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THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL AND STOCK CONTROL ON THE PROFITABILITY IN KADUNA REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (KRPC)

THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL AND STOCK CONTROL ON THE PROFITABILITY IN KADUNA REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (KRPC), KADUNA

 

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ABSTRACT

This research is on the effect of material and stock control on profitability (a case study of Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company). The study used both primary and secondary source of data collection. Questionnaires were used to elicit the view of the respondents on whether material and stock control has effect on the profitability of Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company. Frequency and percentage were used in analyzing the data collection, and chi-square was used to test the hypothesis formulated. Some of the problems facing KRPC are those of procurement of raw materials, inventory management and control. These come about as a result of inability of the company (KRPC) to calculate the economic order quantity and the various control levels use in the management of stock. The major purpose of this research on material and stock control are to analyzing the effect of material and stock control in KRPC to know the importance of material stock control in KRPC and to give future research room to improve on where the present research stop. Seventy (70) samples were used and two (2) hypotheses tested. The research among other things made the following findings: the KRPC is such a large company that every major section of its operation is now fully computerized and the stores staff are given periodic training.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
Material management, as practiced in business today, can be defined as “a confederacy of traditional material activities bound by common idea. The idea of an integrated management approach to planning, conversion flow and distribution of products materials form the raw materials state to the finished state (Iornum, 2007).
The above definition implies that materials management is generally concerned with the flow of material from the source of supply through the production line to the final consumers. This means that the material management include such function as the primary responsibilities of purchasing plus other major procurement responsibilities like inventory control, traffic, receiving, warehousing as well as production planning and control.
Later Douglas also defined material as aggregate of those ordinary causes of business which are in the process of production of goods or service to be available for sale. Material are significant portion of most firms of assets which accordingly requires substantial investment in order to keep these inventories from becoming unnecessarily large, material must be managed effectively. In modern business greater emphasis have being put in material handling. It concern in material management is to provide material in the right condition at the right time. It implies that the handling procedures should be able to appropriate stock level, ensuring proper use of stock and ensure that inventory is fully amounted for.
Jonny Ater – defines material handling as the movement and protection of material goods and products through the process of maintaining, distribution, consumption and disposal. Material handling should be controlled and carried out properly if a huge standard of efficiency and cost effectiveness is to be achieved.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
Material and stock control in organization is an important aspect of production process. Many companies engage diverse strategies to achieve organizational goal through material and stock control. The control of material as it affects Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) is the unavailability of material in store an proper reconciliation of possible loss to business through interruption of production or failure to meet order with the handling cost of stock.
Here in Nigeria, a cursory look at our economic problem will appear to suggest the non-adoption of materials management which is a product of our industrial philosophy that has made our manufacturing sector over important dependent.

Though the organization (KRPC) under the study has advance store and way of obtaining their materials but lack proper personnel to handle the material problem.

1.3 Objective of Study
The following are aimed at realizing the objective:
i) Analyzing the impact of material and stock control in KRPC
ii) To know the importance of material and stock control in KRPC
iii) To provide useful recommendation as related to the study
iv) To give future research room to improve on where the present research stops.

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IMPACT OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT IN THE PRODUCTVITY OF SEVEN-UP (7UP) BOTTLING COMPANY, KADUNA PLANT

IMPACT OF  MATERIALS MANAGEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SEVEN-UP (7UP) BOTTLING COMPANY, KADUNA PLANT

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

It is quite obvious that every organization keeps materials which form one of the pivotal elements in the organization. Any establishment that is set up to produce one thing or another; any organization could either be goods producer or services delivery or both, and they must make use of materials in all their operations, and these materials must be properly managed to achieve the desired objectives.

Materials management is one of the most technological choices in any organization. Thus, it must be decided as to when, how and by who materials should be handled. It covers the processes of moving, packing and storing materials. Note that in the past, there was no any distinct method in use.

However, today the methods employed are numerous such as: The Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), the Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS).

 

1.1     Background of the Study

What dominates organizational operations and there seeks to transform management practices is no other than material management.

It is obvious that in all kinds of organizations, management effort is often times committed to the effective and efficient management of materials. Furthermore, the management practices have gained the understanding that the success of any can only be guaranteed in today’s circumstances by a practical and holistic commitment to materials management.

Materials management is not a mere technique, but a philosophy anchored on a belief that long run success depends on the uniform commitment to materials management in 7Up Plc, Kaduna Plant which can be achieved via the interplay of both the analytical and holistic facilities of the personalities concerned.

1.2     Statement of the General Problem

Materials management as we all know is considered “life blood” of every organization. Unfortunately enough, most companies have entrusted the materials management functions into the hands of mediocre.

Therefore, the basic problem with which the study is concerned about is the unethical practices in the 7Up Plc Kaduna plant which includes: the placement of unqualified personnel on…

 

 

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IMPACT OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY

IMPACT OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The effective and efficient functioning of a productive system requires the regular demand and supply of inventory at the input transformation and output phases of the production process.

 

Management is also seen as the effective and efficient utilization of resources for the achievement of organization objectives. To ensure the achievement of the objective three must be free flow of material, unencumbered at every stage of the production process.

 

In Nigeria today, there are many soft drink production companies in the beverage industry and they all source their raw materials from few of not the same market. With the present economic melt down, organization are after these scare resources to product their product. Therefore, the urgency for the effective and efficient management of inventory in form of raw material, work-in-progress and finished goods constitute significant proportion of assets of most organization.

 

But why is it pertinent to keep an eye on these items in other words, why do we engage in inventory management?
Inventory items cost money to acquire, they cost money to store and to look after, which means storage facilities has to be provided so as to make sure that these materials or items do not get spoilt until they are turned into sellable goods, they do not produce money.

 

When stocks are held, it means tying down capital that would have been used in other areas, so it all represent cost and should be managed properly to acquire efficiently.

 

We must however, hold stocks to meet production needs and sales needs. This is because if we do not hold stocks in sufficient quantities west and the risk of running out of stock. Similarly, if we short of finished good, we may disappoint our customers. Inventory shortage in both these forms will likely lead to loss of customers and money. For the organization not to have above problems they should strike a balance between too much stocks (over inventory) and carrying too little stock. (Under inventory).

 

This is essentially the importance of inventory management, managing assets of all kinds is basically an inventory problem, the same method of analysis applies to cash and fixed assets as to inventories themselves.

 

First of all a basic stock must be on hand to hand balance in flow and outflow of items, the size of the stocks depend on pattern of flow whether fast moving or regular items.

 

Secondly, because the unexpected may occur, it is necessary to have safety stock on hand presenting extra stock to avoid the cost of not having enough to met current needs.

 

Thirdly, additional amount may be required to meet future growth needs, these are called anticipation stocks, related to anticipation stock is the recognition that these are optimum purchases size defines as economic order quantity (EOQ)

 

In borrowing money for buying raw materials for production or purchasing plants and equipments, it is cheaper or more economical to buy more than just enough to meet immediate needs. Manufacturing firms have three kinds of inventories:

 

a. Raw materials
b. Work-in-progress
c. Finished Goods

a) Raw Materials: inventories are influence by anticipated production, seasonality of production, reliability of resources or supply and efficiently of scheduling purchased and production operations.

b) Work-in-progress: inventory is greatly influenced by the length of the production period which is the time between planning raw materials in production and completing the finished product. Inventory turnover therefore can be increased by decreasing the production, means of accomplishing these to perfect engineering technician, therefore, spreading up to manufacturing process. Another means is to buy rather than make them. The level of finished goods inventories is a matter of coordinating production and sales.
Holding stocks in what ever form cost money: the capital tied down by the stocks itself has to be serviced by the payment of interest and the land or warehouse needed for the stock has to be bought or rented.

 

The handling and securing of the stocks and any quality determination that occur also cost money.

The sample type of the stock control system used in most organization is two: the bin system of stock control and which is of two quantities – the first is the stock level below which a new order has to placed, the other gives the quantity to be ordered. Under this system, the units of stocks are held in two; one and two stocks is taken from bin as required until this bin is empty. More are then ordered by the quantity being determined by the rate of usage or consumption rate.

 

Comprehensive inventory; planning and control system have been successfully installed or established in many organizations. The major objectives of inventory management are to discover and maintain to optimum level of investment in the inventory. Inventories may be too high or too low, if to high there are unnecessary carrying cost and risk of obsolesce, if too low, production may be disrupted or sales permanently cost and loss of goodwill, reputation and customers to their firms in the same industry.

 

The optimum inventory level is that which minimizes the total associated with inventory.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The life blood of any organization, whether private or public whether productive or service organization is inventory. Because of the slit completive that exist in every industry, inventory management has become mandatory on each and every manager responsible for production in an organization.
Inventory is one vital resource that any organization requires and just like any other resource that is very scares and that requires effective management rather than neglect.

 

The cost of acquiring these inventories is also important for the fact that too much of it will mean trying down capital and risk of becoming obsolete while having little could lead to shortage and production bottle neck.

 

How then, to determine adequate quantity of…

 

 

 

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EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY

 

(A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIGERIA LIMITED NGWO)

 

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ABSTRACT

Business organizations in Nigeria have failed to realize the role a good corporate image policy has in business dealings. This is probably because they do not understand the concept of corporate image and the necessary tools for promoting them. Corporate image, in fact goes beyond attractive products or rending quality service, advertising paying good salary and so on. It pervades every aspect of a business concern from the least worker’s personality to the dealing within the organization and with the larger society. In the face of the dynamics of our society, especially in the business world, brought about by technology, companies are faced with stiff competition that maintaining a competitive edge requires aggressive strategies. One of such strategies as efficient corporate image management and promotion.

The focus of this research work was to determine the strategies that could be employed to build and promote corporate image efficiently and enhance profit margins of an organization. A case study of Phinomar Nigeria Limited, Ngwo  was therefore undertaken.

The findings revealed that:

  1. Phinomar Nigeria Limited has a laid down corporate image policy though not effectively managed.
  2. Strategies employed to promote corporate image are limited.
  3. Response to Phinomar products is fairly high, hence it can be said to be profitable.
  4. Employee welfare and work environment need improvement.
  5. Phinomar needs to increase the scope of its social responsibility.
  6. Phinomar needs a well-managed corporate image, which should be reviewed periodically for improvement.
  7. Customers’ response to Phinomar product is high.
  8. Communication among workers in Phinomar Nigeria Limited is not adequate.
  9. Phinomar Nigeria Limited lays emphasis on public relations.

LIST OF TABLES

 

1.       Return of questionnaires

2.       Determination of the qualities Phinomar possesses.

3.       Determination of strategies Phinomar adopts to communicate its products.

4.       Summary of tables on Phinomar corporate image records

5.       Customers response to Phinomar products.

6.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of customers response to Phinomar product

7.       Communication with Phinomar

8.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of communication within Phinomar

9        The emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

10.     Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of the emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of the study

1.3            Purpose of the study

1.4            Scope of the study

1.5            Research question

1.6            Research Hypothesis

1.7            Significance of the study

1.8            Limitations of the study

1.9            Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Meaning and history of corporate image management

2.2            Different views and opinions about corporate image management and organizational profitability

2.3            Different approach to corporate image management

2.4            Corporate image management at Phinomar Nig. Ltd.

References

 

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1            Research design

3.2            Area of the study

3.3            Population of the study

3.4            Sample and sampling procedure/ technique

3.5            Instrument for data collection

3.6            Validity of the instrument

3.7            Reliability of the instrument

3.8            Methods of data collection

3.9            Method of data analyses

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1            Presentation and analysis of data

4.2            Testing of Hypothesis

4.3            Summary of Results

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSIONS

5.1            Discussion of result findings

5.2            Conclusions

5.3            Implications of the research findings

5.4            Recommendations

5.5            Suggestions for further research

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“A company’s product as such is no longer the chief media projecting its image”. What counts more today is the public postures of management. Its concern for consumer welfare and its visible response to imperative social and economic needs. In short, management must concern itself as much with protection as it does with profit” (Harold. H. Margins).

 

Every aspect of business and industry is undergoing rapid change in terms of philosophy and technology and there is more rapidly changing function of corporate management to   public attitudes and reactions. In the same vein, the corporate image of any organization has to be steered to change to correspond in response to the demands of its ever –changing business publics and environment. Making good product, marketing them aggressively, paying fair wages to the employees, and even paying taxes etc. is not just enough to maintain a competitive edge. The  are now economic and social responsibility that faces every business.

Perhaps, it would be necessary to ask; Is there any need to engage in corporate image promotion? Does promotion  have effect on the returns of an organization? Are there right and wrong ways to project a corporate image? What is the place of employee motivation, communication, customer relations, social responsibility etc. in the whole role of image promotion programme?

Margins H. Harold (1979. 7) stated, “Mass merchandising, new method of advertising, increased competition, and government regulations have brought corporate reputations into public view and cause executives to seek more favourable reactions.” However, many hardheaded business men do have an uneasy feeling that promoting the corporate image is little more than a perceived gesture of public goodwill.

The critical importance of corporate image becomes apparent when consumers protest provokes from large organizations series or explanations and apologies for the faults they are accused of. Companies must therefore give its public the same order of priority it gives to finance, marketing and research in the table of rapid, social and technological change. Otherwise, it cannot expect to command public respect and support in the market place.

To live and grow, to command respect and regard, the corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. Therefore corporate image promotion should not left in the hands of the public relations men, but should be the responsibility of top management and indeed every member of staff. This implies that the image programme should be part of the over all-planning for the company’s future. No matter how impressive a firm’s achievements are, they must be properly presented in the public for them to be acknowledged. Thus corporate planning is an integral part of policy decisions. For some companies,  image programmes is part of board planning for greater sales and profits. This is one the fundamental objectives of management and all its activities will be programmed to that end.

 

Aaker, A.A. Myers, J.G (1975. 138) Stated that, “It is not an exaggeration to say that a good image is fundamental to the existence of any business enterprise. The concept of image is often considered to be an important determinant of long-term sales and profits. Therefore it is reasonable to consider the use of image as an objective, not only for an advertising programme but for marketing programme and an organization as a whole”.

When a new product is introduced in the market a respected corporate name often benefits from the unknown product. People are more likely to buy a new product if they know and like its manufacturer. Furthermore, the quality image of a company’s product may have considerable influence on the kind of new product the company can market successfully.

Scholes, K and Klem, M. (1987. 85) see the image of a company as resources. They identified four types of resources available to companies which are: physical resources, human resources, system resources and intangible resources. Explaining the intangibles, Scholes and Klem observed that “Many organizations have significant strength in intangible assets such as; image or brand –name. The value of intangible resource should not be under rated. Infact in many service companies, these intangibles can be the key asset of the company. Potential purchases are often willing to pay substantial sums of money for this “goodwill” underlining their real value.

 

Finally, in order to gain the support of its publics, the corporate image must show that management is progressing, mobile, open to innovation, fair to all and free of dogma and convention. Creating and promoting a corporate personality efficiently is mainly communicating company’s objectives, beliefs, reputation and achievements to its publics in order to gain their goodwill.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Adequate emphasis have not been laid by firms in terms of promoting a favourable corporate image and this attitude has affected their performance in the market, more so in the face of the prevailing stiff competition among firms.

 

The environment in which businesses operate is in constant change and it constitutes an important factor in that, it affects management decisions and actions. For any business, two types of environment exist. The operating environment, which may be classified with external and internal. External environment Comprises economic, social, political cultural, government, technological, while internal forces comprises the top management employees, task forces; and the public environment which is made up of the firms several publics.

 

For an organization to remain in business it has to  help to shape its environment because of the rapid change that the organization’s operating environment undergoes

 

Apart from the influence of the environment, the image of the firm is another factor that requires consideration. The type of image which an organization projects is an important determinant of its long run existence and performance. There are strategies that have to be developed and adapted creatively to achieve organizational goals.

 

From management’s point of view , without a good image, an organization is not guaranteed of long life, the profit objective of the organization will not be achieved, the market share will be affected resulting to decreased sales volume, there will be employee dissatisfaction; co-ordination of work will be unimpressible and thereby the organization will collapse.

 

The correction of the above management problems requires the application of the management’s functions of planning, which involves selecting objectives and formulating strategies, policies, programmes and procedures to achieve organizational goals.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Owing to the fact that every aspect of business is undergoing accelerating change, and no function of management is changing more rapidly than public attitudes and reactions, the corporate image itself should be constantly and efficiently promoted.

The image programme pervades the whole management function more especially, planning. The corporate image is a kind of public stereotype or impression. that is, what everybody knows about the company. Although the consumer or the potential buyer may not have a sharp and detailed mental pictures, he does have access to the broad general stereotype, which permits him to make first decisions whether to buy or not. It is these broad stereotype that make him to patronize a particular company. Most times, the consumers cannot differentiate between similar products manufactured by different companies. But the quality of one’s company’s image may suppress other brands in the market to make it distinctively different and much more desirable.

 

For a company to stay in business and command respect and regard, its corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. It must be an accurate practice and an accurate picture of what the company is and what it does. The corporate image of an organization must show that the management is progressive, innovative and fair to all their public customers.

 

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the problems of building and efficiently projecting a favourable image in all organizations, but with particular reference to phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo, focusing on:

i.        To find out if Phinomar Nigeria Limited attaches importance to corporate image promotion

 

  1. To find out the strategies they adopt to promote corporate image.
  2. To find out if the company has department responsible for creating image for the company.

iv.    To find out if such strategies can contribute to profitability in the organization.

 

The survey would sample the views and opinions of both management and employees of the company on the above mentioned problems and with information gathered. Suggest solutions to the problems, which would lead to effective corporate image promotion in phinomar. Various public – customers, supplied, stockholders, bankers, potential investors, competitors, government officials and the general public.

 

Ahamefula Uzoma writing under the caption: “Motivation and Management styles” in Pita Ejiofor (1989:172) noted, “organizations often desire to inform the public through press release speeches, and participation in outside functions by management personnel on what would be of interest to them. With a view of ensuring that they present a public image favourable to the organization’.

 

CORPORATE IDENTITY.

Corporate identity according to Advance Learner’s Dictionary is the idea people have of a company marquis (1970:2)defined corporate identity as “that part of image that can be seen or heard. It is evey tangible mark of identity to all vehicles, objects, and means of communication on which the corporate identity is displayed.

STRATEGY:

Peter Drucker (1977: 95) defined strategy as “a company’s basic approach to achieving its over all objectives. It differs from tactics, which is a basic approach to be used in carrying out a pre-determined strategy. A strategy according to Kungen (1975:31) may be in the nature of either aggressive strategy (the first on the market with an advanced product) or defensive strategy (following the leading firm in the particular branch) or absorption strategy (acquisition of advanced technology for further development)

 

PROFITABLITY

Peter Drucker (1977:89) defined profitability as “a measurement of how well the business discharges its functions in serving market and customers”

 

 

 

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Frankly speaking, this study focuses on effective corporate image management as a strategy for enhancing profitability in Phinome Nigeria Limited Ngwo, tends to look at an organization and its environment, its position in the mind of the public consumers and the industry at large. The success or failure of an organization depends on hoe its products and services are patronized, and any organization whose image have been soiled or smeared with mourned can hardly make it in the business would, which is dynamic in nature. i.e, its rate of subjection to change have posed a great danger to organizations that are static or that pay deaf ear to its changing environment, instead of readjusting itself a way as to conform with the trend or events in the minds of the people.

 

Furthermore, this is not only the task of the public relations department, but it pervades all sections of the organization, comprising the management and the staff of the organization, whose assistance in this research work will make it a huge success.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following  research questions would be necessary to make this research a success

1)     How has efficient corporate image management contributed to the enhancement of profitability in your organisation

2)     Why is efficient corporate image management important in increasing profitability in your organisation

3)     What  factors necessitate efficient corporate image management.

4)     What impact dose efficient corporate create in enhancing profitability

 

 

 

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IMPACT OF QUALITY CONTROL AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION

IMPACT OF  QUALITY CONTROL AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
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Account Name: 3059320631

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Product quality and price constitute vital factors that consumers consider in the choice of product. Unfortunately however, the qualities of products continue to decline due to a number of factors. First and foremost, the production cost and other considerations have placed a heavy burden on product quality since as the economy weakens, the quality of a products is being sacrificed for quality at a relatively lower price. Secondly, most manufacturer have a realization that to survive in a recessionary economy such as ours, there is the need to review prices downwards to induce patronage from the low income groups all these are threats to quality.

In the seven-up Bottling company industry the nature of the existing completion where by foreign manufactures dominates the markets in Nigeria provides serious challenge to the indigenous manufacturers. Foreign products are often preferred by most Nigerians on the basis of quality, durability, price, colours, etc. this constitute an important competitive advantage to the foreign manufacturers and a threats to the indigenous company.

This calls for effective quality control in our seven-up industry to enhance product standardization and to favourably compete with other producers.

This study is an attempt to provide a realistic approach to quality control in seven-up bottling company.

Quality control is the comparison of products and services with a set standard. Total quality involves customer satisfaction by building in and ensuring quality from product planning to production, purchasing sales and services. In total Quality Management (TQM), everybody is involved and not just the quality control staff alone.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The quality of product may be defined in terms of its kinds, type, character, property, degree of goodness or excellence.

However, most present day, goods including seven-up company are produced or manufactured by massive production method on machines which repeatedly produce almost identical units owning to the uncontrollable variation in the quality of the processing machines, variation of the manufactured product are bound to occur.

If a company’s product is to satisfying the customer’s requirement, then it is necessary for the company to establish standard for the functions and appearance aspects of its products as well as for the durability requirement, then this is the general requirement for setting up an quality control department to ensure that standards is adhere to.

Quality of seven-up products some times fail to meet specification because of some assignable causes, defective materials, improper setting of equipments, operation errors, manpower and many others unassignable causes because it cost the same amount to produce goods unit, emphasis should be on prevention rather than error detection.

Continue reading IMPACT OF QUALITY CONTROL AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION