IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING SEX EDUCATION IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

 

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ABSTRACT

This project is aimed at findings out the importance of teaching sex education in junior secondary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area Of Edo State.

The concept of sex education, the importance who to handle the course and the enviable qualities that are expected to be possessed by the teachers who are to teach the course in schools and the effect it has on students, if the curses is not introduced into the curriculum, where highlighted in chapter one and two.

The main research instrument used for data collection was questionnaire, which has administered to teachers students or the selected secondary schools and parents.

Five research questions were formulated to focus the researcher attention on certain issues, based on the analysis of the data collected, the survey revealed that the awareness of sex education would not cause juvenile delinquency and dropout from school. That, it should be taught to boys and girls separately and it should be taught that, sex education will help to reduce the rate of fatherless babies and which the society will greatly benefit from. It was also discovered that sex education will not cause poor academic performance among students instead, it make students become responsible.

The researcher finally discovered that sex education is highly needed in junior   secondary schools.

After a thorough research, finding on this topic, the researcher concluded that parents, teachers and the government should work hand in hand to help the school students out of this situation.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background to the study

Statement of problems

Purpose of study

Significance of study

Delimitation of study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

Introduction

–                     Who can handle the course

–                     Importance of sex education

–                     Effects

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

Techniques of data collection

Techniques of data analysis

Sampled subject {population}

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis

Discussion of the findings

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

REFERENCE    

QUESTIONNAIRE     

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

An important but most undermined phenomenon that has ploughed the society for many years is sex and sex education. This phenomenon is so complicated that people have different view about it. These differences bring tolerance in sexuality among some while it creates problems in some other ethnic groups where discussion of sex is a taboo.

 

In society where boys and girls into the same school, create problem of physical contact and emotional involvement, which eventually result in arousing sexuality. This anxiety created in them; make them jump into this game of uncontrollable emotion.

 

In this chapter, the researcher intends to have an overview of terminologies associated with sex before dealing with the scope pf the study.  Sex education is the instruction about sex and human sexuality which children re supposed to receive but many parents do not instruct their children about sex at all.

 

Correct and relevant information should be given to teenagers about the changes and development they observe in their bodies during the period of maturity. There girls develop breast and pelvic bone broaden etc. these start about the age of twelve years {12} while the boys sexual organs matures, their chest widens and their larynx enlarges. This period in teenagers is very crucial in the life of an individual and many frustrations may occur during this stage such as school drop out, sexual immorality, juveniles delinquencies to mention a few. Gone are those days when sexual matter was hidden from children. They are expected to be given information about sex so as to break through the desire in them so that they will not go astray.

 

Sex desire can lead to sexual immorality which can result to unwanted pregnancy. Most unmarried teenagers who have babies are carried away by sexual feeling and emotional desire. This can lead to abortion, sexually transmitted disease and so on.

 

Religious groups and a taboo to the generality of the society consider sexual intercourse between two persons who are not married wrong. It can result to unwanted child, psychological problem for person involved.

Therefore sex education should be given to children at any developmental stage because the foundation laid in the early life of the children with determine the stability and quality of their married life.

 

Sex education should be given to the teenagers through their parents, teachers, counselors and educators. It should also be introduced into secondary schools for teenagers of both sexes with this introduction alone, a lot of changes will occur in the life of the students, parents and the community at large.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study intends to emphasize the need for the introduction of sex education into secondary school and also to investigate, if sex education has positive or negative effect on students. This study also tries to find out the problems facing the teaching of sex education such as:

·        Who should teach sex education?

·        Where should sex education be taught?

·        At what age should sex education be taught?

·        Under what circumstances and the need for it to be introduced into the curriculum.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions that are required for the purpose of this study include the following:

1.   Is sex education relevant as a course to be taught in education?

2.   Are there trained personnel to handle the course?

3.   Of what benefits is sex education to the pupils/ students and the society at large?

4.   What effect will the introduction of this course have on the moral behaviour of the students?

5.   Will the introduction of this course make students become juvenile and drop out from schools?

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1.           The aim of this study is to know the relevance of sex education as a course in school.

2.           That the course can be handled by any person.

3.           To know the positive effect it has on students.

4.           To know the benefit it has on students and society at large.

5.           To know that the introduction of this course will not make students become dropout and juvenile delinquency.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will add to knowledge especially when the study is based on sex education. With the highlighting of this study, it opens the eyes of the educational administrators and the curriculum planners to know the importance of sex education as a course to be introduced with the curriculum so as to enlighten the teenagers and the society at large.

 

 

DELIMITATION OF STUDY

A study like this embraces all areas but the researcher cannot cover all the scope therefore, the researcher selected three {3} secondary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government area of Edo state and a sample of teachers in the selected schools and parents.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sexually transmitted disease: Diseases contacted through sexual intercourse e.g. HIV, AIDS.

Abortion: Process of terminating pregnancy

Sexes: Boys and girls

Teenagers: Stage of development 11-18 years

Pelvic: Hip bones

Sex organs: Structure responsible for reproduction e.g. penis in male and vaginal in female.

 

 

 

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IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVISATION IN TEACHING INTEGRATED SCIENCE IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOL

 

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this research work is to find out the role of importance of improvisation in the teaching of integrated science in secondary schools, using all  secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State as a case study. A total of 100 students were used on this study. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaires which were administered personally by the researcher to five randomly selected schools in Egor local government area of Edo State. The method used for data analysis was normal data simple percentage was used to examine the role of importance of improvisation in teaching of integrated science in secondary schools.

Findings of the study are as follows;

1.            To the extends at which importance of improvisation facilitate learning is recommendable.

2.            Despite the high cost of getting instructional materials, teachers in secondary schools take it as a task to improvise for instructional materials.

3.            Pupils easily remember topics taught with the use of importance of improvisation than those taught without the use of instructional materials.

4.            Pupils in secondary schools find it easily to put into practice those topics and lessons taught with the use of instructional materials.

5.            Importance of improvisation when properly used during teaching enhance and lead to better performances of pupils during given assignment, test and examinations.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1       Background of the study

1.2       Statement of the study

1.3       Research questions

1.4       objective of the study

1.5       Significance of the study

1.6       Scope/limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

Chapter Two:                     

Literature Review

Chapter Three: Research methodology

3.1         Research design

3.2         Population of study

3.3         Sample of study

3.4         Sampling techniques

3.5         Research instrument

3.6         Administration of instrument

3.7         Validity of instrument

3.8         Reliability of instrument

3.9         Method of data analysis

Chapter Four: Data analysis and discussion

4.1         Data analysis

4.2         Discussion of results

Chapter Five

5.1         Summary of findings

5.2         Conclusion

5.3         Recommendations

References 

Questionnaires      

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Improvisation are those things that enables students to have mental picture of what has been taught and to retain the message in their memory for a very long time e.g. Radio, Television, Charts, Micro-Projectors, Still Pictures, Specimen e.t.c. It can be referred to as those things that the classroom teacher uses to impact knowledge to pupils in the classroom in order to achieve his objectives.

According to Ogunmola, (2002) cited that improvisation are those visual or audio visual materials which facilitate the assimilation of organization. Infact, for effective teaching and learning to take place, importance of improvisation are can exist without adequate use of integrated science education programme can exist with adequate use of integrated equipments examples of such equipment are integrated, monitor, keyboard, typewriter, mouse, scanner, printer, duplicating machine e.t.c these science equipments are indispensable to a good integrated science teaching and training and learning.

It is no gain saying that interest in learning integrated sciences increasing in Nigeria. Each local government area is trying t o improve on the production of technology. This is justify for integrated science has totally assured great importance interest role of national power and productivity. According to the new trend of integrated science, teaching has as shown a radical departure of traditional expository mode, in favour of practical and inquiry method to the inclusion of problems solving and active involvement of people in the open minded fielding practical exercise.

 

 

In view of this, it can therefore be assumed that unique facilities and equipment are available in secondary school. For practical works pupils will not derive much from the attempt to learn integrated science. It has been stressed by Howard (2003) when he said what we learn is what we do” doing what we learn in integrated science requires the use of practical work. We also have the bear in mind that at least some of the pupils would or may need to become professionally integrated list. Such pupils need the equipment to be able to develop necessary practical skills. Beside, the basic sources of integrated science experience is of course of direct contact which objects and events it’s in nature outside the classroom

Specifically some specific educational reasons to have equipment for teaching was summarized by Balogun (2000) as follows

1.    It enables the learners to develop functional and manipulating skills

2.    It enables the learner to develop problem solving skill and scientific attitude

The acquisition of these skills is the contribution of integrated science education in the general preparation of the youth with emphasis on activities based on child centered learning coupled with pupils enrolment into school in the face of corresponding decline economy. It is against the background that we can appreciate the significance of the question “the important role of integrated science equipment in secondary school

 

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

There are many problems and obstacles which hinder the effective teaching of integrated science in our secondary schools. Despite the importance attached to the subject there is no  secondary school in Egor local government area in Edo state where the range of resources available for the teaching of integrated science can be described as being in anyway adequate

This arises as a result of inability of these materials especially now, due to foreign exchange restriction and large populations of secondary schools pupils.

The aspects of this problems will be dealt with in this study which has the survey of material resources required by the teaching of integrated science. In secondary school in Egor local government area of Edo state.

The following specific questions can be asked does teachers in secondary school improvised or substitute for importance of improvisation which are not easily obtained

Are there enough materials resources for integrated teaching in secondary school? What are the materials that can be improved?

 

 

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to survey the materials resources available for the teaching of integrated science in secondary school in Egor local government area.

The study will examine

1.    The availability of improvised facilities in our schools

2.    Whatever and how integrated science teacher in  secondary schools improvise for  materials which are not easily obtainable

3.    The type of materials that can be improvised

 

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is hope that the findings of this study will be beneficial to educational agencies in Egor local government area of Edo state.

It should be of great important to educational administrates in the distribution of resources to schools

Further more, the result of the finding will be of great benefit to the integrated science teachers in other impact the required integrated science skills to the pupils

 

 

1.6     RESEARCH QUESTION

1.    To what extent is the importance of improvisation in the teaching of integrated science in  secondary school

2.    Do teachers in secondary school improvise for importance materials which are not easily obtained.

3.    Do students in secondary school easily remember topic taught with improvised materials than those topics taught without improvised materials?

4.    Do students in secondary school find it easy to put into practice what they are taught with the use of improvised material?

5.    Does the importance of improvisation led to better performance of students in secondary school.

 

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms that are related to the study are defined below in order to remove somatic ambiguity in their usage.

1.    FOCUS. To give attention, effort e.t.c. to one particular person or subject.

2.    IMPROVISED. To make or do something using whether is available, usually because you do not have what you really want.

3.    INDISPENSABLE. Essential, too important to do without.

4.    SCIENCE. Knowledge about the structure and behaviour of the natural and physical world.

5.    INTEGRATED. An electronic or machine that can store, organized and find information do calculate and control other machines.

6.    INSTRUCTIONAL. That teaches people something.

7.    MATERIALS. Things that are needed to do a particular thing.

8.    RADICAL. Concerning the most basic and important parts of something.

10 TECHNOLOGIES. Scientific knowledge used in practical way.

 

 

 

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THE ROLE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at identifying the role of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. As a result of this, a number of hypothesis emerged and these include.

1.                  Lack of adequate facilities and materials for guidance and counselling centres in schools.

2.                  Lack of qualified personnel militated against organization of guidance and counselling services in secondary school.

3.                  Lack of finance to provide the materials needed for effective organization of guidance and counselling services is another reason why the centres are not in existence in secondary schools in the local government area.

4.                  Ignorance of the usefulness of guidance and counselling services to parents and teachers in secondary schools is yet another reason for the absence of guidance and counselling centres in the secondary schools.

5.                  The government’s unconcerned attitude towards guidance counselling programme in secondary schools also serves as an impediment to the effective implementation of the guidance and counselling services in the secondary schools.

The instrument used for the collection of data in this research was mainly the questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to one hundred teachers within the five (5) randomly selected schools in Oredo local government area of Edo State to test the validity of the aforementioned hypothesis. From the responses of the respondents it was discovered that the importance of guidance and counselling services cannot be overemphasized.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Background to the study

Statement of the study

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Limitations of the study

Chapter Two

Review of related literature

The role of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools

The nature of the child

The need of the child

Assistance to teachers

Assistance to parents

Chapter Three

Research design and methodology

Sampled area

Sample subject

Research instruments

Administration of the questionnaire

Validity and reliability of instrument

Statistical procedure

Chapter Four

Hypothesis I

Hypothesis II

Hypothesis III

Hypothesis Iv

Hypothesis V

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Suggestion for further studies

References

Questionnaire

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1             BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Guidance and counselling as the name implies in the mode and conduct by which an individual or a body of individual assist in the aspect of co-ordination, which lead to efficiency in a given state or policy for the up keep of the future, in a situation as it was from origination traditionally, people were guided through the use of “Ikoro” ‘Ekwe’ or what we refer to as “talking drum”. This is because, once the people hearts their sounds, everyone pays attentions, listen alternatively, because important information laws, policies and relations are usually made through such means. These traditional modes of communicating have been very successful ingredients for guidance within our society.

 

As a result of urbanization, and sophistication other means of guidance came into existence, such as the mass media, namely the television, the radio, the newspapers and magazines. Through these organs relevant and important information is communicated to the society are expected to be aware of their rights and wrongs and so rules and regulations will be kept.

 

Also, within the school system, people are guided through the use of notice board, college bulletins, timetables, syllabus, magazines, bells posters and handbooks of various types. Besides, within the home children are guided through parental verbal interaction and the use of positive and negative reinforcement to ensure that order and discipline are maintained. Apart from that, when an individuals with little problems, leaves his or her home to visit a medicine man i.e. “Debia” in Jos and “baba-Ade” in Yoruba. He believes strongly that the medicine man with his charms and amulets will guide him to recovery through the instructions on how to mix and use certain concoction prepared by him. Also, people could be guided through the use of intuition.

 

Many philosophers believed that through the use of intuition skills many can achieve high philosophical standards that can guide ones attitude, values, norms and emotions. The above explanation points that guidance has been going on within our society, but revealed that such guidance aims at achievement of ones needs and desires, it further indicates that such guidance is more compulsive and regimented and so does not give room for ones cognitive restructuring or transformation of ideas. The traditional guidance has to weakness arising from modernization and industrialization. Thus, the traditional concept of guiding cannot cope with much of the complexity in our society. The deficiency in the traditional concept of guidance renders the above definition have to be given to be able to match its aims and purpose with the complexities of the modern society, especially as it relates to our school system.

 

“Guidance and counselling” is a twin word that is inseparable, but for the purpose of this study, the word “guidance” originated from the Greek word guide meaning to direct, lead, guide, pilot, assist show, inform, control advice, help, teachers give fact facts and to instruct. According to Mr. Eduwen (1994) guidance is a process of assisting individuals to understand himself and his environment, while Eduwen also defined counselling as the interaction between a trained personnel (the counsellor) and a trouble individuals (the Counsellee) for the purpose of helping the Counsellee to resolve his or her problems or crisis.

 

The history and development of guidance and counselling as a formal educational services within the system started in the late 1950s, when a group of revered sisters of the saint twenty outsiders from different works of life to advice the sixty outgoing students on the nature of the different jobs in order to direct their choice of career through the talks. Through group of twenty met regularly in the following year and decided to cater not for only schools, but for other school in Ibadan and its environs.

 

Later principals of school, representation from ministry of education, health, trade, industry and labour were invited to a meeting held on October 1961 to inaugurate the Ibadan career council and this later formed the nucleus of what was then knows as “The Nigerian Career Council”. As a result of the widening of the activities of the council throughout Nigeria, the name Counselling Associated of Nigeria (CAN). The organization has been very effective in the development of guidance service in Nigeria by organizing workshops, conferences, seminars, symposium and soon, to disseminate guidance information. They published a journal called “the counsellor” currently it has led to the organizing of the guidance units by federal and state ministries of education.

 

 

1.2             STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Guidance and counselling centres are of vital importance at all levels at Education. Unfortunately, there has not been any career in any secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State and as such the students cannot identify their talents since the new system of education their them to many career. Furthermore, many students do not know or value the importance of education in the sense that they do not exploit their environment. This is because they are guided towards the manipulation of environment. This is because they are guided towards the manipulation of the resources around them and so they are never serious with their education. The nation is also there among parents and heads of schools that the essence of education but that is not all. As a matter of facts, the aim of education will be defeated if the students cannot out of interest choose a career to follow while in schools. In the actual sense, the presence of guidance and counselling in our schools will in nor small measure reduce the rate of drop out, juvenile delinquency, armed robber and other social ills.

 

 

1.3             PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out the role of guidance and counselling in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State for growing children to fully develop and be able to adjust need a lot of guidance and counselling services, ranging from jealousy to envy, urbanization, industrialization, moral rejection of our philosophers and cultures of refusal to go to school among adolescents. The study is also an attempt to examine the extent to which the role of guidance and counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo local government of Edo State will help in minimizing or eradicating the behaviour, emotional, psychological, social academic and financial problems among the students. All these problems can cripple any developing country and as such the role of guidance services in our secondary school will help in no small measure to reduce the crime wave.

 

 

1.4             SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study is multidimensional and includes to assist the child to develop and increase self understanding and comprehension of the relationship between his abilities, interest, personality, achievement and opportunities. The study will help in facilitating the socialization process and sensitivity to the needs of others. To develop social interest and a feeling to belonging. It will help in making the child to become purposeful and responsible. The study will help to develop whole some attitude and concepts about self in the feeling of adequacy and self in the feeling of adequacy and self acceptance and the courage to function in the tasks of life. From the parents view point, this relations and problems in the family setting as they relates to this child.

 

In addition, it will help them develop realistic views about their children development in relating to their potentialities. Above all it will help them understand their children education and social progress and problems. To teachers, this study will help him to stimulate and promote the use of guidance procedures thereby increasing the utilization of meaningful pupils personal date. It will help him to promote early identification of assets and talents and as well as liabilities of pupils. It will help him develop recognition of the importance of readiness and involvement process as crucial concept, which produce purposeful education experience. It will also help him to reconcile the uniqueness of the individual and the demands of the school and the society. All the government level, the study will go along way in helping the country to identify her talented youths and nurture them to the optimal level of social, education and economical development.

 

In this new guiding young people to pursue the right type of education in which there is no overpopulation of certain manpower needs and under-produced of the other aspect of the manpower needs is a sure process of building a scientific and technological society. In addition, practicing counsellor and teacher will find the result of this study useful in the discharge of their duties. Above all, the researcher hopes that result of this study will help the educational planners and the government to see the need for guidance and counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo local government of Edo State.

 

 

1.5             RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions will be tested in this study:

1.                  Does lack of adequate facilities and materials for guidance and counselling, militates against the establishment of guidance and counselling centres in secondary schools.

2.                  Does lack of qualified personnel militated against organization of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo State.

3.                  Does lack of finance to provide the materials needed for effective organization of guidance and counselling services are not in existence in secondary schools in the local government area.

4.                  Does the government unconcerned attitude towards guidance and counseling programme in secondary schools also serves as an impediments to the effective implementation of the guidance and counseling services in the secondary school in Oredo local government area of Edo State.

 

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A SURVEY OF THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN FINANCING PRIMARY EDUCATION

 

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ABSTRACT

The success of any educational system is a joint responsibility of every component of the system in service to the organization,, similarly the  success of primary of primary  education  in Nigeria is hinged in co-operation between individual parents community and Government. In any case, position of primary education in Nigeria today leave much to be desired as local community bluntly refused to co-operate and participate in   financing this crucial level of education, but   leave it at the mercy of government. It is in this predicament that this study is designed to investigate the extent of community participation in Igueben Local Government Area of Edo State. It is in this search light that a structure questionnaire of items was designed  especially on the  area of focus  and administrated on a number of  people in randomly selected procedure in the course of the study.

            However, the finding revealed that:

1.The primary school in Nigeria are not properly financed that government is the only major source of finance.

2.Local communities do not co-operate with the government in financing this crucial level of education hence the whole system is confronted with insufficient fund.

Moreover, the investigator is of the opinion that;

1.There is urgent need for joint participation of local communities voluntary agencies and individual for effective performance and management of primary education in Nigeria

2.Government should therefore seek for alternative source, funding primary education and try or involve a participating policy in education in Nigeria

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Research question

Significance of the study

Delimitation of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature

Indigenous education and community participation

Participation during the colonial period

Management under new dispensation

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Population of the study

Instrumentation

Data collection

Data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis of data and result

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of finding

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRE

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education plays a vital role in the development of a nation. Education is tools that facilitate the acceleration social, political and economic growth of a nation. Most advance country in the world like United Kingdom and united state of America have attained such level of development through adequate planning financing of education. The successes of any system of education depend on the proper planning, efficient administration and adequate financing.

However, the financial aspect of education is one of the problem facing educational development today, This is because the greater percentage of Nigeria population are illiterates that is they are  not inform it make them deform and  lead to low  performance  in  planning today.

 

According to Salariu (1982) just about 25% of Nigeria is literate while 75% are illiterate. The various Government of Nigeria have seen education as a catalyst in nation building and have been making efforts at improving all aspect of our education system in primary secondary and tertiary institution. For instance, the federal government have not provided the nations, education system with education policy but hug sums of money are not allocated to education sector but rather huge hug sums of money to other sector like construction of roads. To show the degree of involvement in education as assertion was made this government expenditure in primary education alone was sixty thousand, four hundred and sixty five naira (N60, 465). To cover infrastructures, personnel and equipment commitment (first progress repot on third national development plan (1975-1980), this expenditure should not be seen a surprise but rather a justification of the claim in national policy on education, that education is no more a private venture but a huge government venture that has witnessed a progress venture that has witnessed a progressive evaluation of government complete on dynamic intervention and active participation.

 

 

Historically, education in Nigeria has passed through many or development. The advent of formal education, Nigeria had an indigenous system of education of all members of the communities. The western was brought into our midst in the early ninetieth century. This education was embraced by the local communities because it gives room for their participation in the education.

 

The school of that time were missionary controlled with the participation of the local communities hence the member of the mission. Government assumed the full control of education responsible all alone with the financing it with oil becoming, the participation of local communities were not encouraged this brought about distortion to the whole educational system.

 

Before the assumption of school by government, the Christian and Muslim voluntary agencies and organization were those responsible for education .They funded organized administered and controlled them. The communities too did not relent their effort in participation in the financing of education some event beyond building school and staff quarters for their teacher. A case in point is that of Holy Community School, Ozoro and Community Primary School, Oleu both in Igueben Local government area of Edo state, where communities did participated in the building of school and staff quarter for their teachers.

 

All these efforts were geared towards the government of education in those days before the take over by the government. But now the area of government expenditure is widened and economic of the nation is in state of paralysis. In this regard, the strength of weak, she there looks for alternative way of financing primary education or at least sharing the responsibilities with other financing primary sources. Frankly speaking, there is no denying the  fact that Nigeria school are far beyond standard in view of scarcity of resources to fund their school facilities and teacher salaries are not paid when due. It is in this predicament that government in 1992 resorted to decree 3 of 1991 which transferred the funding and administration of primary education to local government. This pronouncement of the federal government as generated a lot  of crisis to the education sector be cause of local government can not afford to shoulder  the responsibility it is to manage this crucial level of education. This situation were worsens the already fallen standard of primary education in Nigeria.

 

In this country now, the primary education is resorted to federal government. Yet thing are not in good order. This study is therefore set out to examine the community participation in the administration of primary school in Igueben Local Government Area.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Historically, analysis has shown that primary education is in a great predicament in Nigeria because of the liability of the federal government to seek for alternative sources of financing education especially from the local communities, voluntary agencies, philanthropists and individual even though available evidence shows that government alone cannot provide the required materials.

 

This has infact through the teaching and learning situation in primary school into a dismal position where unrest is the order of the day. Igueben Local Government as part of the large Nigeria society has own share of the problem and even present a complex and peculiar situation. For instance, the teachers salaries are not paid, the teaching and learning situation are jeopardized. Teaching aids are not provided, the school building are dilapidated and primary school management is in the great confusion due to non participation of the communities in the financing of primary education system.

 

Informal education is to serve a useful purpose toi the communities, it has therefore become necessary for the local communities to participate adequately in the financing of primary education especially at this level of education is the bed rock on which the success or failure of the whole national education depends.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY   

This study is set out to investigate and examine the extent of the communities participation in financing the primary education in Igueben Local Government Area of Edo State or the federal Government alone or else some thing good will not be achieved. Moreover, the study will also help to correct the following; individual, voluntary agencies and local communities to reconsider their stand in providing basic materials and adequate financial assistance to public school in other to bail out from their present financial predicament.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTION

The following question are to be answered as these will throw light on the extent to which primary education can be encouraged in Nigeria as a whole and Igueben Local Government Area in particular.

1.     Could effective management be achieved if communities are fully involved in financing primary education?

2.     Could sound and standard education be achieved if  there is a joint primary education and local communities in financing primary education?

3.     Does the current crisis in primary school management in Nigeria give indication that government alone cannot finance primary school?

4.     Does the takeover of primary education financing by government hinder community participation in financing primary education?

5.     To what extent will communities participate in financing primary education help in improving education of pupils?

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of education in a society and the nation cannot be over emphasized. For it make the people easy to read, but difficult to rule, easy to govern but impossible to sustain. Through this work we shall know the extent which the people of the land have satisfied the above statement.

Again, Igueben Local Government has know record about its literacy or educational programmes. Therefore, the need to carry out this type of study as it will be useful to the educational planners and organizers of the various educational programmes of the local government in particular.

The greatest problem that our educational programmes have been experiencing today is lack of sufficient fund to carry out educational programme with educational development or programme already planned activities. What shall we do then to remedy this ugly situation? This research work will suggest adequate solution which will be of interest to these concerned with education development.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS 

Below are some definition of some key terms in these study;

Community: A group of people living together and share common interest. Community in this passage referred to different town and villages in Igueben Local Government Area.

Primary Education: This beginning of rearing of our offspring in a formal setting to the need of the community. It is an institution of rudiments of knowledge but in this study primary Education especially include the public schools owned by the government.

Financing: It is the involvement of people or community sharing idea in items of labour or finance for enhancing proper management and development.

Participation: It is the involvement of people or community sharing idea terms available in labour, finance and human resource for enhancing proper management and development

Community development: This means the development of this democratic participation which enable the people to cooperation and embrace the spirit of self-help in the execution of programme related to their development.

 

 

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THE ROLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN PUPILS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This project work was undertaken to survey the role of instructional materials in pupil’s academic performance. In some selected primary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State. to find solution to the problem which gave to undertaking the survey q1uestionaire were raised to check the availability use and the attitude of teachers towards the instructional materials in teaching in the selected primary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. From the findings, it was discovered that instructional materials in the teaching of subjects so as to enhance the promotion of learning among pupils towards improved yearly performance and daily use.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One: Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two      

Literature Review

Chapter Three- Methodology

Research design

Population of study

Sample and sampling procedure

Instrument for data collection

Validation of the instrument

Reliability of data collection

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four               

Results on observation and discussion of results

Chapter Five      

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

References

Questionnaires

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Research has proved beyond questions that learning is more effective when as many serve as possible are used and of all the serve sight is powerful. The need, therefore to present information to students visually as well as verbally is now generally accepted. In school  today, emphasis is laid on qualitative and quantitative, curriculum contents techniques and methods of teaching of qualified teachers with great increase in the number of school as well as students enrolment is on increase, and the quality and quantity of teachers are needed to match this increase in enrolment of students and in this regard.

Educational technology cannot be rules out as an instructional innovation. According to Broom and Thornton (1960) “The gradual shift towards the use of instructional materials in education has been encouraged by increased availability of effective appropriate and convenient materials, devices, machines and classroom facilities designed for improving instruction. Throughout history, media and technology for learning have influenced education. Recently, the computer has invaded instructional settings such tills offer powerful possibilities for improving the learning process.

The use of instructional materials is necessary to supplement the available instructional resources and qualified teachers. The current use of instructional materials in Nigeria school is very low and unsatisfactory. The following are ways instructional materials can contribute to qualitative education.

1.     Instructional materials provides for the teachers tools to carryout creativity in the minds of the students.

2.     Instructional materials makes learning process to be easy

3.     It helps the teacher to be able to stimulate pupils to learn.

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Statistics has shown that most of our primary school teachers no longer make use of instructional materials when teaching and this have a negative effect on the teaching and by extension having negative effect on the academic performance of the pupils. Some of these effects include, the pupils will not be able to concretize the lesson that is been taught, they are unable to visualize what the teacher is teaching because the pupils do not have a mental picture of what the teacher is passing across to them. This makes the students to easily forget what they have been taught in the school. without the use of instructional materials, learning becomes boring to the pupils and they can easily lost interest when there is nothing like instructional materials to motivate them to learn, so whatever the teacher is teaching them, they cannot assimilate it easily.

 

Again, when instructional materials are not used when teaching, it makes the pupils to be passive, they don’t have the chance to participate in class activities. They mainly become passive listeners and this reduces their thinking ability and they are unable to reason out things on their own. Statistics has also shown that most primary schools lack these instructional materials in their schools and also they lack trained teachers who know how to use these materials. it is this lack of instructional materials in the teaching learning process that prompted the researcher to investigate the role of instructional materials and its effects on the performance of pupils in primary schools.

 

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The objective of this research is stated as follows;

1.     To find out the type of instructional materials available in primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State.

2.     To determine the extent to which primary school teachers utilize instructional materials.

3.     To determine the factors that militates against the use of instructional materials in primary school.

4.     To find a lasting solution to the problems of instructional materials availability and utilization in primary school.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.     Can the wrong use of instructional materials affect the academic performance of pupils?

2.     What are the effects of instructional materials on the academic performance of pupils?

3.     Does non-availability of instructional materials affects the performance of pupils?

4.     Does instructional materials have any role to play in the academic performance of pupils?

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The grindings of this research would be used for the following, firstly, the findings of this research work will be used to enlighten primary school teachers of the need to make use of audio materials in teaching and learning process. Secondly, the findings of this research work would be used to encourage the government and school management to provide instructional materials for primary school. Thirdly, the findings of the research study would be used to enlighten the school management of the need to enlighten the school management of the need to provide in-service training and learning process. Lastly, it would also prompt the government to organize seminars and workshops to teach teachers on the use of instructional materials.

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research study will cover ten randomly selected primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. the result obtained however, from the analysis of data collected from this schools will be taken as a time representation and reflection of the prevailing condition in all the primary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area in particular and Edo State in general.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS   

Performance: The act of doing something, either good or bad.

Process: A series of things that are done in order to achi8eve a particular result.

Concretize: To make something concrete.

Respondents: A person who answer questions.

 

 

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