SUSTAINING NIGERIA FIRMS THROUGH STRATEGIC ALLIANCE IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT.

 

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ABSTRACT

It is no longer news to say that the world has become a global village. This transformation has been ensured by the immense advancements and breakthroughs achieved in the field of technology the world over. With this have come different phenomenal changes that have affected all spheres of human existence, more particularly the world of business. As a result, many aspects of business have changed and many are in the process of this transformation. Ultimately, these transformations have resulted in businesses operating in an environment that is totally beyond their control. Meaning? The . business entities have to fight for a place in the global market place – whether or not they are prepared to play in this market. This is the situation many Nigerian firms have found themselves in. but more to that, the Nigeria firms operating in a ‘third world economy; have found themselves in an environment that has not very much encouraged their business operations.

 

But they have to survive. They have to survive the harsh economic realities of the time; they have to run the business amidst the non-availability of the necessary facilities” and resources with which to support their operations. Thus the research aimed at showing the firms one sure way of amassing the resources they need and strengthening themselves to contain the charging competition. The study was carried out using both primary and secondary data.

 

The primary data was obtained using questionnaires which sought opinions from respondents from some selected firms in Lagos – the commercial hub of the nation, while the secondary data were obtained from textbooks, periodicals and web publications. Study sample was selected using the judgement and convenience non-probabilistic sampling techniques.

 

Data obtained from the questionnaires were further analyzed and the formulated hypotheses were tested using the Chi-Square method. From the information obtained from the study, it was discovered amongst other things that while many businesses outside the polity are already at home with strategic business relationships, The phenomenon has already gained widespread acceptance in more developed countries because of its advantage in helping the aligning firms garner more strength and position themselves to compete better in the market. And this is bearing in mind that the business atmosphere of these economies are not so different from that of Nigeria.

 

Very importantly, it-was noted that strategic^ alliances reshape competition. In view of these and more, it was suggested that both the government and management technocrats in_the__ country should work to encourage alliances amongst Nigerian firms through re-­orientating our entrepreneurs, guiding aligning firms through the process and providing some form^: of incentives to encourage aligning firms through the process and providing some form of incentive to encourage alignment such that the firms’ experiences and testimonies will encourage more firms to opt for the strategic alliance option.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Events and experiences in the historic governance of the evolving Nigerian nation have invariably left scars in the mental consciousness of the average Nigerian that so affects his disposition to life. His hold on what belongs or appears to belong to him is vice-tight – and is often tainted with a dose of covetousness and a hunger for more. His hold on his business is a case in point.

Naturally, Nigerian entrepreneurs establish their businesses and sit atop it as executive management. Their sweat and struggle to set up the business, a fundamental distrust for the next man, and the desire to satisfy their ego, make it pretty difficult for them to engage the services of a management technocrat to run the business— more so, even now when these technocrats have craftily usurped some organizations. Therefore Nigerian entrepreneurs are unwilling to relinquish control of their firms and rarely welcome ideas / causes that will entail their having so to do. Therefore alliances are not very common practices amongst—-firms in Nigeria. But the scenario is changing and the trend is shifting.

 

 

 

Background of The Study

1.1.1 The Nigerian Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is one who can assume the risk of pulling resources Together to turn an idea into a profitable business venture that can satisfy human needs. In as much as, ,not many Nigerian businessmen are entrepreneurs in terms of innovativeness,- certain characteristics, amongst others, cannot be taken away

• Egoistic
• Short-term profit orientation
• Resilience
• Profit-maximization orientation

These features describe the average Nigerian businessman, especially his short-term profit orientation. But understandably, circumstances prevalent in his operating environment contribute to this disposition. Certain conditions and facilities necessary for the smooth running of economic activities are unarguably unavailable, thus necessitating businesses taking drastic measures to stay afloat, including measures to ensure that the little facilities and conveniences available are not lost – and such measures include such a hold on the management and control of their organizations. The, typical Nigerian businessman will not give up control and management of his organization to anybody – the most he may do is to allow a relation (say wife, child, brother) to ran the organization – someone he can control from the background.

 

The reason for this is not far from the afore-listed factors of distrust, fear, the” quest to protect investment, to satisfy their egos. The Nigerian entrepreneur, deep down, does not .believe, that the next person will not want to take advantage of him and mismanage his money (and possibly sink his funds) in the name of his organization . this fear and distruct have contributed in no small measure to the almost non-existent alliances in Nigerian businesses. For many entrepreneurs, they have not taken time to understand the importance of joining forces with other firms to strengthen themselves and place themselves more strategically to contain the ‘charging’ competition in the market place. Rather, they have hitherto seen themselves as vitally in competition with every other firm especially if they are in the same industry.

 

This must have been the thought in the writer’s mind when he, Akingbola (2006: 14) asserted about the Nigerian business owners that:

“… they would rather own 100% of nothing, than 10% of a thriving entity “.

For this reason, many firms have continued to go round in circles, unable to rise

beyond their states of just breaking even , when they could have easily becomeblue chips by taking advantage of the strengths of their ‘opponents’ by forming alliances with them and expanding their spheres of influence and taking charge of their area. This is definitely not a healthy state for firms operating in the present global market place where the rules of the game, even in your own local market, is determined not by the local players, but by players from anywhere in the world who have the wherewithal to play whenever they please – a satiation that is beyond the control of local firms. And so Welch (1987) advised:

 

“Alliances are-a big part of this game (of global competition)… they are critical to win on a global basis. The least at…

 

 

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THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF NBC PLC ENUGU)

 

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ABSTRACT

The study of the nature involves a lot of deep research and understanding of the factors, which creates the effects on the subject matter.  Primarily, these factors were more economical than managerial as the case may be, on the understanding that this research work is being casual out under a management setting or department. Just as the subject matter is, the impact of foreign direct investment on the Nigerian Economy with a case study of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, it is based on the economic, social and entrepreneurial impacts created by these multinational companies like NBC Plc on their host societies. Based on this, the objective of this study was to determine through quantitative and quantitative measures whether the benefits of multinational enterprises (MNE’S) out weigh the cost that results from their activities in the hose countries.

The first chapter of this work contains a general discussion (i.e. critics and defense) of FSI’s activities in host countries.  Further the statement of the research problem was studied and the need for the study.  The scope and limitation to the research work was finally looked into with the stated hypothesis which guide the researcher in his evaluations.

In chapter two, a number of part related literatures were examined as it relates to the impact of foreign direct investment to Nigeria as the case may be with particular reference to NBC Plc activities in Enugu Zone.

Chapter three treated the design of the study, the method of collecting data and the ways in which the questionnaires were distributed within the chosen population.

The data gathered from the research were analysed and interpreted in chapter four of this research report.
Finally, the summary of findings, conclusions on the research work and recommendations were given by the researcher all in chapter five.

It is believed that these recommendations made in this study will help both the multinationals in their relationship with their host communities as well as creating an enabling environment from the host country for their business to there.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1     Overview of the study

1. 1. Brief review of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc
   2. Statement of research problem
   3. Research questions
   4. Hypothesis
   5. Scope of the study
   6. Limitations of the study
   7. Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

1. Literature review
   1. 1. Theoretical review
      2. The impact of foreign direct investment on the growth

of the host society

1. 1. Theoretical paradigm
   2. Theories of foreign direct investment

CHAPTER THREE

1. Introduction

3.1     Research design

1. 1. Area of the study
   2. Population of the study
   3. Sample and size determination
   4. Instrument of data collection
   5. Validation of the instrument
   6. Reliability of the instruments
   7. Method of data collection
   8. Questionnaire distribution and retrieval
   9. Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Presentation of analysis and interpretation of data

4.1     Answers to questionnaires

1. 1. Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

1. Discussion of results of findings

5.1     Conclusions

1. 1. Recommendations
   2. Suggestion for further studies

Bibliography
Appendix 1
Appendix 11

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1     OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Nigeria emerged from the colonial experience with an economy structured in accordance with the imperators of colonial economic relationship.  The first National Development plan of (1963) was launched with the objectives of providing the framework for industrial take off and development.  However, as the foreign investors were apprehensive of the nascent independent administration, efforts were made not only to alloy their fears of nationalism but also to attract more foreign investments through joint ventures with regional government then or the federal government.  The first development plan as an open door regime saw an increase in the establishment of miscellaneous foreign enterprises in Nigeria, many of which are unincorporated branches of their overseas business.
However, just only about few years offer independence when the rest of the world including the erstwhile colonial master had hardly adapted to the realities of Nigeria’s attainment of nationhood or for the Nigerian government to articulate and plan its own economic policy, the country experienced its first military coup d’ et al in 1966.  this was followed by the civil was which tested for three years hence necessitated the cohesion of resources towards the successful execution of the war.  The period saw the introduction of various control measures of great significance.  For the foreign investors, these include licensing, quotas, exchange control measures with two tier compulsory credit system for import payments, restriction on capital/individual transfer and the promulgation of the companies decree of 1968 which compelled all forms operating the country to be incorporated as Nigerian Companies subject to local regulations.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to a movement of capital that involves ownership and control of a firm in another country for instance, the purchase of common chores in a Nigerian incorporated company by a French citizen involves ownership and an element of control.  This is because all shares in an organisaiton have same voting rights.
For the purpose of this classification such is recorded as FDI if the shares acquired involves more than 10% of the outstanding common shares of the Nigerian company.
In this research and generally, Foreign Direct Investment is classified in the context of Multinational Corporations (MNC).  The MNC is sometimes refered to as Multinational Enterprises (MNE) is Transnational Corporations (TNC) or Transnational Enterprises (TNE).
According to the chairman of BOD’s of Chemical Co, a multinational form in the united state origin “the emergence of a world economy and the multinational corporation have been accomplished land in land”.  He sees multinational enterprises moving towards what he called “a global company”, a firm that have no nationality but belongs to almost all countries.
The phenomenon of the MNC can be explained only in a world of imperfect factor and product market characterized by differential taxation market power and share, positive information costs and the existence of pure specific revenue producing assistance.  In such a world, the market mechanism is partially replaced by other organizational firms, which generates and transmits relevant information and which co-ordinates production and marketing decisions.
The MNC arises in other words in response to a particular kind of market failure caused by high differential costs of inter-nation transfer of market information and technology and of course, factors of production (Tour and Hirsil 1979).  The key features of MNC are the, it provides the recipient nation with a package of knowledge, capital and entrepreneurship development.  It may thereby create a positive contribution to economic growth and development in host countries.
Many multinationals corporations exist in the Nigerian economic settings these encompassed the manufacturing sector like Nigeria Bottling Company (NBC), constitution like Julus Berger Nigeria, Mineral Exploration like Shell Nigeria, banking etc, to mention but a few.  It becomes pertinent that the manufacturing sector be given due cognizance for the purpose of the research work.  In this sector, the Nigerian Bottling Company Plc will be a case study and a pointer.
The concept of Multinational Corporation and economic development has remained on the relationship between the MNC’s and the host societies and how development is appraised in these host societies.
The issue of contribution to development through social responsibility by the business enterprise has become a topical issue in management decision and is negatively favoured in these host societies.
They have rounding argued that there has been gross neglect and lack of development focus in their place or communities.  It is good to discuss the fact that some laudable developments have been directly felt by these host societies in terms of revenue, employment technology transfer and other benefits to the government.  It is a fact that Nigeria is a developing country and have the same peculiar characteristics with other developing nations of the world such as low standard of living with low savings and investment and lacks managerial know how.  This has placed Nigeria in a guest for resources from other developed nations viz-a-viz international business through MNC’s.
It is also right to say that MNC’s like other business ventures has the objective of profit maximization as their aim.  From the foregoing, this research work places premium on the critical evaluation and  examination of the impact of foreign direct investment (MNC) activities in the Nigerian economy using Enugu Zone which comprises Enugu North, Enugu South, Enugu East and 9th Mile Corner on a bench mark.  The prospective here is primarily managerial and economic i.e. the dissension focuses on the important part in the overall evaluation so, they are discussed along with the above mentioned factors.
The research work therefore will try to examine.

BRIEF REVIEW OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC

Coco-cola which is the major product of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc was first made on 8th May, 1886 by Dr. John Styth Demberton a pharmacist in his home town Atlanta Georgia U.S.A.
The name coco-cola was given by Frank M. Robinson Dr. Demberton’s partner and book keeper.  He also designed the flowing script that distinguishes the famous trade mark.  Coco-cola is the world’s leading soft drink, sold in more than 145 countries of the world.  A total of 250 million servings are consumed everyday in all parts of the world, from Canada in the North America to Argentina in Southern America, from Alaska to China, from Mexico to Nigeria.
Coca-cola first came into Nigeria in 1953 when Nigerian Bottling Company set up its fruit plant in Lagos.  It was to be the beginning of an executing story of growth and development particularly during the past ten years.  Nigerian Bottling Company is today Nigeria’s No. 1 better of soft drink selling more than 6 million bottles per day.  The figure which is still growing daily with the continuing expansion of the existing 12 plants and with the opening of brand new plants in various parts of the federation.  It has other products like Fanta which is the best seller in the orange segment and spirit the most widely sold lemon have drink in Nigeria.  Other products bottled by NBC includes Fanta ginger Ale, Fanta tonic Krest soda and Krest bitter lemon.
The successes of coco-cola has brought the development of a number of sister industries all contributing to the Nigerian economy – the Delta Glass Company in Ughelli, which supplies the millions of bottles required to keep a large bottling company in operation and the crown products factories in Ijebu-oche and Kano which manufactures the metal crowns to seal the bottles, the Benin plastic company which manufacturers the plastic creates for carrying bottles.  In addition, the trucks which are seen in many parts of the country delivering soft to more than 60,000 dealers are also assembled by ANNAMO in Nigeria.
Nigerian Bottling Company is also the largest manufacture in the country of carbon oxide (C02) used to carbonate the soft drink.  The NBC employed over 6000 Nigerians in all fields of operation.  The Nigerian Bottling Company is also engaged in philanthropic activities environmental protection and also a major sponsor sporting events on Nigeria and world as a whole.

1. 1.    STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The undeveloped countries like Nigeria suffer not only from low income and unstable growth, but also from regional disequilibrium, economic instability unemployment, depending on foreign countries, specialization in the production of raw materials and economic, social, political and cultural marginality.

Underdevelopment is an element in the process of development of the international system underdevelopment and developments are two facts of a single process of which both internal and international structures are causes.  International treacle brings about polarization because the low income countries are assigned the production of primary production (raw materials) which are processed in the home countries because of worsening and unstable terms of trade, because the economics of the low income countries lack the force work force, the entrepreneurship and physical/institutional infrastructure to seize export opportunities and because of generally monopolistic arrangement by which profits flow out from the underdeveloped countries to the developed.

Because the NNC’s tend to come from the developed countries and because their operations tend to add to host countries production, MNC’S presumably improves the distribution of income, goods and services between the richer and poorer countries.
Within the host societies however, it is guide different to judge whether a direct investment project improves or aggravates these income, goods and service distribution.
The literature critical of MNC’s demonstrates that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) after do not help the economic life of cost societies, do not improve their well being hence not benefiting lower income people Very well.

In Nigeria for unsnarl, there is that popular and commonly held view that manufacturing multinationals have done greater lower than good to the host communities as a result of their operations in these communities wheel has led to loss of economic and social quality and environmental degradation.  It is not out of place for one to say that these MNC’s have threatenical the health of the indigenes by the use of dangerous chemical, pollutants etc.  These and more are the problems that will be looked into which necessitated this research work.  It will try to examine the nature and pattern of foreign direct investment, that is International Corporation in Nigeria manufacturing rector with a particular reference to Nigerian Bottling Company Plc as a case study.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF JOINT ADMISSIONS AND MATRICULATION BOARD, KADUNA ANNEX)

 

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ABSTRACT

This research is on the assessment of organizational Leadership Strategies on Organizational Performance. The researcher discusses the various styles of leadership adopted by different managers which are autocratic, Laissaz-faire, Participative (democratic), transitional and transformational leadership. Leadership within policing has evolved over the years in some organizations to a more participative style and yet there are still leaders who cling to an antiquated domineering style. The objective of this research work is to identify the organizational leadership strategies and organization changes that have molded or are molding the policing culture. An in-depth review of the transactional and transformational style of leadership was seen as being the styles that a leader in the 21^st century would want to use to meet the needs of their employees and motivate them toward success and self-actualization. A survey method was carried out by the researcher to gather information on the research work. Questionnaire was designed using structured questions to collect primary data from staff of Joint Admission Matriculation Board, Kaduna Annex. The finding revealed that a leadership strategy has contributed to the achievement of the organizational objective. Based on the finding from this research, a number of recommendations were made which include that federal government should designed programme that will support the activities of the Board and also create officer that will coordinate and monitor the affair of the management.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study      –         –         –         –         –         –         1

1.2     Statement of the General Problem         –         –         –         –         3

1.3     Objectives of the Study         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

1.4     Statement of Research Questions –         –         –         –         –         6

1.5     Justification of the Study     –         –         –         –         –         –         7

1.6     Scope and Limitation of the Study          –         –         –         –         8

1.7     Definition of Terms     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         9

2.1     Concept of Organizational Leadership   –         –         –         –         9

2.2     Elements of Organizational Leadership          –         –         –         14

2.3     Major Conceptual Approaches to Leadership Strategies  –         17

2.4     Organizational Leadership Strategies   –         –         –         –         28

2.5     Organizational Leadership Styles in Nigeria  –         –         –         35

2.6     Organizational Leadership Theories & Styles          –         –         38

2.7     Management Strategies       –         –         –         –         –         –         54

2.8     Management Leadership      –         –         –         –         –         –         58

2.9     Environmental Forces Affecting Leadership Strategies   –         60

2.10   Impact of Change on People –         –         –         –         –         69

2.11   Managing Organizational Changes        –         –         –         –         71

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         75

3.1     Research Design          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         75

3.2     Research Population   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         76

3.3     Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques        –         –         –         76

3.4     Method of Gathering Data   –         –         –         –         –         –         76

3.5     Justification of Method Used         –         –         –         –         –         79

3.6     Method of Data Collection   –         –         –         –         –         –         79

3.7     Justification of Instrument Used  –         –         –         –         –         80

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         81

4.2     Presentation and Analysis of Data –       –         –         –         –         81

4.3     Discussion of Major Findings        –         –         –         –         –         89

 

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary of Findings  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         92

5.2     Conclusion –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         93

5.3     Recommendations       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         95

References –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         97

Appendix-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         98

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Organizational leadership strategy is a process, which allows management to be proactive rather than reactive in shaping its own future. A focused organizational leader provides and establishes visionary leadership to his organization. He understands and appreciates responsive options to the change in the management environment.

 

He develops viable strategies based upon sustainable competitive advantages. A good organizational leader develops a proactive approach to strategic management, whereby management rather than just identifying and responding to change, anticipates is the bane of indigenous business organization in developing countries.

 

It is therefore, expected that the findings of this study will go a long way in improving the leadership class. Leadership is the ability to persuade other to seek defined objective enthusiastically. It is human fact, which binds a group together and motivates it toward it goals, (David 2003).

Robin, (2000) defined leadership as the ability of superiors to direct, guide and motivates people towards the attainment of given set of goals in an organization. The source of influence may be formal such as that provided by the possession of managing rank in an organization or informally outside the organization structure. Most organizational theorists agree that effective leadership is one of the most important contributors to overall organizational success.

 

Thus the quality of an organization’s determining the quality of the organization itself. The natural quality of an individual in the environment in which he operate on daily events are they unfold coupled with other factors do influence his leadership pattern. Leaders are not as such born, but are in fact made. A manager may be a boss but not necessarily a leader.

 

Armstrong (2001) laid out four main characteristics of transformational leadership when he discussed the

 

 

transformational leadership of sport term’s coaches. Emphasizing ethical behavior, sharing a vision goal, improving performance through charismatic leadership and leading by example. This shows a simplified version of the components of transformational leadership provided by Bass (2001), which also has four elements intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, inspirational leadership and idealized influence. Though, many leadership researchers have argued in support of effective leadership having a positive impact on behavior with in organizations, especially transformation leadership role in improving many factors of organization.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

An organization that has no good leadership is like a ship on the high sea without a captain. Resources both man and material will be bound to be wasted despite scare nature. If organization leaders are developed, economic development and growth in unending controversy as to the transferability of management principle and theories, Gonzales and Macmillan (2003), given the fact that most widely dispersed management theories and

techniques are based on western ideology and valve systems, their uncritical transfer…

 

 

 

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 EFFECT OF HUMAN RELATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY [A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR TRYPANOSOMIASIS RESEARCH (NITR), KADUNA]

 

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ABSTRACT

The study was designed to find out the “Effect of Human Relations on Organizational Productivity in Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), Kaduna. To provide a theoretical base for the study, a review was made on the concept of human relations, development of human relations, importance of human relations in an organization as well as the qualities and principles of a good human relations practice. A sample size of 50 respondents from a population of 500, comprising of top, middle and low level management was used. A set of questionnaire which was divided into 5 variables was used to obtain data from the respondents; the use of mean score which is 3.00 as cut off point was utilized. One of the research questions asked was whether human relations is instrumental to the attainment of organizational goal. The researcher collected data and interpreted them after which chi-square was used to test the earlier stated hypothesis. Lastly, summary, conclusion and recommendations were made. One of the recommendations made was that managers should maintain good human relations so that goals can be achieved.

 

Findings from the study revealed that the relationship that exists among workers in organization, the effectiveness of human relations in an organization can enhance workers productivity, employees morale can be boosted on the job when there is a cordial relationship between the organization and its employees, and good human relations enhances job satisfaction in achieving organizational goals. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that, low level workers should strive to perform better, to justify the good human relations and motivation existing in the organization, management staff and other senior workers in the organization should create conducive atmosphere to facilitate good human relations and teamwork for greater productivity. Also the organization should educate their workers on the importance of good human relations through workshops and seminars.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         1
• Statement of the Problem –         –         –         –         –         –         3
• Objective of the Study – –         –         –         –         –         –         4
• Statement of Hypothesis –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Significance of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Scope of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6
• Limitations of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         7
• Historical Background of the Case Study –         –         –         7
• Definition of Terms –         –         –         –         –         –         –         17

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Conceptual Meanings of Human Relations –         –         –         19
• Development of Human Relations –         –         –         –         21
• Hawthorne Studies and Human Relations –         –         –         23
• Importance of the Hawthorne Experiment –         –         –         29
• Human Relations in an Organization –         –         –         –         34
• Qualities of Good Human Relations Practice

in an Organization       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         40

2.7     Principles of Good Human Relations Practice

in an Organization       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         41

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Design –         –         –         –         –         –         –         46
• Research Population –         –         –         –         –         –         –         46
• Sample Size and Sampling Technique –         –         –         –         46
• Methods of Gathering Data – –         –         –         –         –         47
• Justification for the Method Used –         –         –         –         47
• Methods of Data Analysis –         –         –         –         –         –         48
• Justification for the Instrument Used –         –         –         –         49

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• Data Presentation and Analysis –         –         –         –         –         50
• Test of Hypothesis –         –         –         –         –         –         –         62

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Summary of Findings –         –         –         –         –         –         –         65
• Conclusion – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         66
• Recommendations –         –         –         –         –         –         –         67

References –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         69

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The practice of Human Resource Management in its quest towards achieving success through people utilizes array of activities concerned with all aspects of how people are employed and managed in organizations. This approach tends to understand how psychological and social processes interacts with the work situation to influence performance. Human Relations is the first major approach to emphasis information work relationship and work satisfaction. Thus, Ezinwa and Agomon (1993) asserted that human relations encompasses the art and practice of using systematic knowledge of human behaviour to achieve organization and personal objectives. Organizations are made up of individuals, the immediate environment and the public that contributes to the success or failure of the organization.

Onasanya (1990) in similar vain believes that human relations, being a behavioral science which deals with inter-personal, inter-work group and management of employees relationship in a social system seems to be the only tool for organizational productivity and development. The reason is not far fetched since efforts of Elton Mayo and his research colleagues in the 1920s on behavioral approach to management succeeded to have yielded much more factual analysis in terms of the chicken-egg relationship between human relations and productivity in an organization.

Hicks and Byers (1982) in their contributions defined human relations as “the integration of people into a work situation in a way that motivates them to work together, productively and cooperatively with economic, psychological and social satisfaction”. This further confirms that paying attention to the human elements enhances greater productivity and performance.

Human relations is a definitive management function which helps to establish and maintain mutual line of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its human. It involves the management to keep opinions, defines, and as well emphasizes the responsibility of management to serve the human interest.

However, human relations has long attained professional status but it has been discovered that most organizations are not taking full advantage of its efficient utilization when dealing with their publics due to ignorance or improper understanding as to the effectiveness of the discipline to organizational success. Thus effect the need for this study in order to highlight the effect of human relations practice on organizational productivity.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Inspite of the glaring importance of human relations in the realization of organizational goals, one still hears complaint of poor performance of both employees and employers in the organization even till this day. Beside, employees can resign from their appointments as a result of executive’s harshness and autocracy, employees having their appointment terminated due to poor performance or failure to perform, the organization may fold up because of low productivity, poor employees and employers relationship, inability to meet the organization’s set targets or mismanagement.

It is as a result of these trends that make it necessary for this study to address the following questions:

How effective is the practice of Human Relations system to the attainment of organizational goals?

Does Human Relations has any impact on worker’s performance?

Does Human Relations determine employees retention in the organization?

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is intended to:

1. Find out the effects of human relations’ practice towards the achievement of organizational goals.

Examine whether human relations has an impact on…

 

 

Continue reading EFFECT OF HUMAN RELATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY →

EFFECT OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN ORGANIZATION

(A Case Study of 7up Bottling Company Plc Kaduna)

 

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ABSTRACT

This project (research) work is titled “Effect of Materials Management on resource utilization in Organization”. The researcher carried on investigation to determine the impact   of effect of materials management on resource utilization in organization as it affect organization’s productivity and output in the field of resource control and management. The researcher went further to talk about the side effect of lack of adequate materials and resources used in industrial or manufacturing situation and the consequences it has placed the country at large. The researcher drew up questionnaire and administered them on forty six (46) staff of the company (Senior and junior staff). Only closed –ended questions were used in designing the questionnaire. Thus the questionnaire method was used in gathering the relevant data and information needed for the study. The researcher formulated hypothesis which comprises of Null hypothesis (HO) and hypothesis (Hi). The data used for the study were gathered and presented in tabular form using simple percentage method. Means while, the hypothesis formulated for the study were tested using chi-square (X²) distribution method. Finally, the researcher summaries the study, drew conclusion with respect to what has been discussed in the previous chapters and proffered recommendations among which state that, “management of an organization should be committed to their role and carry its people along.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1    Background of the Study       –       –       –       –       –       1-4

1.2    Statement of the Problems    –       –       –       –       –       5

1.3    Objective of the Study  –       –       –       –       –       –       6

1.4    Statement of Hypothesis       –       –       –       –       –       6

1.5    Significance of the Study       –       –       –       –       –       7

1.6    Scope of the Study       –       –       –       –       –       –       8

1.8    Historical Background of the case Study  –       –       –       8-9

1.9    Definition of Terms       –       –       –       –       –       –       10-12

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1    Conceptual Definition of Material Management –       13

2.2    Meaning of Organization Resources –       –       —      14

2.3    The Significance of Materials Management       –       —      14-15

2.4    Functions of Materials Management        –       –       —      16-26

2.5    Material Handling –       –       –       –       –       –       —      27-34

2.6    Materials Flow System  –       –       –       –       –       –       –         34-36

2.7    Materials Management Strategies   –       –       –       –       –         36-40

2.8    Determination of Materials Needs   –       –       –       –       –         40-42

2.9    Definition of Production Control     –       –       –       –       –         42-43

2.10  The Role of Production Control in Organization –       –       –         44-45

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY     

 

3.1    Research Design  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       46

3.2    Research Population     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       46

3.3    Sample Size and Sampling Techniques     –       –       –       –       47

3.4    Method of Gathering Data     –       –       –       –       –       –       47

3.5    Justification for the Method Used   –       –       –       –       –       47

3.6    Method of Data Analysis        –       –       –       –       –       –       48

3.7    Justification For the Instrument Used      –       –       –       –         48-49

 

CHAPTER FOUR:       DATA PRESENTATION

4.1    Data presentation and analysis-      –       –       –       –       –       49

4.2    Test of hypothesis        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       56

 

CHAPTER FIVE –

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION

5.1    Summary of finding      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       60

5.2    Conclusion –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       61

5.3    Recommendation –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       62

5.4    Limitation of the study  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       64

References-         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       65

Appendices         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       67

                                                            

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research work is titled the Effect of Materials Management on resource Utilization in Organization. A case study of 7up Bottling Company PLc Kaduna.

Arnold (1998) said that the wealth of any country is measured by its Gross National Product i.e the output of goods and services produced by the nation in a given time. He further defined materials as those physical objects i.e something we can touch, feel or see. Services are the performance of some useful function such as banking, medical care restaurants, clothing stores, or social services. But that the source of wealth of any country is measured by the amount of goods and services produced. A production process is needed to transform our resources into useful goods. Production takes place in all forms of transformation such as the transformation of resources to manufacture useful products.

There are many stages between the extraction of resource materials and the final consumer product. At each stage in the development of the final product, value is added. Thus, creating more wealth. Japan is a prime example of this, it has very few national resources and buys most of the raw materials it needs. However, the Japanese have developed one of the wealthiest economy in the world by transforming the raw materials they purchased and add value to them through manufacturing. To get value out of our resources, we must design production process that will make products most efficiently. Once the process exist, we need to manage their operation so they produce goods more economically. Managing the operation means planning for and controlling the resources used in the process such as labour, capital, equipment and materials. They are all important but the management plans through effective flow of materials. The flow of materials controls the performance of the process. if the right materials in the right quantity are not available at the right time, the profitability and even existence of a company, will be threatened.

Stevenson (1993) defined materials as all physical items used during production process. they includes not only the parts and raw materials that becomes the finished goods, but also the physical items needed to support the production process such as fuel, lubricants, tools, machinery, forms and anything else that is purchased, moved, stored or shipped.

Follet (2001) defined management as the act of getting things done through people by planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling.

Stevenson (1993) defined materials management as the activity that is concerned with purchasing, storing, and movement of materials during production and with the distribution of finished goods.

George (1993) said that, materials management is an aspect of industrial management which is concerned with all activities that may include production control, inventory, purchasing, expenditure, traffic, materials handling, welfare, receiving, shopping, scrap and surplus, disposition and customer services.

Continue reading EFFECT OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN ORGANIZATION →