PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION: A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY,

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ABSTRACT

This study is centered on the “Perception of Premarital Sexual Relationship amongst Students in Tertiary Institutions. The challenges of premarital sexual relationship have attracted concern; this is due to the various social issues that it generates. The understanding here is that, premarital sexual relationship comes with its own dangers and if not properly handled may lead to several social problems. More so, the theory of planned behaviour was used to explain premarital sexual relationship and its occurrence amongst undergraduate students.

 

To achieve the stated objectives of the research, data were collected using the questionnaire as an instrument. These data were analysed using the simple percentage statistical tool in order to attain clarity.  From the findings of the research, it was concluded that premarital sexual relationship amongst students has assumed an alarming proportion and that premarital sexual relationship is now part of the social life of students and at such, students see nothing wrong in it. Consequently, it was recommended that, early sexual education should be given to children, regular campaign and public sensitisation on premarital sexual relationship should be carried out and that parents, government and the general public should take it upon themselves to contribute their own quota to the education and reduction of premarital sexual relationship.

 

Chapter One: Introduction

 

1.1            Background of the Study                            ..        ..        ..          1

1.2            Statement of the Problem                  ..        ..        ..          6

1.3            Objectives of the Study                     ..        ..        ..          9

1.4            Research Questions                           ..        ..        ..          9

1.5            Significance of the Study                  ..        ..        ..          10

1.6            Scope of the Study                            ..        ..        ..          11

1.7            Operational Definition of Concept    ..        ..        ..          14

 

 

Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

 

2.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          16

2.2     Premarital Sexual Activity of Student        ..        ..        ..          20

2.3     Factors Affecting Student Sexual Behaviour       ..        ..          21

2.3.1  Age                                                   ..        ..        ..          23

2.3.2  Academic Performance and Education                 ..        ..          24

2.3.3  Exposure to Mass Media                            ..        ..        ..          25

2.3.4  Knowledge on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Issues         27

2.3.5  Socio-Economic Status of Parents    ..        ..        ..          30

2.3.6  Living Environment                          ..        ..        ..          31

2.3.7  Parent-Child Communication           ..        ..        ..          32

2.3.8  Communication with Friends            ..        ..        ..          33

2.3.9  Relationship with Opposite Sex                 ..        ..        ..          35

2.4     Premarital Sexual Activity in various Societies   ..          37

2.5     Theoretical Framework                     ..        ..        ..          44

2.5.1  Theory of Planned Behaviour           ..        ..        ..          42

 

Chapter Three: Research Methods

3.1            Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          46

3.2     Design of the Study                          ..        ..        ..          46

3.3     Population of the Study                             ..        ..        ..          47

3.4     Sample and Sampling Technique      ..        ..        ..          47

3.5     Research Instrument                         ..        ..        ..          48

3.6     Method of Data Collection                ..        ..        ..          48

3.7     Method of Data Analysis                  ..        ..        ..          49

 

Chapter Four:     Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Result

 

4.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          50

4.2     Data Presentation                                       ..        ..        ..          51

4.3     Discussion of Findings                      ..        ..        ..          62

 

Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Summary                                          ..        ..        ..          65

5.2     Conclusion                                        ..        ..        ..          66

5.3     Recommendations                                      ..        ..        ..          67

 

REFERENCES                                 ..        ..        ..          69

 

APPENDIX                                      ..        ..        ..          76

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Sexual behaviour or indulgence to sex among undergraduate students and young adults nowadays are one of the great concerns of our society (Donovan, 2007).  Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature.  Attraction of the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species.  Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities.  They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year.  Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood.  This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past (Wikipidia, 2007).

Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilized society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations.  The society always long for nature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society.  The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. Sexuality, in particular, is a major area of concern for young adult and individuals or families of childbearing age (Pilliteri, 2003).

Having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex, in part through lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk, or inadequate self-efficacy to resist pressure (Donovan et al., 2007). Such risky behaviours might result to unfavourable consequences like unwanted pregnancy, illegal abortion, and acquiring STD or the Sexually Transmitted Diseases through sexual contact (AEGIS, 2005). These consequences entail lots of underlying problems.  It is like a domino effect that often leads to guilt.

According to Tumangday (2005), parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and value about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask. There is also a quotation that says

 

 

 

 

 

Press freedom and fundamental human right in Nigeria

(a case study of the Olusegun Obasanjo administration)

Abstract

In this study, press freedom and fundamental human rights mean generally that every individual should have the rights to freedom, which make a society. But where the rights of the press freedom and fundamental human right are fail to given, it will mar a society 100 questionnaires was shared to hundred people. The respondents were students, politician working in the government house and general public. The questionnaire was also distributed thus students 40, journalist 20 and the general public 40, these were used to find out whether obasanjo civilian administration give support to press freedom and fundamental human right. Raw scores of student. Journalist and the general public were collected and analyzed. Results of the analysis showed that, there is partly freedom of press and fundamental human right in olusegun obasanjo civilian administration than to that of sani abacha and badamosi babangida military regime. Recommendation where made based on the findings which include among other things that the government should try to advanced the cause of the press freedom from the level it is today by granting the press free hand to its duty. Again the government should take a second look as its stand on sharia law in some states like zamfara state. Finally the government should prosecute those who violate human rights from the past till down and the press should do its work according to the ethics of their profession. And people should be educated more to know their fundamental human rights. It is hope that if these recommendation are implemented, there will be noticeable improvement in the society since press is the watch dog of the society.

List of tables

• How free is the press in nigeria?
• Do you feel that the press in nigeria is performing its job as the voice of the voiceless in our society?
• Do you believe that nigeria journalists and citizen should be given freedom to exercise their right?
• Do you think that press freedom and fundamental human rights both contributed to the recent democracy in nigeria?
• Will press freedom guarantee truthfulness and objectivity in the field of journalism?
• How would you rate the babangida and abacha regime concerning pres freedom and fundamental human rights in nigeria?
• Who is to be blamed for the restricted situation of the press?
• Do you feel that the journalists are restricted because they do not adhere to the profession?

Table of content

Title page                                                                    i

Approval page                                                     ii

Dedication                                                          iii

Acknowledgements                                             iv

Abstract                                                              vi

List of content                                                     ix

 

Chapter one:- introduction                 1

• Background of the study 1
  • Statement of the problems 11
  • Purpose of the study 13
  • Significance of the study 14
  • Research questions 15
  • Scope of the study 16
  • Definition of terms 17

 

Chapter two: literature review            23

• Fundamental human rights in nigeria 23
• Press freedom a way to fundamental

Human right                                               27

• The nigerian press under the olusegun obasanjo administration 37
• Summary of the literature review 40

 

Chapter three: reseach methodology  42

3.0   methodology                                                42

• Brief outline of the study 42
• Design of the study 43
• Area of the study 44
• Population of the study 44
• Sample of the study 45
• Instrument for data collection 45
• Validation of the instrument 46
• Distribution and retrieval of the instrument 46
• Method of data analysis. 47

 

Chapter four:- presentation and analysis of data                                                                         48

• Data presentation 48
• Data analysis 48
• Findings 60

 

Chapter five: summary and findings, conclusion and recommendation

• Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • Limitations of the study
  • Suggestion for further study

References

Appendices

Questionnaire

Chapter one – introduction

1.0  background of the study

Press freedom and fundamental human rights are two terms that can make or mar a society.

Press freedom and fundamental human rights can make a society where they are given their right place and proper attention. In the same, vein, the two can mar society where they are not given their proper place and respect. Infact they are like two sides of the coin.

a respect for fundamental human rights thus becomes a respect for human person. To understand how fundamental human rights work in a society is to understand the position of press freedom in that society. Because a society cannot have fundamental human rights in operation without first of all having press freedom in place, since the press is the voice of the voiceless society.

moreover to understand press freedom and fundamental human rights in nigeria, one must at the social systems where they operate. To put this in perspectives, that is pertinent to review the ibrahim badamosi babangida and the sani abacha military regimes and the supposed democratic government of olusegun obasanjo, during the period under military review in nigeria, press freedom and fundamental human right were conceived not for the great mans of people for men who were in position to guide and direct their fellows. This freedom was thought to be created near the hub of power. This is to say that once one is in power or in uniform, the person is above the law in some aspects of life.

the press therefore functioned from the top to down. The rulers of the time used the press to inform the masses of what they want to hear. Know and support.

for instance the government used the media to project only its programme and policies. But after all these, the fate of press freedom still hangs the balance.

However as stated earlier, no person can talk freedom of the press without first of all thinking of fundamental human right. When human rights are held in bondage, the press cannot find a fertile ground to practice, hence the clamp on the press article one (1) of the universal declaration of human rights say ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Human rights and equal in dignity and rights. Human rights thus become birth right that flows from parents to children. This becomes possible as human beings are endowed with reason and consciences. There were severe retroactive laws as well as numerous absolutist decrees which inter-alia legalized illegalities and also drastically eroded fundamental human rights.

nevertheless, these constitute were mere interludes in the long tragedies of violation unleashed on innocent citizens by the military regimes, more especially the babangida and abacha regimes, the case is not all that different in this obasanjo administration but the treatment that time was sugar coated which may prove more dangerous. It is a form of good will but it was actually deceitful. A situation where a political party claims that it has chosen a consensus candidates to represent it in a political post or to use its platform to contest a political post while it is not so, this is denial of human rights of citizens in a democratic setting, it is fitting for the citizen in a political party to generally select the person who will use its name to contest for political post.

Most of the atrocities committed against the citizens were never reported during the regimes of babangida and abacha, as decrees were promulgated to trap those pressmen who cleared to publish government’s violation of human rights. As for obasanjo administration such pressmen will be sacked without benefits. As a result of this ugly development against nigeria pressmen, freedom of press becomes and remains a mirage.

Today the government frowns at who invites or comments on the regressing standard of education in nigeria and its attendants problems. It is even more shameful that citizens do not know what is happening in their country, simply because there is no press freedom, at the same time government is claiming to be running a democratic state. The situation has so determine, that many events in nigeria are first reported by foreign press before the local one. Sometimes, the nigerian press never reports such occurrences. As a result of intimidation to journalists and media operators, many nigerians are ignorant of events in nigeria or in the country. For example, the day abacha died. It was the foreign media that reported it first and those nigerians who do not have access to foreign reports got the news later when it was announced in nigeria.

Consequently, the civil liberties organization (clo) annual report about nigeria and becomes a useful guide in appreciating the dept of ruthlessness and lawlessness of babangida and abacha regimes, including the obasanjo administration. The executive thus arrogates to itself the power to accuse, arrest, make out punishment without recourse to the law courts. In the cast of the past military regimes, law courts were rendered important, new decrees were rolled out to deal with critics of government without the due process of law. Though the bill of human rights, the universal declaration of federal republic of nigeria, have fundamental human rights, embedded in them, but implementation of such provisions is the case.

The press and government have observed the relationship existing between them as that of “friendly enemies, the press will be doing everything it knows now for government in power and the masses, but the only reward the press gets is gail sentences, confiscation of their newspapers and magazines, writing of threat letters. Sometime send death through letter bombs as was the case of dele giwa during the babangida regime and so on.

Nevertheless, the importance and functions of the press cannot be over emphasized in a secular society like ours. These functions of the press are:-

Correlation: (1997) and wright (1975) wrote that, “correlation includes the interrelationship about the environment and prescription for conduct in reaction to these events. This is the editorial or opinion function which is otherwise pejoratively referred to as propaganda agenda setting.

Socialization or education: wright further said that occur on communicating knowledge’s, values and social norms from one generation to another from members of a group of newcomers. This is done through informal education.

Surveillance: according to wright, surveillance “refers to the collection and distribution of information, concerning events in the environment, both outside and within any particular society” this function of the press helps in guiding the live of the individual in society.

Entertainment: wright sees entertainment as “communicative it’s primarily intended for amusement, irrespective of any instrumental effect they might have. This is geared towards providing some amusement relaxation and relief from tension. It is basically meant to offer escape from hard, stressful times.

These functions of the press are very vital for the country and the press in society cannot be over emphasized.

• Statement of the problem

Press freedom cannot be discussed while isolating fundamental human rights. That is why article (1) of the universal declaration of human rights says that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. A nation may be in place, but without psychological welfare going on in it by this, the nation might be a multi ethics state, where some citizens will be depraved of some of their rights. This such a nation is lacking in its fundamental human rights, martin luther king jr. Statement “peace is not absence of conflict but the presence of justice. The unfortunate thing is that the poor masses of a country like nigeria do not know what their rights are, they find it very difficult to fight for their rights. This is where the work of the pressmen becomes important, to fight the social ills in the country. But the question is, are the pressmen free to operate in nigeria, thus the press profession is like the biblical contest between moses and pharaoh, where moses was demanding for the release of his people to go to the land of promise, so that they would be free to express themselves, without fear of obnoxious decrees. But so long as the persecution of the journalists persists, practicing journalists cannot rest on their bars this study will look at:

the extent fundamental human rights are observed since the administration of olusegun obasango from 1999-2003 till date. Some national dailies and magazines will be studied to establish friends in human rights violations.

• Purpose of the study

To highlight the importance of press freedom, to look into how the press is being handled and determine how the press freedom can faster fundamental human rights in nigeria.

To generate enough date that will serve as motivator for future researchers in this area of one’s communicating.

this work will be beneficial to media professionals politicians and anyone in society.

 

1.3  significance of the study

This work among other things will look for a way of projecting nigerian’s human rights and press freedom records in a good light both in and outside of the country. This work will be beneficial to media professionals, politicians, researchers and people from all walk of life.

 

 

 

 

1.4  research questions

1. I) research question, how was press freedom influence fundamental human rights.

the questions is taken care of by data in table 4.4 which said that press freedom has influence on fundamental human right, the press is seen as the voice of the voiceless in society. The reason being that anytime the press is doing its job effectively, it always influence and attract positively the operations of fundamental human right, that is peoples fundamental human rights are not easily violated by this means that the press speaks of society.

4. How the press has failed under the obasanjo administration is answered by data in table 4.1 which showed that the press is free in nigeria.

• Fundamental human rights determine press freedom the questions was answered by data in table 4.3 which said that the idea of freedom to nigeria journalist and citizens is a positive suggestion, the reason being that when ever fundamental human right is in operation, it automatically guarantees press freedom.

• Scope of the study

This study is limited only to the survey of babangida and sani abacha’s military regimes and obasanjo’s civilian administration. The data required for this study will be collected from the under graduate of political science, politicians who worked with the government and the general public in a randomly selection in onitsha and nnamdi azikiwe university.

1.6  definition of terms

It is important to state that conceptual definition refers to the actual meaning of terms as in dictionary; it is the general motion of a particular term. While operational definition refers to meaning as it suits the another or the way its would be in a content. It is given by the author. Note that the operational definition comes before conceptual terms.

Media: singular form of medium, it refers to the channel used in the transmission of message to the audiences, thus radio, television, newspaper and magazine. In this media is referred to all types of medium whether electronic or print.

        according to oxford dictionary press freedom is the right of journalists to report events and express opinions freely. Press freedom can be defines as right or free access to information and right to report news without government deprivations. It can also means the art of publishing material without submitting to government authority for permission.

Press: the press in this frame work refers to a print and electronic medium of communication. It can also refer to newspaper or periodicals collectively or publishing house.

Freedom: in this content, it means giving access, liberty not under compulsion or restraint by any authority.

Journalism: the profession which involves working in a media house, sometimes it is regarded as press work. This is profession which antecedent entails conducting and writing for public journals.

Regime: it refers to a period of a particular government in power, examples are that of abacha and abubakar. It means also a system of government or administration usually military.

Human rights: these right which are inherent in the nature of human beings without which we cannot live as human beings. This refers to those principles and freedom given human being in order to satisfy nature.

Tyranny: it means abuse of power, ruling authoritatively without the consent of the citizens. It refers to using power arbitrary and oppressively.

Ethics: ethics of journalism refers to widely accepted standard of practice in the profession. It is the profession standard conduct in journalism.

Decrees: these are laws made by the military which are not constitutional. This is the order edict law by one authority.

Prescrition: withdrawal of license and closure of news paper or magazine organization.

Detention: it means conferment of arrest due to an offence committed before trail in a court of law. It also means restriction of liberty especially of political provisional law; a rule of action establish by authority.

Civil liberty organization (clo): this is an organization in nigeria which is formed to fight against the abuse of human rights. The incumbent president in nigeria is ayobe. It has other branches in other countries of the world.

Universal declaration of human rights:

This is united nation commission where thirty articles of human rights are written for the whole worlds observation.

Vanguard nespaper: a national newspaper publisher at apapa surellere of lagos state in nigeria.

Tell magazine: a democratic and truthful magazine published in lagos, its truthful publication his mostly handed the editors and reporters in detention.

Newswatch: this is a nationwide magazine published in lagos its leadership should be up to 20,000 at a circulation world wide.

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ATTITUDES OF TEACHERS AND PARENT TOWARD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Corporal punishment is kind of punishment the causes severe pains to the body. It can be in various forms among which are flogging, picking pains, frog jump, uprooting trees and so on. Flogging which was mostly used in secondary schools was abolished in 1959 by the federal government thus generating argument between and among parents and teachers.

Parents, teacher and even the society at large are arguing that corporal punishment be re-introduce to secondary schools. Corporal punishment should be used as a social control mechanism as it helps curbs indiscipline thereby establishing and maintaining a society full morally disciplined pupil. (Sulaiman 2013).
The area of corporal punishment was widely spread in school of Europe some several centuries ago. Corporal punishment formed an important part of the curriculum; Sparta boys were subjected to the ordeals of severe flogging as a test of entrance and manhood (Boycott and king, 1975.)

Gene et al (1982) defined Corporal punishment as inflicting of bodily or social pin to the leaner. Also according to him, students who misbehave are regarded as “bad” and are in need of punishment is applied it means that all other methods of punishments must have been adopted and failed before the school administer applies corporal punishment. Hence, Corporal Punishment could be seen as presentation of unpleasant stimulus to cause a reduced frequency of emission of behavior. Also Gene views punishment as arranged in order of severity and should be used in order as far as it is necessary to control the situation.

Also when universal free secondary education was introduced in the old Western region 1955, flogging in schools was banned. However, some parents and teachers opposed to it, they argued the Nigeria children are not ready for such a change (Abiri 1976).
Most parents believed that only the use of cane reform children and make them learn. Hence, the adage “spares the rod and spoils the child” they also believed that if one is too lenient in training a child, he will bring misfortune to himself and his family. Parents also stress the importance of obedience and respect to elders and thereby demand unquestionable submission to their will. Thus. They believe that the present indiscipline in schools is due to the ban on the use of corporal punishment. (Daniel 2011).

Since 1975, there has been an increase in public attention to the problem of indiscipline in our country in general and also in our schools system in particular. Early 1977, the issue reached a critical point when the them military government concluded plans to deploy military personnel to secondary schools in order to maintain discipline. (Bulus 1988).

In July 1977, the National Policy Development Centre organized a workshop on discipline in schools as part of its own study on national discipline. Also in 1984, the military government in power launched “war against Indiscipline” in the country. However, its activities towards the use of corporal punishment in secondary school were lukewarm. Although some people view corporal punishment as an act of discipline whiles other perceive it a harsh act of discipline. The application of corporal punishment is what that pupils would not be injured It is clear that the rate of indiscipline in our schools nowadays cannot be over emphasized. This raises the question of effective disciplinary methods in the control of problem behaviors. It is therefore essential to investigate the attitude of parents and teachers towards corporal punishment on erring pupils in secondary schools. (Bulus 1988).

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is just like any other study, is to highlight the importance of punishment because it is a general view that not all forms of rewards can make a pupil to be submissive.
Punishment is intended to effect a change in behavior, or break habits. Punishment is meant to save other children from falling prey to the offender’s act.

For instance, if a child is identified as a bully in the school and the behavior is not curbed, he is likely to influence a few other children to practice same. The tendency to graduate into armed robbery is glaring. In a nutshell, punishment is well administered it can accomplish the following result:
(1) Teaching the child respect for authority.
(2) Forcing the child to do something he was not ready to do
(3) Blocking undesirable responses.

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