommend that for effective educational advancement of the masses by the media, government should give it’s influencing support so that it be comes a worthy venture.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          Communication is the most vital factor in building and developing  nation.

Following this, national development in any society cannot be achieved without wide spread education for  children and adults Education is recognized as the most potent instrument for development.  Through education, people assimilate fundamental values and develop new ones.  In addition, certain prescribed goals are realized n areas of economic growth, healthcare,  political and social awareness, political stability, self-reliance, national identity, among other things.

The mass media, particularly the electronic or broadcast media, become a powerful and effective instrument for achieving these national goals.  Broadcasting  is the transmission of signals through electronic agent wares which convert audio and video signals in a form in which they can be received in the audiences homes.

Broadcast media includes radio and television .  radio is broadcasting which appeals  to the  auditory   and visual senses.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYS

          The origin of educational broadcasting in Nigeria could be  linked with the introduction of broadcasting services in  the country.  The wired broadcasting services in the country was commissioned in Lagos by the colonial administration.  The broadcasting services involved a  system where by a radio station  received the  British Broadcasting corporation (BBC) prorammes and then relayed same to subscribes through cables connected to loud speakers installed in people homes.  

          In the 40’s, the radio rediffussion was established in Lagos until in 1951 when it was changed to the Nigerian Broadcasting services (NBC).  The Nigerian broadcasting services relayed such programmes as news reviews, sports and religious issues, and it exclude itself when it brought daily account of political news to millions of people during the 1959 general election campaigns.  It also brought news in English and the three main Nigeria languages.  In 1954. It launched a magazine

TITLE THE RADIO TIMES.  

Television broadcasting was established in the country on October 21, 1959 in Ibadan by the government of western Region of Nigeria.  The station  was run luctiauy under the trade name of Western Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Ibadan was the first in television broadcasting followed by the Eastern Nigerian government, Enugu, and others.

Furthermore, Enugu being the regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria, and currently Enugu state, occupies a strategic position in the political and social  organization of Nigeria that being the case, there are some broadcast media located in  several parts of the state.

The Enugu state broadcasting service (ESBS)  the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), the Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)    have a great role to play in the  quantities and qualitative education of the citizenry  their objectives are realized  through the souring of innovative programmes spread around or anchored on the media commissions.  The Enugu state Broadcasting services (ESBS) for instance, has the university of (UNIAIR) programme which is a second chance educational programme organization in collaboration with an educational institution of the tertiary level to educate the masses in the same vein, the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) and the state radio station, both have fashioned out education programmes which are dished out to the public for their viewing and listening pleasure.  The question that comes  to mind is  whether the broadcast media have really helped in educational advancement and perhaps national development.

Over the years, lots of studies and searchers  have been carried out and consequently many books written and published in order to discover the answer to the above question.  This efforts have been made to find out the relationship between  the media and educational advancement of students in their understanding and retentive ability.  Today, it is accepted that educational programmes as the broadcast media produce some effect in the audience in the areas of retention comprehension and out – spoken ability.  In some cases, the media produced some cases, the media produced some negative influence on the audience.  however,  it would appear that the broadcast media are not living up to their expectation  even through the fault or blame should not be centred around them only.  The government and the entire citizenry also  have their share of the blame and fault.  The problem lies squarely on freedom of  the  press or freedom of expression for the whole country.  Not with standing the problems, broadcast media of Enugu metropolis have as their formal objectives, the following:

1. Compliment and support class room education this is possible with the instructional  television on air educational programmes.
2. To broaden and deepen knowledge
3. To encourage intellectual development
4. To encourage and teach skill acquisition
5. To provide tutorials on curricula subjects.
6. To provide a forum for education, information enlightenment  and entertainment.

 

 

 

RESEARCH PROBLEMS:

This study, among other things, find out the effectiveness of he broadcast educational advancement.  Again it finds out whether the timing  of educational programme on the broadcast media is suitable for the general public.  The study strives to find out if the instructional television and university of  aim are packaged to stimulate  interest and understanding.  Finally, it finds out if the education programme on the media are more effective in educating  the masses, particularly, the students them the academic activities in schools.

The importance of education in any society can never be over emphasized.  Development can only be achieved when there is a high level of  literacy in a community.  With this in mind, the objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To ascertain the extent the broadcast media have played in educating the populace in EnuguState.
2. To find out the effectiveness of the media educational programmes on the masses and know these programmes can be improved upon to suit the target audience.
3. To find out the number of people who have benefited from the educational  programmes of the broadcast media, more so, how the media help in educational  advancement.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON “THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING”.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0            THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCAST PRINT

1.1     Introduction

1.2            Assumption

1.3            Statement of research problem

1.4            Statement of research question

1.5            Objective of the study

1.6            Hypothesis

1.7            Scope of the stud

1.8            Limitation of the study

1.9            Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1            Sources of literature

2.2            Review of literature

2.3            Important of pidgin English in broadcasting

2.4            The review of literature

2.5            Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

3.1            Research method

3.2            Research design

3.3            Research sample

3.4            Data collection

3.5            Measuring instrument

3.6            Data analysis

3.7            Expected result 1

3.8            Expected results 2

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results

4.1            Data analysis

4.2            Result of hypothesis test

4.3            Research discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Summary

5.2            Recommendations for further study

Reference

Bibliography

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

 

THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCAST / PRINT

1.1     INTRODUCTION

Pidgin English came into existence as a result of the coming of the colonial masters to Africa, the highly respected philosophers – said and I quote, “No language is an Island meaning that language only came into existence through a pre – existed one.  Pidgin English came into existence through English Language.

The coming of the white men to Africa really changed a lot of cultures, languages, norm, ethnics and non – ethics values etc in African.  The language pidgin English started during the colonial era, then, it was very essential for them to understand the white man’s language in order to be able to fit into the happening in the society.

Those days, if a black man manages to understand the white man’s language, he is given a big post ahead his fellow black men for instance is the film titled “The battle of Musanga”, were the major character was “Mr. Johnson because he understands the white man’s language, he was kept ahead of his people as a mediator, intercessor and interpreter between the two recess, and with that, his financial income was somehow above that of his people only his extravagant way of spending made him broke always.

Pidgin English took a solid stand when slaves were freed in Sierraloen (Freetown), when they found themselves in Freetown and having no other language to speak than the English they know, and also considering the fact that most of them has lost their mother tongue as a result of slavery it was then, they started broking the white man’s language (English) into smaller segments in order to understand the message of one another, otherwise known as pidgin / broken English.

Examples of pidgin English is as follows:

PIDGIN ENGLISH	MEANING	GOOD ENGLISH
Make I come	”	I am coming
Make I come?	”	Should I come?
I won go	”	I want to go
You wan fight	”	Do you want t fight?
Make I see person	”	I want to visit some one
I won shop	”	I want to eat
Hungry decatch me	”	I am hungry
Comot for road	”	Go away from the way,
She sabi book?	”	Is she brilliant?
You fit run?	”	Can you run?
E’m feet run o–	”	He might run
I won rest	”	I want to rest
Your head no correct	”	You are crazy?
Go carry my good come	”	Go and bring my food
You be devil	”	You are a devil
Forget my side	”	Forget about me.

Sometimes pidgin English can be mixed together with one native language examples are:

PIDGIN ENGLISH	MEANING	GOOD ENGLISH
You de kolo?	”	Are you mad?
You de yan dust	”	You’ve said rubbish
You deyamtuatin	”	You are saying rubbish
You be hua	”	You are a fool
You be sabi sabi	”	Mr. know all
You be gbeboru	”	A gossip
You don yan okpata	”	You’ve said non sense

All these idioms were used by our fathers then to make sure there was proper information dissemination.  Come to look at it, we shall need this pidgin English language to communicate effectively with a massive number of Nigerians who shall up till this time, do not understand good English because communication without response or feedback in the communication line or fraction simply means that communication has not taken place.

So since communication stands as the life wire of every society, at all spares of the society educational, cultural, industrial, even at the rural levels, the farmers, headsmen traders and labourers require constant dosage of information to function optimally.  The nature of this project narrows our means of communication to the broadcasting and print medium of communication.

Communication occupies a key position in human existence.  It is the most vital factor in building or developing an organized, united and progressive nation.  Without it, there will be no national development.  It is an established fact that every human activity involves information and communication.

Truly speaking, for an average Nigerian to survive and function well in our modern and developing society, we need information.  He needs to communicate with other in the society just as his physical requirement of food and shelter.  He needs to know what other have in mind and what their feelings as on any particular issue.  He needs instant information about himself, about his government and about the economic state of the nation.  In a nut shall, pidgin English is what ever medium used for dissemination of information, be it in the electronic or print media will always have a positive effect on massive number of the audience or Nigerian community especially in the rural areas.

1.2     ASSUMPTION

It is highly assumed that the Enugu urban is interest in verbal and print information / communication made in pidgin English.

It is also assumed that the degree of education in Enugu is still pretty low, hence Enugu urban ties usually understands the surface structure of an utterances and paid to come to grips with the underlying meaning of communicated messages in pure English.

1.3     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

There has been a lot of misinterpretation / misconception of communicated message by a good number of people in Enugu due to language used in disseminating this massages.

They usually do not understand broadcasting and print information made in pure English language and as such, try to ignore broadcast and printed information made in pidgin English language and develop a negative opinion or attitude towards the program or programmed massages on pure English language, they find it difficult to give a satisfactory and accurate meaning of the communicated messages on pure English language.

1.4     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION

As a result of the research problem stated above, this study examines the following questions;

1)                If the audience get the massages disseminated more clearer in pidgin English or pure English.

2)                If the message disseminated is more interpreted in pidgin English than in pure English language.

3)                If pidgin English normally pose any problem when used as a language in broadcast and print.

4)                If pidgin English holds the interest of the audience when used as a medium of communication.

5)                If the messages communicated to the audience in pidgin English when used as a language of broadcast and print is more easily understood than pure English language.

1.5     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY