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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

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THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

(A STUDY OF MONROVIA STREET, UNGUWAN RIMI – KADUNA)

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ABSTRACT

The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have much more difficult time getting the same benefits wages and job opportunities or their male counterparts therefore, this research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefit and wages, it will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY          –           –           –           –           –           1

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM      –           –           –           –           –           3

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY-           –           –           –           –           –           3

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY        –           –           –           –           –           4

1.5       RESEARCH QUESTIONS          –           –           –           –           –           –           5

1.6       SCOPE OF THE STUDY  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           5

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           6

2.1       THE CONCEPT OF GENDER INEQUALITY           –           –           –           8

2.2       TYPES OF GENDER INEQUALITIES                        –           –           –           –           10

2.3       THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES            –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           13

2.4       MEASURES TO SOLVE GENDER INEQUALITY   –           –           –           16

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           17

3.1       POPULATION OF THE STUDY            –           –           –           –           –           18

3.2       METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION     –           –           –           –           –           19

3.3       TECHNIQUE OF DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS       –           19

3.4       DATA ANALYSIS  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           21

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           22

4.1       CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS   –           –           –           –           22

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       SUMMARY  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           30

5.2       CONCLUSION       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           30

5.3       RECOMMENDATION      –           –           –           –           –           –           –           31

REFERENCES       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           33

APPENDIX  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           34

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberally through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today, in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefit, wages and job opportunities as their male counterpart. The society in which we live has been shaped historically makes the policy makers have consistently been male and it is important to examine all facts of the problem, but in order to fully tackle the issue on most recognize that this inequality in the work force is rooted in what shape future employees and employers – education. The research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefits and wages, the situation will also tackle was is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.

Monrovia Street is an area situated in Ungwan Rimi Gabasawa ward under Kaduna North Local Government with a total of least populated area in Gabasawa ward which is more or less like a GRA consist of civil servants, students and businessmen and women etc. the population has made up different tribe such as Hausa, Yoruba, Gwari, Igbo, Nupe, Katab, etc.

Those living in Monrovia are predominantly civil servants that is 80% of people are said to have gainfully employed either by government or private sectors. And of 20% of them are engaged in commercial activities ranging from trading, tailoring, hair dressing, etc out of which 15% where engaged by men only 5% is engaged by women base on the research.

I found that women were left behind in time of gainful employment as well as commercial activities in the area. In view of above a lot is expected to be done to bridge the gap between the two genders.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Men and Women are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general indeed; the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of women movement all over the world. Therefore, the sense of insecurity, humiliation and helplessness always keep a woman mum our whole socialization in such that for any unsuccessful marriage which results the who is held responsible. Cultural beliefs and traditions that discriminate against women may be officially discredited but they continued to flourish at the grassroots level, this has been main of this research work.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

  1. To find out factors responsible for low employment opportunities of women.
  2. To find out the effort of Government towards reducing gender inequality.
  3. To examine the implication of gender inequality in the society.

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A research of this nature has to do with gender issues must be of great significance. Gender inequality in terms of employment opportunities, home management and other issues are very critical. Therefore, this research will be of significance in the following areas:

  1. The project work is one of the basic requirements for the award of National Diploma in Social Development.
  2. It is expected to provide solutions to the problem of gender inequality generally and specifically in employment opportunities.
  3. Considering the roles played by human in home and nation building, if genders imbalances are corrected using the recommendation of this research, the nation would be greater, this is another significance.
  4. Researchers may find this work as a foundation for further research.
  5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) may find the research work and its recommendation very useful.

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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MARITAL PROBLEMS

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CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MARITAL PROBLEMS

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0   INTRODUCTION

As the marriage in Islam is contract between two parties it is clear that it shall continue only so long as the parties carryout the terms and conditions of the contract. But if both or either of them should fail to carryout the term or fulfill their duties towards each other, then the contract may be broken. This is what we called divorce or Talaq.

 

Talaq is an Arabic word which really means dissolution of marriage. Although Islam has given the right of divorce to both men and women, it has been made necessary that this right should be exercised only  in exceptional cases when no other way is left and all methods of making peace between husband and wires have proved a failure.

 

The history of marriage and divorce in the ancient nations have formulated that the cause of divorce has been erratic. The Jewish law allows dissolution of marriage as a matter of no great concern. If husband finds any uncleanliness in wife, then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it on her hand and send her out of his house. When she has departed out of his she may go and be another man’s wife.

 

In Christianity, on the other hand, a saying attributed to Jesus has been reported: “what therefore God has joined together let no Man put asunder; whosoever shall put away his wife and marry commitment adultery against her”.

 

The catholic says, “when the sacrament of matrimony has been received by a man and ratified by their cohabitation as husband and wife, their union cannot be dissolved except by death.”

 

Islam has steered it’s middle course and has avoided the extremes of either making divorce to rigid or banning it altogether, or making it too loose and frivolous. Islam has permitted divorce but has imposed certain conditions and limitations upon the right of the husband to divorce the  matrimonial bond so that the husband may not act in haste or anger. Divorce is of two kinds in Islam.

 

  1. Talaq Rajai: The divorce which permits husband resuming conjugal relationships. This is revocable divorce which is pronounced twice. If the relationship improves during the period of probation (Iddah), the divorce is revocable.
  2. Talaq Ba’in; Talaq Ba’in means the irrevocable divorce that separates the couple finally. The revocable divoerce becomes absolutely or irrevocable if the period of probation is allowed to elapse without the huband having revoked either by expression of words or by conduct.

A Muslim is given every opportunity by the Qur’anic injunction to reconcile if possible before making final decision before he carry out the irrevocable divorce. After the two period of temporary separation, one has to make a final choice. He may take back in love and amity, or let her go finally. The ghost of marriage in Islam is to unite two lives and to bring happiness to the couple. Even then, the husband is enjoined by the Qur’an not to dismiss the wife in disgrace, or with view to humiliating her, but to let her go kindly with due regard to her, tenderness and with a view to secure  peace of mind for both the wife and himself.

 

On the Christian perspective, the divorce must be pronounced in the presence of the court judge or pastor of the church, just as in the case of marriage were the husband or wife is guilty of adultery. It is a public act to be known by all. It’s the duty of the head of the church (pastor) to divorce the marriage. It is the irrevocable divorce that separates finally. No re-marriage in Christianity.

 

1.1   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Today, the Nigeria society seems to be passing through a very cohensive force of divorce problems, which disturbs the peaceful living that exists between the said two parties. It has become a problem of concern to almost every Nigerian. Hence this research is undertaken to investigate courses of divorce problem in our well pronounced society today.

Unfaithfulness of husband/wife could cause divorce in marriage, others may be lack of children, lack of money, late of love and misunderstanding, difference in religions and interference from outsiders could also contributes to divorce problem.

 

 

 

 

 

1.2   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY THE WIDOW IN KADUNA SOUTH

THE PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY THE WIDOW IN KADUNA SOUTH

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work titled “The Problem Encountered By The Widow In Kaduna South” this research is carry out to examine the problem of widow and their relationship with their husband’s relations, a large number of the widows claimed to be in conflict with their husbands’ relations. This may not be unconnected with frictions, which arise in an attempt by their husband’s relations at trying to disposes them. The study also shows that majority of the widows do not have sufficient education and hence not empowered before their husbands’ death. This in effect contributes to the major problems, which affect most of the widows. On sources of support for the widows and their children, majority of the widows are farmers and petty trades and do not have other sources of support apart from themselves. A social survey was adopted in carrying out this project with a sample size of 50 was selected for this research work. The study recommends the active involvement of government, churches, widows’ relations and friends and social workers in assisting the widows. What the work achieves is the mapping out of welfare packages for widows, which if adopted by government, will be very helpful in solving the problem of widows. This research hopes to be a major contribution to the growing literature on widowhood and gender issues.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Widowhood is seriously attracting attention professionals in Nigeria. This is because of cultural factors associated with women after the death of their husband. This project examines the problem encountered by widow in Kaduna south Local Government Kaduna.

Widowhood is one of the events of life, which women go through. It is the loss of a husband, breadwinner and supporter. According to Saba (19)7), (his event, is usually followed by a period of bereavement after which the woman begins to adjust to the loss, and plans for her future and the future of her children.

There is no doubt that widowhood is a big problem, which is affecting a large percentage of women today. As we all know, a highly dependent woman may Find it very difficult carrying on the daily responsibilities of her family all alone. This is because she has been used to her husband providing for the family. This, in effect, explains why in most cases, the woman will be too confused to know that she is supposed to come to terms with the fact that she can never bring her husband back to life, and as such, should start thinking about how to adjust to her new role as the head of the family. Apart from the initial psychological effects of widowhood, there are also long-term effects of widowhood on women (Saba 1997).

Bodge (1950); Holden and Kuo (1906) opines that widowhood has been noted ( be accompanied by a drop in economic well—being of women and according to Saba (1997), this drop in economic well-being is usually very stressful for women because traditionally, the men are supposed to be the breadwinner and provider. When the woman suddenly finds herself occupying this role, she is likely to become so tensed up and confused, that if she is not counseled, she and her children may end up suffering throughout their lifetime.

In many parts of Nigeria, widowhood has been identified as a form of social problem. It debases womanhood as well as creates economic instability and uncertainty for both widows and their children.

Most widows’ problems start immediately after the pronouncement of their husbands’ death. In some cases, the relatives do demand for documents of their husbands’ property and even go to the extent of dispossessing them of their husbands’ bank accounts.
Widows and their children arc maltreated by their husbands/fathers’ relations. They arc treated as if they have no right to exist. This maltreatment usually leads to psychological breakdown of the widow. Her children not left. Out as most of them are withdrawn from school because their mother has been dispossessed of all she has. This type of neglect results in the children of the widow becoming societal deviants as they may seek solace in gangs and involve themselves in some forms of deviant behavior.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In Kaduna south local government just like in many other states of Nigeria, widowhood practices are seen as serious problems, which also have serious implications to widows, their children, and the society.
Many widows arc made to go through a series of dehumanizing treatment, which according to the people who administer these practices, is to purify the widow against some ill luck, which are associated with widowhood. This treatment affects the widows physically, psychologically and emotionally, thereby causing havoc to them.
It has also been observed that most widows are dispossessed of their husbands’ property in the event of their husbands’ death. This affects both the widows and their children adversely. Even more is that most of the widows arc not economically empowered before the death of their husbands. This most times, could lead to their children being withdrawn from school because their mother has been dispossessed of all her possessions. This development could have negative impact on the children of the widows.

This study therefore investigates the various effects of widowhood practices on the widows in Kaduna south local government with the aim of suggesting intervention, which if implemented, will help the widows and their children cope with everyday living.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study therefore tire the following:
1. To investigate the various effects of widowhood as social problem.
2. To identify various intervention strategies which will help in alleviating the problems of widows and,
3. To examine ways in which widows can be empowered through committed activities of the government, social workers, widows associations, non-governmental organizations, churches and relations.

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS

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IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS IN OWERRI NORTH L.G.A. OF IMO STATE IN NIGERIA. 

 

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ABSTRACT

An increase in the number of reported cases of HIV/AIDS infection in Nigeria despite intensive anti-AIDS awareness campaign give rise for this study. From chapter one the researcher critically analyze the high increase of HIV/AIDS. It also consists of the objectives and research questions that were to be assessed in the research. Literatures on the study were viewed and use theoretically to analyze the study in chapter tow. Utilizing all the necessary scientific tools for data collection and analysis which helped in giving human face to the research work chapter three. In chapter four the researcher analyzed and interpreted the data collection and some findings were made. Based on the findings, the researcher made some recommendations, which could help to increase the impact of communication techniques on HIV/AIDS awareness in Owerri North L.G.A. of Imo state in Nigeria at large.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study                                         1

1.2      Statement of the Problem                                 4

1.3      Research Questions

1.4      Objective of the Study

1.5      Significance of the Study                                         6

1.6      Definition of Terms                                          10

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1  Literature Review                                             11

2.2  Theoretical Framework

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Design of the Study

3.2  Area of the Study

3.3  Scope of the Study

3.4  Population of the Study

3.5  Sample Size

3.6  Sampling Techniques

3.7  Instrument for Data Collection

3.8  Method of Data Collection

3.9  Method of Data Analysis

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1  Personal Data of the Respondents

4.2  Analysis of the Research Questions

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       41

5.2  Conclusion                                                      42

5.3  Recommendations                                           45

5.4  Limitation of the Study

5.5  Suggestion for Further Study

 

References

Appendix                                                        50

Questionnaire

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

HIV is basically a health and social problem menacing the entire world and Nigeria at large. The first case of HIV was reported in Nigeria in 1985 and since then reported cases of this disease has become continous. This disease is said to be caused by Human Deficiency Virus (HIV).AIDS disease is terminal. The virus has the potential of hiding in places like the brain cells, the cells of the bone marrow, the cells in different places, and it develops resistance to drugs.

The HIV virus is such that can be transmitted by various means namely by sex, infected needles, blood transfusion, child-birth and other means. However  the most prominent means is by SEX and hence more importantly by exchange of blood can lead to transmission of HIV.

According to the ministry of health in Nigeria, Nigerians infected with HIV, now number 3.47million and BENUE, AKWA IBOM, BAYELSA, ANAMBRA, and ABUJA are said to have the highest prevalence rate. The HIV scourage is actually threatening Nigeria, Africa, and the whole world at large.HIV disaproportionately affects future leaders. In Nigeria, ages 15 and 47 accounts for more than 70percent of HIV infections. Nearly 85percent of all HIV transmission occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse.

The effect of this dreaded disease has increased efforts to make people become aware of the destructive effects of this disease. In this regards NGOS, international bodies and the government have through public lectures, seminars, handbills, newspapers and magazines and electronic  media and other means created awareness to people on the nature and effects of HIV.

HIV/AIDS became a disease that has thrown the entire globe into confusion and an all night and day research to put a stop to its spread and killing. One of the major tools among others used by the IMO STATE government and other concerned agencies within the country and state is communication technique.

Communication is believed to be the most appropriate channel through which the far-flung hetergenous people within the country and state could be reached as quickly as possible and subsequently informed and/or educated about the disease and what is used to prevent, curb, and hopefully totally overcome it. The importance of communication technique is obvious. When you are working to combat a disastrous and growing emergency you should use every tool at your disposal. Communication technique has tremendous reach and influence, particularly with young people, who represent the future and who are the key to any successful fight against HIV/AIDS.

It was also noted that many people in IMO STATE(OWERRI NORTH L.G.A) especially women, do not have correct information on HIV/AIDS issue, some of the women are still engaging in risky sexual behavior and commercial sex work to generate income due to poverty. The state has HIV/AIDS support group, which still consist of PLWHAS, who barely understand the implications of the state of their health, this could be attributed to lack of proper education. The high level of stigmatization is still very high, making it difficult for people to declare their HIV/AIDS status and when death occurs it is usually attributed to witchcraft or other diabolical powers.

Few factors impact our ability to protect ourselves from HIV more than our level of self esteem. Recently, young people in Nigeria have been moderately affected by the global HIV epidemic. Today, however the HIV epidemic in Africa is one of the most rapidly increasing epidemic in the world. It is mainly concentrated to vulnerable groups such as intravenous drug users, sex workers, the purchase of sexual services and the financially marginalized. Young sexually active people may however be the gateway for the epidemic to the general population and knowledge about their attitudes and behavior is therefore important in planning preventive measures.

The IMOSACA (IMO STATE AGENCY FOR THE CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS) director general  DR ETELBERT ANYANWU noted that the forum towards eradication of HIV became necessary towards ensuring that IMO STATE continues on its downward trends in the preventive rate from 4.6% in 2008 to 3.0% in 2012 stressing that the agency is posed to strengthen networking of partners and collaborative efforts at the rural level especially, while emphasizing that the forum will be a quarterly event to ensure improvement of services at the communities where he said knowledge and awareness of the scourage was still low. IMOSACA DG, however appealed to its stakeholders to sustain the fight against HIV/AIDS as the funds from donor agencies according to him, is dwindling and will stop someday.

A recent study by PETERS AND OLUGBEMIRO (2005) shows that the introduction of HIV/AIDS program at NOUN (national open university of Nigeria) would contribute to raising the level of awareness in the different segments of Nigeria society, stimulate research and create research networks on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It also noted that the programme would facilitate human resources capacity building and support positive behavioural changes. An earlier study by ADERIONYE and OJEKHETA (2004) investigated the links between DE and HIV/AIDS. This study shows that DE in Nigeria and throughout the contient of Africa is helping to democratize and spread knowledge, even to those living in remote, marginalized and isolated communities. In another study, PRIDMORE AND YATES (2006) examined the strength of open, distance and flexible education in HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation. These scholars argued that to confront AIDS and meet millennium developments goals (MDGS) in countries where HIV/AIDS is prevalent, government must go beyond current efforts and accelerate conventional response. This can be achieved by increasing access and quality of education and schooling, raising public consciousness and encouraging people to practice healthy behavior.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In view of the fact that there has, been an increase in reported number of HIV cases in the world but Nigeria in particular, which has a high rate of it despite intensive public awareness and campaigns. Available records show that there has been rapid and constant rise in the number of cases of HIV reports in Nigeria. AIDS moitor (1993) report , that since the discovery of the first cases of HIV in Nigeria in 1985 there has been a steady growth of more than one percent each year.

In September 1989, twenty-nine cases were reported in the country and over a three year period, five hundred and thirty cases were reported in 1992 alone. The PUNCH (1977)credited the residence advisor of the united nations AIDS programme in Nigeria saying that approximately 2.3million Nigerians aare carries of the HIV virus.

The problem, which was unheard of in this part of the world until 1980, is now a major issue for the public debate messages, warnings about the danger of contact. The dreaded virus has been circulated through handbills, posters, billboards, postcards, t shirts, prints and electronic media have also been actively involved in the campaign.HIV prevention and control information are found in schools, churches, offices, hotels, public joints, hospital, bus stops and in social gathering.

The federal and state ministries of health, which are the pivotal institutions of public health in Nigeria, are at the forefront of the campaign. Apart  from the health ministries in Nigeria, several non-government organizations(NGO)have embarked on these preventive and control education campaign. These NGO include AIDS CONTROL PREVENTON PROGRAMME(AIDSCAP) and its affiliated agencies MOVEMENT AGAINST AIDS/STD(MAID),NIGERIAN YOUTHS AIDS PROGRAMME(NYAP), and SOCIETY AGAINST SPREAD OF AIDS(SASA)and others are YOUTH COMMITTED TO AIDS RELATED EDUCATION(YCARE).SOCIETY FOR WOMEN AND AIDS IN AFRICA(SWAA).Some voluntary and social services organization like GIRLS POWER INITIATIVE(GPA),WOMEN IN NIGERIA(WIN)SOCIETY FOR FAMILY HEALTH(SFH),PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION OF NIGERIA(PPFN)and WOMEN HEALTH EDUCATION ADVANCEMENT PROGRAMME(WHEAP).

Hence this research work is entailed to determine the level of impact of communication techniques on HIV awareness creation.

 

1.3  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 

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PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG GRADUATES

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PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG GRADUATES .

 

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ABSTRACT

In this research, it is assumed that unemployment is a factor inherent in the nations economics system first because intentionally or unintentionally the policy makers do not deliberately result to measures capable of reducing unemployment to acceptable level. This research is concerned with ways and means of identifying the cause and measures of curbing the problems created by unemployment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study                                         1

1.2      Statement of the Problem                                 4

1.3      Significance of the Study                                         6

1.4      Scope of the Study                                          7

1.5      Research Question                                           9

1.6      Definition of Terms                                          10

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1  Literature Review                                             11

2.2  Social Consequences of Unemployment               12

2.3  Solution to Unemployment                                14

2.4  Types of Unemployment                                   15

2.5  Causes of Unemployment                                        17

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Research Method                                             25

3.2  Research Limitation                                          26

3.3  Distribution and Collection of Questionnaire         27

3.4  Questionnaire Distribution and Collection            28

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1  Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 30

4.2  Testing of Research Questions/Hypothesis           32

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       41

5.2  Conclusion                                                      42

5.3  Restatement of the Problems                            44

5.4  Recommendation                                             45

 

Bibliography                                                    48

Appendix                                                        5

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is a country through multiple transition, form the period of colonialism to independence, from literacy, subsistence, agriculture to monetary economy, rural life to urban cosmopolitan life, from the day of employment to the days of mass unemployment, the time and time again throughout the human history, year after year in Nigeria, the increasing number of graduates joining the labour market keeping rising geometrically and any hope for them to secure jobs looks pessimistic the tempo of economic development does not keep pace with the rate of educational advancement, that a developing country should suffer from surplus labour in hardly surprising, but generally, unemployment is one thing and graduate unemployment is another, employment has in all its ramification come to stay with us since the ear of oil boom which has unfortunately turned to our doom.

According to daily star, June 30, (1986), unemployment is described as a situation where there are few jobs to go around the great number of people willing to work. Here, it cold be both educated and uneducated people in the country, youth employment has become some of the basic economic social and political problems facing so many states in Nigeria recently, the graduates in this context are generally the school leavers from over post primary and higher school of learning. This pitiable “labour forces” who are left redundant are eve ready to put in their best services in any kind of jobs, but would not be called upon to do so because of the situation in the country.

In Enugu metropolis, there has been a persistent increase of unemployed graduates of institution of higher learning.

On this note, there fore, it becomes imperative to give a brief definition of unemployment. According to Nigeria statement may 28, 1986, “unemployment connotes the scarcity of job both in public and private sectors. Also according to weekly star, August, 17 1986, unemployment is the state of being employed, it further describes a person as unemployed when despite his ability and willingness to work in jobless.

In the light of this problem, the former head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces General Sani Abacha in his 1st October, 1995 broadcast lifted the ban on employment. There is no doubt that the country has witnessed an upsurge in crime such as drug addiction and sophisticated armed robberies while broken home, malnutrition and many other social vices are on the increase too. Other factors that contributed to this situation also remain an integral part of this research, such factors include the expansion of the existing schools and establishment of new schools without a collateral increase in industries to absorb produced graduates, the behaviour of youth and graduated themselves towards jobs like farming, construction of roads, bridges, school taxi cars and also the over-dependence of a mono-export-oriented economy, etc.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The unabated increase in the rate of unemployment among the youth, with particular emphasis on higher institution has been a source of concern to the entire nation. Moreso, being aware of the social vices that this situation could result it makes it more disabusing, the situation is a delima when we consider many policies and legislation so far put in place by the government to cub this mind and how ineffective they have been as an instrument to reduce unemployment. The researcher having considered the above and decided the study the under listed problems with the view to x-raying then and possibly proffering lasting solutions to them.

  1. The increase in the rate of unemployment among the youth not withstanding that the federal government of Nigeria have lifted embargo on employment.
  2. The youth we have today includes those who have studied in very essential field which before now was not so. Nevertheless the suffer unemployment.
  3. The increase in scope of private sector participation which should result the increase in employment of university graduate has not been true in our situation.
  4. The federal government recently increased the capital base of the bank of industry so as to allow more graduate to participate in the federal government loan scheme, with the aim of being employed, but this has not yielded any meaningful results or reduced the unemployment toll.

 

1.3  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY