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The role of non-governmental agencies in poverty alleviation and the development of community

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The role of non-governmental agencies in poverty alleviation and the development of community

(a case study of ufuma prime movers association in orumba north local government area, anambra state)

 

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
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Abstract

The study focuses on the role of non-governmental agencies in poverty alleviation and the development of communities using ufuma prime movers association in orumba north local government area as a case study. The general purpose of the work was to highlight the role of non-governmental agencies in poverty alleviation and development of community which the specific objective is to examine the structure of ufuma prime mover in orumba north local government area anambra state. To identify the contributions of ufuma prime movers in oruma north in its community development effort. The data used for this research is derived from the administration of questionnaire, interview and also through internet, library research on the textbooks, percentage analysis and the hypothesis formulated were tested using the percentage test. The scope of this study is the impact of non governmental agencies in community development organization to the development of communities, area of the study which covers a particular geographic area which is orumba north local government which is used as the case study. Population of the study which is composed of five hundred and sixty two (562) workers, sample of the study which the researcher used random sampling techniques which stated that out of 562 workers in orumba north local government, 233 was selected.  The major constraint encountered by ufuma prime mover in orumba north local government area in its community development efforts were lack of finance and materials for carrying out development projects. From our finding, it was recommended that government and non-governmental agencies should make conscious effort towards supporting community members in self help community project.

 

 

Table of content

 

Chapter one

1.0    introduction                                                         1

1.1    background of the study                                      1

1.2    statement of the problem                                     6

1.3    purpose of the study                                    7

1.4    significance of the study                                      8

1.5    research question                                                 9

1.6    scope of the study                                                10

1.7    limitation of the study                                          11

1.8    definition of terms                                                11

 

 

Chapter two

Literature review

2.0    introduction                                                         14

2.1    the concept of non-governmental agencies 14

2.2    the concept of community development              16

2.3    registration of non-governmental agencies  18

2.4    types of non-governmental agencies            21

2.5    objectives of community development                 23

2.6    basic function on non-governmental agencies       25

2.7    non-governmental agencies as a means to

Improve community development                        26

2.8    summary of literature review                               28

 

Chapter three

3.0    research design and methodology                        29

3.1    design of the study                                               29

3.2    area of the study                                                  30

3.3    population of the study                                        30

3.4    sample of the study                                              31

3.5    instrument for data collection                             32

3.6    reliability and validity of the instrument             33

3.7    distribution and retrieval of the instrument        33

3.8    method of data analysis                                       34

 

Chapter four

4.0    presentation and analysis of data                        35

4.1    data presentation                                                 35

4.2    data analysis                                                        35

4.3    discussion/analysis of findings                   48

 

Chapter five

5.0    summary of findings, conclusion and        recommendation                                                   49

5.1    summary of findings                                    49

5.2    conclusion                                                            51

5.3    recommendations                                                52

References                                                            54

Appendix(es)                                                   56-57

 

 

 

List of table

Table 1:     position distribution of respondent             36

Table 2:     characteristics of the respondents              37

Table 3:     number of married and yet married            38

Table 4:     educational qualification of respondents      38

Table 5:     do the people of the community initiate programme and project for the development

Of the community.                                       39

Table 6:     does the people of the community involved

In the development of their communities   40

Table 7:     does the people of the community involved

In taking decision for the maintenance of

Their community                                          41

Table 8:     is there any positive relationship between

Orumba north local government and

Non-governmental agencies.                        42

Table 9:     do you think that the agency of orumba

North local government has helped well in community unemployment problem             43

Table 10:   do you think that non-governmental

Agencies  have a lot of in pact in

Community development                            44

Table 11:   does the people of the community provide

The amenities used in their community     45

Table 12:   do you think that some people have diverted

These basic amenities for their own personal use?                                                         46

Table 13: do you think that the amenities produced

have achieved the development of rural

community?                                         47

 


 

Chapter one

  • Introduction
    • Background of the study

Non-governmental agencies in Nigeria have demonstrated appreciable interest towards the provision of amenities to both the rural and urban population of the country. The interest shown by these non-governmental agencies could be derived from their genuine intention of uplifting the liking standard of the people. There is therefore no gain saying the fact that there have been some noticeable increases in educational institutions, health centers, road constructions, water supply and so on as they store to impress the people. Experience has shown that the provision and maintenance of amenities cannot be handled by government alone because it will be too onerous for government to satisfy the need of all communities, bearing in mind the limitation of time and resources. It is therefore, necessary for the agencies of government to educate the people to appreciate the fact that the transformation of their country for enhancement of their standard of living should be a joint responsibility between the community and the government or its agencies. This is why series of reforms and restricting have been undertaken.

At local government level, at in an attempt to make it more responsive to the yearnings and aspirations of the people it is also aimed to involving an efficient and functional administrative and resources allocation system that will make for rapid growth and modernization of rural communities (non oil). The role of non-governmental agency (ngo’s) in community developed has attracted the attention of some great scholars. Aroh (1997), viewed community development as a process whereby community came together to perform various functions in order to given a face left to their immediate environment or community. Also non oil (1981) refers development as a natural fact in which the individuals and society interest with their physical, biological and inter human environment transforming them for their own benefit and that of humanity at large. Ngo’s as an organization or loose associations which are composed of people working together to address a need. Basic element of ngo’s are: –

  1. Non-profit oriented
  2. A voluntary organization
  • An ngo is primary on intermediate organization that is development oriented.
  1. Non-government in term of organization, membership and funding.

In all, non-governmental agencies role is poverty alleviation and community development is aimed at making people self reliant, able to participate in national development. It also ensure that both the rural and urban communities the provision of the necessary assistance, like funds legal and structural framework, technical and managerial expertise necessary for the programmers’, aroh (2002).

The study was carried out in ufuma, which is located at orumba north local government area of anambra state in nigeria. The local government area occupies an area of about 220 square kilo with an estimated population of 8,280 people (npc 1991).

The local government comprises of different communities like ajali which is the headquarter, oko, ufuma, omogho, awa, naka, amaokpala, ndiowu, ndikelionwu and so on. The occupation of the people is farming, treading, civil servants, etc. The ufuma prime movers was on the third development union formed in the area in 1984 but before the formation of the ufuma prime movers there was other union formed in february 23nd 1982. The cooperative union formed in march 2nd 1983 before the formation of the ufuma cooperative union in june 28th 1984. This union of the development of the community and also has helped in increasing the standard of living of the people and extending aims to the less privileges in the community. There was remarkable to which was done by these prime movers on march 8th 2000 disk and chairs for the umonyiba primary and nursery school in the area also in 2004 the prime movers donated wholesomely to the widows in umuogem community. The ufuma comprises of nine (9) villages and its history is something that one cannot forget in a haste, the people of ufuma are people with integrity, honest and responsible as i was told the ufuma people spread to different villages like umuagu, obiagu, umuogem, umonyiba, umuonyiuka and so on.

 

  • Statement of the problem

Though the community dwellers in non-governmental agencies has continued to play a significant role in the community development by producing food and agricultural raw materials for exploit and local consumptions but yet so many community still lack the basic amenities of life such as good roads, postal services an communication e.g. Mtn network, nitel, glo etc anyanwu (1981). The unbalance in provision of these basic amenities and infrastructural development between the rural and the urban areas have occasionally an unprecedented rural urban draft with a depressive effects on the rural urban economy which the facts has been established in a way whereby the non-governmental agencies is constrained in its effort to provide citizens with all the required social and basic amenities for comfortable living anyanwu (1992). The truth is that non-governmental agencies have been established by various community members, who came to government with the activity of the non-governmental agencies have been documented adequately in literature and it is such view that the study was conceived to examine the role of the ufuma prime movers in ufuma orumba north local government area, anambra state was regarded to the community development.

 

  • Purpose of the study

The main purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the ufuma prime movers in orumba north local government which specific aim of these research works is to designed the following:

  1. To examine the structure of the development union.
  2. To identify the constraints encountered by the ufuma prime movers in their community development effort.
  3. After the completion, the research work will be an incentive and motivation factors in the behavior of the people towards community development.
  4. Ascertain the personal characteristic of each members of the ufuma prime mover in orumba north local government.

 

  • Significance of the study

The essence of this research work is to propagate the good role of non-governmental agencies towards community development and how they can contribute to the crusade against poverty after the completion of this products, so that the people of the community can see the need for self help project because non-governmental agencies have play a significant role in community development and their roles need to be understood very well by policy makers, the government and ngo, the potentials members that will gradually help in development.

 

  • Research questions

In order to achieve the objectives of this research work these proper solution will be attempt to in the research:-

  1. In what extent are the people of the community initiate programmes and projects for the development of the community?
  2. What is the relationship between non-governmental agencies in community development in orumba north local government?
  • How are the amenities given to the people of the community being provided and maintain by the people of the community?

 

  • Scope of the study

The scope of this study is the impact of non-governmental agencies in community development organization to the development of communities with particular reference to ufuma prime movers in orumba north local government area of anambra state. Findings here shall be used as a yardstick to other states in nigeria.

 

 

  • Limitations of the study

In carry out this research work, i encountered so many obstacles, like the day i was travelling to anambra state for questioning of the respondents, it rained heavily and the cost of traveling was very high as i thought. There were difficulties in getting the respondents, because most of them have gone to the farm, why some to the village market etc.

 

1.8  definition of terms

In order to give easy comprehension of the entire research, it is required that some terms of importance used be defined, such terms are as follows: –

 

 

  1. Government:

Can be defined as an institution of a state whereby the interest, welfare and needs of the citizen are been protected.

  1. Community:

This referred as a relatively small isolated center with a stable population in which all economic and social services necessary to life can be realized.

  1. Development:

It involves improvement, progressing enhancement and change in economic, social socio-cultural, infrastructure, political of a state. Development is multidimensional change in native and attitudes of one’s life.

 

 

  1. Agency:

A business or an organization that provides a particular service especially on behalf of other business or organization.

  1. Role:

The function or position that something has or is expected to have in an organization in society or in a relationship.

 

 

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The role of educated nigeria women in the social and economic development of our country

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The role of educated nigeria women in the social and economic development of our country

(a case study of nigeria)

 

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

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MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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Chapter one

  • Introduction ————————————-1

1.1  background of the study————————4

1.2 statement of the problem————————9

1.3 objective/  purpose of  the study————-10

1.4 significance of the study———————–11

1.5 scope of the study——————————-13

1.6 research question ——————————

1.7 definition  of  terms —————————-13

 

Chapter two

  • Literature review——————————-16

2.1 roles of educated nigerian women

2.2 contribution of educated nigerian women

2.3 problems confronted by educated Nigeria women

2.4 sources of help top educated Nigerian women

 

Chapter three

  • Research methodology———————–39

3.1 design of the study—————————–40

3.1 area of the study———————————–

3.3 population of the study————————41

3.4 sample of the study—————————–41

3.5 description of the instrument  —————42

3.6 distribution and retrieval of the instrument –43

3.7 method of data analysis————————43

 

Chapter four

  • Presentation and analysis of data ———-45

Chapter five

Summary of findings, conclusion and

Recommendation

5.1 summary of findings—————————55

5.2   conclusion ———————————–59

5.3 recommendations ——————————57

5.4 limitations of the study————————60

5.5 suggestions of the  study

References ——————————————–

Appendix———————————————–

Questionnaire ——————————————

 

 

Abstract

The major purpose of the study was to determine the roles of educated nigeria women in socio-economic development of our country. The population of the study consisted of the 78 educated women. Both workers and visitors in women development center awka. The sample size for the study was 70 using simple  random sampling, with 90%  of the percent  of the entire   population four research question were formulated  which quited the study a 70 tem  structured questionnaire were developed, percentage was used to analyze  the data collected.  The major finding of the study were. (1) it was observed that women help in    building  of charitable  organization  motherless baby homes etc, awarding of  scholarship and building of health centers (2)  it was also found that  government is the most eminent  sources  of  help  to educate  nigerian women in playing.,  their roles it  was concluded that.  (iii) educated  women play a vital role in socio-economic development  of  nigeria  (2) educated women contribute in  building  of charitable  organization awarding of  scholarship and building  of   health centers ultimately it was recommended that above mention  factors (v) that federal government should  encourage  women education by criticizing early marriage in the country (2) government should create employment programmes for younger women to enable them to develop themselves.

 

 

 

                        Chapter one

                        introduction

  • background  of the study

Over   four  decade years ago  educated  nigerian women  were  left out  in  most  of  the  national issues.   Most average  nigeria  men felt  that the place  of  women   no  matter  the level of  her education  end in  kitchen.

however the  contribution  of  most educated women in  nigeria in  the  recent time  have  cleared al doubt  in  the  saying that what  a  man  can do woman  can do  more  better.

 

Nigerian women are now coming forward  in this  21st  century to assert   and play significance  role in  the  countries    social   and economic  development   with their male  counterpart , they  have    left no  stone unturn in  carrying out  their  nature   duties either as a  civil  servant, commissioner,  minister, governor,  public  servant,  heads  of   non  governmental  organization  (ngo)etc. They now  organize  seminars  workshop,  campaign etc on women  empowerment  and  campaign on  feeding  methods and spacing  of  children and   number   of  children  which every  family   would  aim at  for  a  proper education   and  healthy up bringing.

 

economically,   most idle  house  wife  in  the rural areas have be rehabilitated after  receding lectures on  the  roles  educated women in  developing economy and   women empowerment  in  our country. Some  embraced  waving  poultring , farming , hand  craft etc.  These  locally  made  craft during trade  fairs has  helped to project the ingenuity of  nigerian women  as have   help to boast the economy of   the  country.

 

the  recent political interest     being  shown  by educated women   in our country  have also challenged the uneducated women  in  the  society  and the  masses at larger  to  understand that the  place  of   women  is   not only  in  the kitchen.  The past  immediate government recorded most of its  success in   most area which  was spearheaded by woman  the strong  and unbribable nafdac   chairman dr.  Dora akuntelu she  took   it  upon herself to step drug abuse., chief  mrs. Ngozi iwuala minister of finance recorded an unforgettable  impact  in that ministry   and  our country  at   large.  Also mrs.  Oby ezekwesili  the  minister of  education who  went a long way  in making nigeria  educational  system, what  it  is today dame virge etiaba   is  not  also   left  out  in  history   as the first woman  governor  in nigeria  who turn anambra state into   peaceful state  during   her (100) days in  office  as  governor  of anambra state. To   mention but  a few.

 

women  makes  psychological impact in  the society  with  the  talent they have as mother.   They knew the  best  way to approach the  youths children, they have in  many time organize themselves  in  groups to take care  of the  youths and educate  them on  the bad affect of  drugs  and other misconduct,  which they involve and  the impact of  their  contribution  is   been felt all  over the  country.

 

 

1.2 statement of  the  problems

it is sometimes  said that women are   not  logical   that  their  thoughts  are  less  subject  to  control  by  the  rules  of  logic  and that  they  depend  upon institution and   emotion  more than  men.  It  is also  believed  that women are naturally   so constitute  that they cannot    be  otherwise.  This conception  had been used to rationalize  much of the  prejudice against higher profession  and top   business  and   industrial position. Are all these opinion about   women  facts    or are  the more  cultural  biases   having  no  factual base on  the  capabilities  of  woman.

 

The question on  their topic might  be asked who are these educated women? What  significant  roles  have  they  played or can play toward developing the country.? Though  women  are  later comers  in  the  race for education. Do  we   have women who have attained such educational   heights  as to  enable them play  the   significant  role  in  national development.

 

 

1.3 objective/  purpose  of the study 

the  study  tend  to identify various  socio-economic   development of the  country.

  1. To identify the roles played by the educated   nigerian woman in social  and economic development  of  our country.
  2. To examine the contributions of the educated  nigerian  women  in socio economic  development of the country.
  3. To identify the problem facing the educated nigerian women in  their efforts towards social  and economic development  of  our country.
  4. To identify sources of help and motivation that facilitate  the   educated women in playing  their  roles.

 

1.4 significant of the study

The  funding  of  these  research work  will significantly   create awareness  of  the  roles  of educated  women and how  to  improve  their performance and  participation in  social and economic development  of our  country.

 

the study  will serve as a  piece of motivation  to  the  uneducated   women on the need for women education  and  empowerment. It will also  inspire the educated women  more  on  the  quest for the   country  social and economic   development.  It will also  help to  eliminate  the humiliation borne by educated nigerian  women in  the  country.  In essence  enable  their  men  counterparts,  government   and  families  to  understand   how important the  role  of educated women  are in  the development  of our country  thereby  encouraging women education both financially,  morally  and  otherwise.

 

finally, the study  will also  be of great importance   to al  the  female  students in our colleges   and will also  act as a reference   material  to the  school library.

 

 

  • Scope/ delimitation of the  study

The work  is a research based on socio-economic development of  our  country  . It  is  to examine the role  of educated  women.

in  the  course of study.  The   contribution  of  the educated nigerian women as  involved   in  the social and development  of  nigerian should  be  examine. Problems   or  weakness as well  as standard practices will be  looked with as  identified and recommendations  will  be made  for  improvement.

no attempt was  made to look into  the    activities of other women such as the   business women  and   farmers.  The research  work will   not  also looks  into  the  domestic  roles  of educated nigerian women in    their  respective  homes.

 

 

1.6 research  questions

This  study sought   answers to  the   following   research question

  1. What are the roles  played by  educated   nigerian women in  the socio-economic development  in  our  country.
  2. What are the contributions  of the  educated  nigerian  women  in  the  social   and economic  development  of nigeria.
  3. What are sources of help and   motivation  that  facilitate  the   educated women in  playing  tier  roles?.
  4. What are the problems that faced the  women in tier   effort at  the  social and economic  development of  nigeria.

1.7 definition of terms

the  teams used  in t his  research  work which have   unique  meaning that could  be  subjected to different  interpretations   by different  readers  of  this  project  reports are defined as follows.

  1. Educated women: this are women who have been to the school college  and  Those who  have  acquired  certificates  either as a degree holder master holder, nce, nd, hnd holder  etc.
  2. Development: it is an overall trend or process in  which  socio- political   and  socio- economic    transformation  are achieved ,  it  is   the process  of  improving  or changing the quality  of  a thing.
  • Social development: it is an aspect  of development  that concerns   the  social  aspect of  life  people as regard.  Housing  public  health
  1. Economic development: this  deals  with  those aspects  of  life  designed to  give profit to  the  economy   as regards finance  agriculture, trade,     

 

 

 

 

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The problem of retirement in enugu state civil service

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The problem of retirement in enugu state civil service

a case study of enugu state universal basic education board.

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

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Abstract

This is a study on problems of retirement in the enugu state civil service: a case study of enugu state universal basic education board. This study is an attempt to help the enugu state civil service retiring employees to prepare for life after retirement. The work intends to help the retiring employees to set their priorities right and to easily define their lives after retirement. In order to avoid the high degree of penury some retirees live in after several years of service.this study really exposes the importance of retirement guidance and counselling, various issues a retiring employee must address while he/she is still in active service, what the employers should do in order to help the prospective retirees to as a death sentence.

 

List of table

Table 1:           there is poor administration of pension scheme.

Table 2:           there is no proper record keeping in the enugu state universal basic education board

Table 3:           there is delay in payment of retirement benefit plans.

Table 4:           planning ahead of retirement period reduces post retirement problems.

 

Table of contents

Chapter one

1.0 introduction –    –      –      –      –      –      1

1.1 background of the study   –      –      3

1.2   statement of the study    –      –      –      4

1.3   objective of the study      –      –      –      5

1.4   significance of the study –      –      7

1.5   hypothesis       –      –      –      –      –      –      8

1.6   scope of the study   –      –      –      –      9

1.7   definition of terms   –      –      –      –      9

 

Chapter two

2.0   introduction    –      –      –      –      –      11

2.1   retirement       –      –      –      –      –      –      12

2.2   types of retirement –      –      –      14

2.3   advantages and disadvantages

Of mandatory retirement –      –      –      17

2.4   flexible/voluntory retirement  –      20

2.5   forceful retiement    –      –      –      –      23

2.6   requirement for processing of retirement benefits  –      –        –      –      24

  • Retirement problem of employees in nigeria –      –      –        –      –      –      –      27
  • Solution to retirement problems in nigeria –      –      –        –      –      –      –      29
  • Summary of literature review –      31

 

 

Chapter three

  • Research methodology –      –      33
    • Brief outline of the study – –      –      33
    • Design of the study – –      –      –      34
    • Area of the study –      –      –      –      34
    • Population of the study –      –      –      34
    • Sample of the study – –      –      –      35
    • Instrument for data collection – 35
    • Validation of the instrument –      36
    • Distribution and retrival of the instrument –      –      –        –      –      –      36
    • Method of data analysis –      –      –      37

 

Chapter four

  • Data presentation –      –      –      –      38
    • Data analysis – –      –      –      –      38
    • Findings – –      –      –      –      –      42

Chapter five

  • Summary of findings –      –      –      44
    • Conclusions –      –      –      –      –      46
    • Recommendations –      –      –      –      47
    • Limitations of the study –      –      –      49
    • Suggestions for further study –      51

References              –      –      –      –      –      52

Appendix –      –      –      –      –      –      54

Questionnaire         –      –      –      –      –      55

 


 

Chapter one

1.0  introduction

members of working class are individuals who are deeply engaged in paid employment mainly in work place and    organizations not their own. These places could be in the private or public sectors of the economy. These workers are remunerated on fixed wages or salaries instead of on commission or profit basis. They open the better part of their active life working for the growth, development and expansion of their organization. For their contributions to the progress for these organizations they receive virtually nothing in return other than salaries and/or wages. Salaries and wages are prices paid for their training, qualifications, experiences, risk taking, productivity and their other x-efficiency contributions to the overall development of their areas of employment as well as other sectors combined. However, they are not appropriately compensated for their contributions and based on this, they cannot be able to invest in other business ventures that will yield profits to them for the rainy days during the post retirement period and so, they face a lot of problems.

retirement is an inevitable fact of life every employee must look forward to experience, it further confirms that whatever that has a beginning has an end. But due to unpreparedness and lack of adequate compensation on the part of the employers, there abound problems in the post retirement period and these made many retiring employees see retirement as the ultimate end of their careers and lives. It is phenomenal in nigeria that there are army of retired government workers and teachers who have not received their retirement benefits after five (5) years. These people are made to undergo excruciating processes of verification and revivification and in the end some of them die without even collecting any benefit.

 

  • Background of the study

the federal government in 1988 through decree n0.31 established national primary education board, and the state government through edict established the state primary education board and they manage the affairs of tutorial and non-tutorial staff of primary school by paying them salaries. These establishments were undergoing some reforms in their administration until 2004.

however, in 2004 there was another remarkable event and this was the establishment of uniform contributory pension scheme for both the public and private sectors throughout nigeria. Contributory pension scheme is in vogue now where government contribute seven and half percent (71/2%) of the employee’s basic salary on a monthly basis while employees shall contribute the same.

in this regard, the research work intends to x-ray the problems facing retirees, causes effects and possible solution to the problems of retirement in enugu state civil service.

 

  • Statement of the problem

there were many cases of frustration, economic hardship, stress meted to the retirees which in most times resulted to untimely deaths while in pursuit of their retirement benefits.  This constitutes a lot of problems in the management of their homes and the society at large. It therefore, becomes necessary to examine the problems which under assumptions might be responsible for these.

looking at the situation of this country one can broadly say that the management is inability to prepare the prospective retirees for retirement while in service have contributed immensely to both physical and emotional stress. Some people’s opinion hold that the problem should be tagged inaccurate data while some are of the view that it was as a result of non implementation of retirement benefits.

 

  • Objective of the study

the retirees in the civil service of enugu state especially in the universal basic education board have been denied of their rights due to inefficiency and unpreparedness on the part of the government. Some times they have been pushed to the walls and like youthful undergraduates, have been forced to take to the streets inspite of their age and frailty.

in the light of these problems, therefore, the objectives of this study are:

  1. To give an overview of the problems associated with the inefficient administration of pension schemes in the enugu state universal basic education board.
  2. To examine the major problems of the management inability to prepare the prospective retirees for retirement while in service.
  3. To investigate causes of inaccurate data in the enugu state universal basic education board.
  4. To suggest effective strategies for implementation of retirement benefit plan in the enugu state universal basic education board.

 

1.4 significance of the study

the retirees     in the civil service as well as the masses in general have got enough negative impact of the retirement problems and so this research will be of most significance in the following ways:

  • It sensitizes the state universal basic education board on the dimension of retirement benefit/ pension scheme administration.
  • It facilitates intervention programmes on preventing existence of inaccurate data in the enugu state universal basic education board.
  • It provides a practical solution to the problems of retirement benefit plan implementation as well as a reference to scholars in their various future researches towards minimizing or total eradication of all types of retirement problems.
  • It serves as a guide to the management in the preparation of prospective retirees for retirement while in service.

 

  • hypotheses

this study proposes to test the following hypotheses:

  1. Lack of administration of the pension scheme impedes productivity in the system.
  2. Inaccurate records constitute problem during retirement.
  3. Non implementation of retirement benefit plans discourages retirement of aged employee.

 

1.6 scope of the study

This research which focused on the problems of retirement in enugu state civil service is not purposed at studying all the facts about retirement rather it is focused on identifying the causes, effect, and remedy of the problems associated with retirement benefit.

 

1.7 definition of terms

Civil service: it is a branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed.

Pension: this is a periodic payment made by an employer to his retired employee until his death in consideration of past service rendered to the establishment.

Organization: social and economic entity in which different individuals perform a variety of functions in order to achieve common goal.

Worker: a worker is any person who has entered into or work under a contract with an employer.

Retirement: retirement is generally when somebody is not physically able to perform in the organization as a result of old age, industrial accidents or any other events that may immobilize the worker to continue his normal organizational labour service.

Employer: is any person who has entered to a contract of employment to employ another person as a worker either for himself, or the service of another person.

 

 

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Public policy implementation in nigeria and economic development

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Public policy implementation in Nigeria and economic development

(a study of the national policy on population 1999-2007)

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Abstract

A study of public policy under olusegun obasanjo administration, a study of national policy on population for sustainable south eastern nigeria. Data included a survey of 263 respondents aged between 20-60 years drawn from the national population commission enugu, doctors on esut teaching hospital parklane enugu, academic staff of university of nigeria, enugu campus, and honourable members of enugu state house of assembly. The study evaluate the effective implementation of the national policy on population for sustainable development particularly the conduct of year 2006. It was designed to measure how the conduct of census  2006 met item “19” of the objective of the population policy. Research findings indicated that the following factors were largely responsible for poor monitoring of the implementation of various aspects of the policy particularly the census 2006 project by relevant agencies, time constraints, logistics contrains and inadequacy of trained manpower. The study amongst others measures recommended that the various implementation agencies particularly the national council on population management (ncpm) and the national population  commission (npc) should take their statutory roles of monitoring seriously and provide guidance for overall policy implementation.

Table of Content

Chapter one

  • Introduction 1
    • Background of the study 1
    • Statement of the problem 6
    • Purpose of the study 8
    • Significance of the study 9
    • Research question 10
    • Scope of the study 11
    • Limitation of the study 12
    • Definition of term 13

Chapter two

Literature review

  • Introduction 15
    • Background information in the study area 16
    • Definition of policy and public policy 17
    • Aspect of policy 19
    • The national policy on population for sustainable development 23
    • Contemporary theories of policy formulation 45
    • Summary of literature review 60

Chapter three

  • Research design and methodology 62
    • Design of the study 62
    • Area of the study 63
    • Population of the study 64
    • Sample size/sampling techniques 65
    • Instrument for data collection 69
    • Reliability and validity of the instrument 69
    • Distribution and retrieval of the instrument 70
    • Method of data analysis 70

Chapter four

  • Data presentation and analysis 72
    • Presentation of findings 72
    • Discussion/analysis of findings 80

Chapter five

5.0    summary, conclusions and recommendations-     83

5.1    summary                                                              83

5.2    conclusion                                                            84

5.3    recommendations                                                85

appendix i                                                            91

Appendix ii                                                           92

questionnaire                                                       93

References                                                            97

 

Chapter one

  • Introduction

1.1   background of the study

Recording human numbers using statistical method is not a recent phenomenon. It is the method used for collection, analyzing and interpreting of numerial data relating to a certain area of investigation as well as for drawing valid conclusion in situations of uncertainty and variability.

The statistical knowledge for effective national planning equitable governance and planning for the future. It also serves as a basis for resource distribution such as rereme allocation, constituency representation, employment, the siting of industries and social amenities (hospitals, school, post office, road and police stations); and the allocation of legislative seats for each in federal and state house of assembly.

Due to these population recorded census in Nigeria has become politicalised, the political elites has come to understand the degree to which recording human numbers determined the population of government amenities distributed to them and their economic and political weight within their society.

These had come to manipulation and falsification of population census figures of groups or regions within the country. The political and economic development in Nigeria would have been much easier if reliable population data were available, because the absent of trustworthy or accurate population data directly affects the governments inability to ensure balanced political representation and equal access to important governmental resources.

In this paper, the research commended a biometric system approach to population census and identification is proposed to help stop the manipulation and falsification of population figure in Nigeria. This use of biometric technology for population census and identification will help Nigerian government to identify and have data records of its citizens which will enhance political and economic representation of each group and region in the country.

Public policy may be conceptualized as decision making at the federal government level. It may be perceived as a general rule or principle within an organization which is meant to guide future decisions or plans or actions. The national population policy which was enunciated by the federal military government in 1988, and subsequently reversed in 2004 was designed to guide the behaviour of nigerians in population matters. It is now nearby two decades since it came into being. It therefore become imperative for one to examine the extent this lefty policy has been fully implement.

the national policy on population to sustainable development covers a wide range of issues which included: population size, population growth rate, age structure, fertility, morbidity, population distribution, urbanization and migration, population projection and sources of population data.

given the important of up data population data-base as a critical tool for good planning and governance nigeria faces major challenges in developing a timely and high quality population data base. Major sources of population data in nigeria include censuses, surveys, vital statistics and administrative record for the purpose of this study, the research will focus on census 1991/2006 because census is an instrument for capturing the population and population characteristics of the entire country.

Population census is a project design to achieve item “19” amongst the objectives of the policy which state- improve the population, social, economic data based, promote and support population, and development research and help leadership groups recognize the important contribution that planning and data utilization make to the good governance of nigeria.

after the conduct of 1991 and 2006 censuses it was expected that government can plan affectively to combine the incidence of poverty since data on covering various aspects of the census had been make available. Rather the world bank after conducting its survey on human resources and poverty in 2006, reported that 43 percents of the population was living below the poverty line. This report has in gendered a critical question has accurate in our population data? Is it as all been made use of by government for planning and development purpose? Given the above scenario, this study seeks to evaluate that factor which undermined the effective implementation of 1991/2006 census, with a view to measure how it meets the “19” objective of the population policy.

 

1.2   statement of the problem

        an accurate and up to data population data base is a critical tool for good planning and good governance stated the population policy. To generate and develop a timely and high quality database nigeria conducted a census in 1991 and 2006 respectively. It is expected that data generated through the census would meet objective “19” of the population policy provided for an improvement on the population, social and economic database promote and support population and development research, and help leadership groups recognize the important contribution that planning and data utilization make to the good governance of Nigeria. The arm of the policy been to improve the quality of life and achieve sustainable development in Nigeria.

after nearly twenty years of implementing the population policies, through the conduct of 1991 and 2006 population census, the goal of the policy which is to improve the quality of lives and achieve sustainable development have proved elusive. The above situation was captured strongly by the world bank when it re-ported in 2006 that 43 percentage of the population was living below the poverty line. The findings raise questions concerning the implementation of the 1991/2006 census (es). In both census (es) were the enumeration areas covering the entire country thoroughly delineated was there a through enumeration of the entire country? For planning and development related matters did government make use of the figures published? Given the above questions thus study seeks to evaluate the factors which undermined the effective implementation of the census 1991/2006 projects.

the findings will enable us to assess the level the implementation of the census project met the goals of the population policy.

1.3   purpose of the study

the general purpose of the study is to assess public policy implementation and effect on economic development.

Other specific purposes of the study include;

  • To evaluate the extent to which the implementation of census 2006 met the provisions of “term 19” of the objectives of the population policy.
  • To investigate the area in which the conduct of year 2006 census contributed to national development.
  • To find out the way in which the 2006 census contributed to raising the standard of living and sustainable development of nigeria as enumeration in the national population policy for sustainable development.
  • To evaluate whether the implementation of the national population policy for sustainable

Development particularly the conduct of year 2006 census has been a success.

  • To evaluate the factors which undermined the effective implementation of the national development particularly the conduct of year 2006 census.

 

1.4   significance of the study

the study is significance in the light of the following

  1. To the general public, the study will reveal the extent to which the national population policy was a success.
  2. To the policy makers, it will reveal whether 1991 and 2006 census had contributed towards the improvement of data bases or provided by item “19” in the objective of the national policy.
  3. To the public administration, the study will indicate whether the population policy has achieved it objectives of promoting and supporting population and development research.
  4. The findings of the study will reveal the factors which impeded the effective, implementation of the 1991 and 2006.
  5. To the general public the study will demonstrate the land of the study, the execution of census 1991/2006 has achieve the policy’s goal of raising the standard of living and achieving sustainable development.

1.5       research question

To aid the present research effort, the following research questions are found pertinent.

  1. To what extent did the implementation of census 2006 met the provisions of item “19” of the objective of the population policy?
  2. In what ways has the conduct of 2006 census contributed to national development?
  3. In what ways have the conduct of year 2006 census contributed in raising the standard of living and sustainable development of nigerias as enumerated in the national policy for sustainable development?
  4. To what extent or how has the implementation of the national policy on population for sustainable development been a successes?
  5. What factors possibly undermined the effective implementation of the national policy on population for sustainable development particularly the conduct of year 2006 census?

1.6   scope/delimitation of the study

this research examines the factors which undermined the effective implementation of the 1991 and 2006 census, with a view to measure how the implementation met the “19” objective of the national population policy. Because the policy covers a wide range of issues, and the limitation of time the study is restricted to espect of the policy sources of population data (which is census) and objective “19” of the policy which states to improve the population, social and economic data-base, promote and support population and development research and help leadership groups recognize the important contribution make to the good governance of nigeria”.

1.7   limitations of the study

in a research project of this nature, it is always difficult to complete the work without going through a number of factors which constituted impediments source of the respondent were reluctant to air their views. This resulted in the researcher not being able to gather the entire questionnaires distributed.

we were constrained by time especially to move from one library to the other, typing the questionnaire and distributing them.

finance is another constraint. A lot of money was needed for transporting, typing etc. Despite these research did her best.

1.8   definition of term

To aid the present research effort, the following terms and acronyms are defied.

  1. Policy: a policy is perceived or a general rule or principle within an organization, which is meant to guide future decisions, plans or actions.
  2. Public policy: this is policy made at government level and it therefore affects the general public within the area of jurisdiction of the government or public institution formulating the policy.
  3. National policy on population for sustainable development. This is a policy document which prescribed the rules that will guide the future conduct of actions that related activities in the country.
  4. Ndhis: national demographic and health survey
  5. Aids: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  6. Nfs: nigerian fertility survey
  7. Ptwg: population technical working groups
  8. Tfr: total fertility rate
  9. v.f: vesico – vaginal fistula
  10. Pag: population advising group
  11. Mics: multiple indicator cluster survey.

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MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIA

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MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OKO)

 

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ABSTRACT

MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF PERSONAL DEPARTMENT TODAY BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN BEHAVIOURS OF EMPLOYEE AND CHANGE IN OFFICE PROCEDURE WHICH REQUIRED ADDITIONAL TRAINING TO IMPROVE THE SKILL AND EFFICIENCY OF EMPLOYEE. WHEN EMPLOYEES ARE NEWLY EMPLOYED IN AN ORGANIZATION, AN ORIENTATION TRAINING IS GIVEN TO THEM. THESE PROGRAMMES ARE DESIGNED TO FAMILIES THE NEW EMPLOYEES WITH THEIR JOB ENVIRONMENT HENCE, THE NEED FOR TRAINING WILL FOREVER BE EMPHASIZED IN CARRYING OUT THIS STUDY, IT IS TO BE DIVIDED IN FIVE CHAPTERS. CHAPTER ONE DEALS WITH BACKGROUND OF STUDY, ITS STATEMENT OF PROBLEM, ITS SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY, PURPOSE OF STUDY AND SCOPE OF STUDY.

 

CHAPTER THREE DEALS WITH AREA OF STUDY, POPULATION SIZE AND SAMPLE SIZE, INSTRUMENT FOR DATA ANALYSIS, DATA COLLECTION. CHAPTER FOUR DEALS WITH THE DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND FINDING. CHAPTER FIVE DEALS WITH DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION, CONCLUSION, LIMITATION, SUGGESTION OF FURTHER STUDIES.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

1.2   Statement of the problems

1.3   Purpose of the study

1.4   Significance of the study

1.5   Research Questions

1.6   Scope of the study

1.7   Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.0   Introduction

2.1   Origin of management training and development techniques

2.2   Management training and development techniques

2.3   Management Training and Development in use in Federal Polytechnic Oko

  • Industrial Training for National Development
  • Defining Management Development
  • Summary of Literature Review

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Research Methodology

  • Brief Outline of the Study
  • Design of the Study
  • Area of the Study
  • Population of the Study
  • Sample of the Study
  • Instrument for Data Collection
  • Validation of the Instrument
  • Distribution and Retrieval of the Instrument
  • Method of Data Analysis.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data Presentation

4.1   Data Analysis

4.2   Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary of Findings
    • Conclusion
    • Recommendations
    • Limitations of the Study
    • Suggestion for Further Study

References

Appendices

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

       The term “Management training and development technique” refer to the needs for staff development and training in an organization. It is when individuals in the organization grow that the organization itself grow through such steps taken by themselves to improve their knowledge and skills.

Also after the employee has been selected the next step naturally is his training. All types of office jobs, even the simple ones that is dispatch of letters, handling of telephone, etc e some training for their efficient performance. Even old employee needs some training at various stages of their carrier. The basic purpose for training is to direct and guide the terming of employee so that they may perform their duties as efficiently as possible. The importance of urgency of training arises because of rapid changes of technological milen of industries, the growth and simplicities of present day enterprises, the rising in educational levels, new educational processes and change in socio system and cultural patterns.

 

Training therefore refers to all the processes that lead to the development of the personnel in an organization so that they assure a higher order of assessment training, it is also the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. In addition, training and development are the necessary prerequisite for an organizational development in this area such as induction training, in house training day release of courses, specific training of technical nature e.g a sight at work on a bottling line and general training given to a worker in an industry.

 

Method of Training

The various methods of training includes:

INDUCTION TRAINING: This is known as orientation training. Even new employee at any level should undergo an induction programme which should include information on the organization, its structure products or services, policies, information about suggestion schemes etc. The induction training should be arranged at intervals over a period of perhaps three to six months with the most important topics being covered in the early stage.

JOB TRAINING: This consists of a combination of skills and knowledge needed to perform the duties of the job to the required standard. A carefully integrated programme consisting of on the job and off the job training is often the best approach.

ON-THE JOB TRAINING: This refers to the training of an employee in the job he is doing or his to do, it is considered in his own job and place where he works.

Training on the job may be imparted by a skilled and experience workers or by a supervisor or even by a special instruction. There are various type of on the job training and these include the following:

  1. Understudy system by which a trainee is taught by the man on job.
  2. Filling – squared method; which aims at providing experience in all the departments.
  • Job rotate – by which the trainee is periodically shifting from one job to another so that he may acquire a general background.

OFF THE JOB TRAINING: With a simple office job, on the training can be provided to office workers. But when jobs are complicated and call for addition to on the job training, some technical knowledge and experience the employee may be asked to undertake off-the-job training and these may include

  1. Vestable Training; in which workers are trained in specific job in a special parts of the organization where the actual looking requirement is created.
  2. Conference Methods: This method is group centered approach by which the leaders guide the discussion. It is used to pool ideas and information amongst employees.
  3. Case Method: Under which trainees are placed possession of facts and are asked to draw conclusions from them, in this way, the develop and improve power of reasoning and analysis.

 

JUNIOR STAFF

Junior staff should be regarded as the raw material of future supervisors or managers and should be given commensurate attention. Junior staff should be taught how to do things e.g how to check a voucher and then left to their devices. They should be encourage to extend their leanings in order to improve in their skills.

 

SUPERVISORY TRAINING

A supervisor is the one that oversees the work of others. He is in the middle management cadra. He is responsible for employee toward better performance. A supervisors training is important because he motivates the employees towards better performance of work until recently office supervisor where left to acquire these skills by experience but it can be a long process and is made much easier by proper training.

 

 

 

MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Practical training for management often consists of a definite policy where by clerks are regularly transferred from one department to another so that a bread experience is obtain of all sides of the organization. This is an excellent plan since it is accepted by the workers and is definitely linked with a promotion policy.

Most office mangers take their places in specialized positions such as company secretaries, accountants, sales mangers, personnel managers and so on, for each of these and for other special vocation, there are various professional qualifications together with study for one of these qualifications. Training for management can be divided into three main groups.

  1. Management courses leading to diploma in management studies conducted at collages, regional management centres, business schools and universities.
  2. Short residential courses
  3. In–house management development programme, advantages should be taken of the following.
  4. Institutes providing management training such as Nigeria institute of management (NIM) the administrative staff college of Nigeria (ASCON) centre for management development (CND) and research institute.
  5. Seminars and workshops are part of the job training.

 

 

1.1  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem encountered in management training and development techniques are as followed:

Many a times, in respect to industrial training, huge amount of money is invested for the training but as soon as a worker is trained there is likely to be a highly trained staff who is occupationally more mobile.

Industrial training fund was created by the decree NP. 47 of 1971 to help in training of personnel which is an arm of the federal ministry of industries which is made mandatory for firms to invest in training hatter engaged in business of bushing.

It is also true that during economic depression, workers are retrenched all in the name of declining productivity.

Inadequate supply of rural materials and spare parts will lessen demand for another kind of skill. The training of workers on specific skills than general training is that, it is often very difficult to retain workers with specific skill, the result is redundance in the period of recession, worker on junior cadre who gain admission to a higher institution are often advised to resign rather than take in service leave with or without salary. Another problem is that guide often, the most promotable junior staff may be in training and may not have advanced enough to take over when the new opening occurs.

Therefore, a policy of promoting from within should be modified by the words “whenever feasible”.

Promotion from within, where serving managers are given benefits on advantages as an opening occurs. These policies has come, limitations sometimes employees may question a promotion a promotion feeling that the right person has not been selected to fill a position, the promotion may be questionable and create more problems of moral which the policy is aimed at solving, unless there is a convincing proof that one of the three employee has cheers edge over. Others to get the promotion, the company will be advised to recruit a manager from outside.

 

  • PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The project study was promoted by the researchers desire to determine and ascertain.

  1. The training method and techniques to be adopted to improve the moral of employees and productivity.
  2. The effects of training and development of skills on employee in Nigeria.
  3. If training of workers on specific skills rather than general training will make it difficult to retain employee with specific skills during an economic depression in Nigeria.
  4. To ascertain whether training and development of skills lead to fresh view points and ideals on business activities in Nigeria.

 

1.3  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Training is the organized procedure by which people acquire knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. The aim of training is to achieve a change in the behaviour of those trained. The importance of training therefore includes;

  1. It helps the trained person to be more effective and efficient in his job
  2. It reduce learning time, the trained employee can be easily apply what he learned from training to real job situation.
  • It helps to reduce waste by minimizing mistake.
  1. The employee who acquire new knowledge and skill can easily secure more lucrative jobs between working conditions.
  2. It reduces turnover rate, absentism, accident and grievance rate. There is every tendency that if an employee is well trained for a particular job, he may develop special interest for the job and as well always like to go to work.

In the aspect of questionnaire distribution and collection, the researcher faces a lot of financial problem designing a good questionnaire. Some times it is very difficult to meet the people who will give him the required information in their office, the case is the same when he wants to collect the questionnaire so distributed. This posses a limitation to the research study.

 

1.4  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

  1. What management training and development techniques are more appropriate or less expensive for Federal Polytechnic, Oko.
  2. What approach and techniques is management of Federal Polytechnic, Oko, adopting in their training and development of staff?
  3. Does staff training and development yield to organizational effectiveness.
  4. Does training and development end of coaxing or persuades staff to do what the management wants?
  5. Does training and development improve the staff and management of Federal Polytechnic, Oko.

 

1.5  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

       The research work was conducted and specifically carried out in federal Polytechnic, Oko in Orumba North L.G.A Anambra State.

The aim of this scope is intended to measure the level in Federal Polytechnic, Oko in Orumba North L.G.A.

 

1.6  DEFINITION OF TERMS

The concept training has been seen as part of human development which is a process of enlarging peoples choice. In principle this choice can be change overtime or infinity, at all level of human development we have three essential facet, the first is for long life (health), to acquire knowledge through training and the last one is to have access to resources for expansion.

The concept development implies improvement, developing competence such as technical, human, conceptual and managerial, for the growth of the organization.

The concept management consist of activities undertaken by one or more persons to co-ordinate the activities of other persons to achieve results not achievable by one person acting alone.

The concept management training and development is an important approach incorporated into organization with the aim to improve the staff effectiveness, increase productivity and lessing cost of production, it continue process in the organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness is the degree in which an organization produce it intend output. Daft in (1983) view organizational effectiveness as the degree to which an organization realized it goal, he went further to say that organization pursue multiple goal and such goal must be ascertain in the face of competition and with the limited resources.

Techniques for management training and development.

The techniques for development are:

  1. Understudy: This is good succession planning, which allows for smooth transition of work when one officer leaves a schedule or organization.
  2. Job Rotating: This is necessary for all workers to move from one schedule to another within the same organization to allow for competence on all sphere of work.
  • Self development/self assessment: Self development means a personal desire to improve through an individual attempt to embark on study and practical experience. Self assessment is a personal identification of strengths, opportunities, weakness and challenges and an attempt to improve and build on current efforts for a more fulfilling corporate movement.

 

MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES

 

 

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