PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION: A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY,

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Sexual behaviour or indulgence to sex among undergraduate students and young adults nowadays are one of the great concerns of our society (Donovan, 2007).  Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature.  Attraction of the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species.  Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities.  They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year.  Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood.  This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past (Wikipidia, 2007).

Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilised society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations.  The society always long for nature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society.  The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. Sexuality, in particular, is a major area of concern for young adult and individuals or families of childbearing age (Pilliteri, 2003).

Having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex, in part through lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk, or inadequate self-efficacy to resist pressure (Donovan et al., 2007). Such risky behaviours might result to unfavourable consequences like unwanted pregnancy, illegal abortion, and acquiring STD or the Sexually Transmitted Diseases through sexual contact (AEGIS, 2005). These consequences entail lots of underlying problems.  It is like a domino effect that often leads to guilt.

According to Tumangday (2005), parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and value about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask. There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your children about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today family influences come too weak and thus peers’ influences along with the media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex (PMS) is indeed very rampant nowadays.   Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours.   Irrational behaviours like this often result to guilt.

Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life.  The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage.  Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition (Regnerus and Uecker, 2011).   Modern societies don’t appreciate premarital lovemaking for various reasons.  Lovemaking is no more considered an outflow of the natural sexual instincts among human beings.  We see it as a necessary obligation to share the romance between married couples and also as a medium to fulfil the social responsibility of giving birth to the next generation.  Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least.   In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, just out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences.  Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate (Burbank, 2007).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental development of adults in several forms.  Premarital sexual experiences, many a times, leads to the misconception that sex is to be enjoyed at whatever ways possible.  Forced premarital lovemaking will lead to mental depression and dilemma.  Another danger is possible exchange of diseases; as premarital partners may not be aware of diseases that spread through intercourses. Getting pregnant through premarital sex is another disaster. Emotional imbalances and guilt feeling could be the result of most premarital sexual affairs (Carl, 2013).  Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet stories of adolescent fathers and mother come out largely, especially from the highly civilised European nations.  Modern lifestyle has open multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private.   They have ample changes to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television (WHO, 2005).

Sexuality is defined as the sum of the physical, functional, and psychologic attributes that are expressed by one’s gender identity and sexual behaviour, whether or not related to the sex organs or to procreation (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  Therefore, sexuality entails how an individual act, feel and think regarding one’s self when it comes to understanding gender role.  Premarital sex is synonymous to the word fornication, the sexual intercourse between two people who are not married to each other (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.  According to Clark (2006), peer group is an important factor in young adult development and has some bearing on teenagers’ decision about sex.  Young adult is a period of exploration and experimentation, but young people often lack the knowledge, experience, and maturity to avoid the grave risks that confront them.  Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin discovered many more motives for sexual intercourse; the researchers identified four major categories: physical, emotional, social and psychological motives (Kienlen, 2007).

 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

There had been much discussion in the press about the gradual erosion of moral values among youth.  Much concern had been raised over the rising number of youths who hold permissive values towards premarital sex, and the increasing proportion of youths who engage in sexual activities, or sex-related activities, such as visiting pornographic websites, that might potentially result in actual sexual activities.

Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet, stories of young adult fathers and mothers come out largely especially from the highly civilised Nations. Modern lifestyle has opened multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private. They have ample chances to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television.

Parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and values about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask.  There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your child about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today’s family influence comes too weak and thus peers’ influences along with media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex is indeed very rampant nowadays.  Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours (Tumangday, 2005).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental

 

 

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

.CASE STUDY: MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE.

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.CASE STUDY: MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE.

 

ABSTRACT
This project analysed the contributions of women organisations in the community development in mbaise Local Government Area in imo state.semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 randomly selected women from the chosen communities. Data analysis were achieved using simple descriptive statistics as percentages, frequency tables and ranking. Result of the study shows that women organisations for the purpose of community development in the study area are formed at different levels (community and village) and along different ties (religious,family and social). There was a remarkable high involvement rate of women organisations in the provision of infrastructural amenities as renovation/furnishing of town halls/equipment of village schools and churches, and provision of communal environmental sanitation services. other development programmes include those aimed at economic and educational empowerment of women and community youths such as;provision of grants/loans for enterprise development of women award of scholarships to children of the community,awarness creation on HIV/AIDS,family health and child care programmes,and other general health matters. It was recommended among others that existing women organisations in the community development should be encouraged by way of adequate recognition,training and funding by the local government authorities
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page———————————————————————————i
Approval Page—————————————————————————ii
Dedication——————————————————————————-iii
Acknowledgements———————————————————————iv
Abstract————————————————————————————v
Table of Contents———————————————————————–vi
List of Tables—————————————————————————vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Research Questions 4
1.4 Objectives of the study 4
1.5 Significance of the study 5
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERTURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Women Organization 9
2.2 Women in Community Development of Nigeria 10
2.3 The Contribution of Christian Women Groups
To Community Development 12
2.4 Problems Encounter by Christian Women’s Group
In Community Development 17
2.5 Review of Relevant Theories 20
2.6 Theoretical Framework 25
2.7 Research Hypotheses 27
8
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 28
3.2 Area of the Study 28
3.3 Study Population 29
3.4 Sample Size 29
3.5 Sampling Procedure 29
3.6 Methods of Data Collection 30
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of Personal Characteristics of Respondents 31
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions 34
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 42
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendations 44
5.4 Suggestion for further Studies 45
REFERENCES 47
APPENDIX 50
9
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
It is a truism the adage that says; behind every successful man is a woman. Women have been regarded as fragile and should be subordinate to the man but they can play very important role for the betterment of the society. This fragile nature has proved her taking domineering influence on many occasions in the history of mankind. Across the country, women have created innovative, comprehensive programs to meet the needs of their communities. Women have established themselves as leaders in the community development process and acquire the skills that have brought positive changes to their communities. As effective builders of social capital, Christian women leaders play key roles in establishing and maintaining important relationships and networks in their communities.
They are facing the challenges of racial, culture, economic and political barriers that exist in the community development process and in many cases overcoming those barriers become their motivation. While their comprehensive approach has influenced the evolution of the community development field, Christian women’s contributions have been neither widely acknowledged nor explicitly credited. The result of the Christian women groups in community development study provide deeper insights into women’s thinking about
10
community development, the barriers they perceive to women’s leadership and the kind of efforts that should be made to facilitate and promote their status and roles in the field. Christian women groups demonstrate variety of effective ways women create social capital that is central to the existence of healthy communities. In fact, the contributions of Christian women groups in community development projects can bring about significant positive changes. Thus, Christian’s women groups have been proved to be one of the effective entry point for initiating activities or development projects in the community that are beneficiary to all the members of the community (Chiwendu, 1980). Therefore, for effective development to occur, their contributions need not be disputed.
1.2 Statement to the Problem
The cultural beliefs that the education of a woman ends in the kitchen, makes it almost impossible for males to see the immense contributions of women groups to the community development. For example, through picture books, girls are taught to have low aspirations because there are so few opportunities portrayed as available to them. It is believed that men’s work is outside the home and women’s work is inside the home. For example we see women at home washing dishes, cooking, cleaning, yell at the children, takes care of babies, and does the shopping, while men are store keepers, house builders, storytellers, monks, preachers, fishermen, policemen, fighters,
11
soldiers, adventurers, judges, farmers and pilots. They were also the king and the gods.
Within the traditional African society, women from almost all the ethnic group were excluded from performing certain activities, especially those that concern leadership and other hand and significant activities like construction works and clergy roles, these were considered as men’s domain. The exclusion of women from some of these activities are due to the socio-cultural factors constraining them from participating in activities that were considered to be exclusively for men (William, 1973).
Furthermore gender inequality contributes to the low contribution of women to community development. Many a times, we

 

 

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THE PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY THE WIDOW IN KADUNA SOUTH

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work titled “The Problem Encountered By The Widow In Kaduna South” this research is carry out to examine the problem of widow and their relationship with their husband’s relations, a large number of the widows claimed to be in conflict with their husbands’ relations. This may not be unconnected with frictions, which arise in an attempt by their husband’s relations at trying to disposes them. The study also shows that majority of the widows do not have sufficient education and hence not empowered before their husbands’ death. This in effect contributes to the major problems, which affect most of the widows. On sources of support for the widows and their children, majority of the widows are farmers and petty trades and do not have other sources of support apart from themselves. A social survey was adopted in carrying out this project with a sample size of 50 was selected for this research work. The study recommends the active involvement of government, churches, widows’ relations and friends and social workers in assisting the widows. What the work achieves is the mapping out of welfare packages for widows, which if adopted by government, will be very helpful in solving the problem of widows. This research hopes to be a major contribution to the growing literature on widowhood and gender issues.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Widowhood is seriously attracting attention professionals in Nigeria. This is because of cultural factors associated with women after the death of their husband. This project examines the problem encountered by widow in Kaduna south Local Government Kaduna.

Widowhood is one of the events of life, which women go through. It is the loss of a husband, breadwinner and supporter. According to Saba (19)7), (his event, is usually followed by a period of bereavement after which the woman begins to adjust to the loss, and plans for her future and the future of her children.

There is no doubt that widowhood is a big problem, which is affecting a large percentage of women today. As we all know, a highly dependent woman may Find it very difficult carrying on the daily responsibilities of her family all alone. This is because she has been used to her husband providing for the family. This, in effect, explains why in most cases, the woman will be too confused to know that she is supposed to come to terms with the fact that she can never bring her husband back to life, and as such, should start thinking about how to adjust to her new role as the head of the family. Apart from the initial psychological effects of widowhood, there are also long-term effects of widowhood on women (Saba 1997).

Bodge (1950); Holden and Kuo (1906) opines that widowhood has been noted ( be accompanied by a drop in economic well—being of women and according to Saba (1997), this drop in economic well-being is usually very stressful for women because traditionally, the men are supposed to be the breadwinner and provider. When the woman suddenly finds herself occupying this role, she is likely to become so tensed up and confused, that if she is not counseled, she and her children may end up suffering throughout their lifetime.

In many parts of Nigeria, widowhood has been identified as a form of social problem. It debases womanhood as well as creates economic instability and uncertainty for both widows and their children.

Most widows’ problems start immediately after the pronouncement of their husbands’ death. In some cases, the relatives do demand for documents of their husbands’ property and even go to the extent of dispossessing them of their husbands’ bank accounts.
Widows and their children arc maltreated by their husbands/fathers’ relations. They arc treated as if they have no right to exist. This maltreatment usually leads to psychological breakdown of the widow. Her children not left. Out as most of them are withdrawn from school because their mother has been dispossessed of all she has. This type of neglect results in the children of the widow becoming societal deviants as they may seek solace in gangs and involve themselves in some forms of deviant behavior.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In Kaduna south local government just like in many other states of Nigeria, widowhood practices are seen as serious problems, which also have serious implications to widows, their children, and the society.
Many widows arc made to go through a series of dehumanizing treatment, which according to the people who administer these practices, is to purify the widow against some ill luck, which are associated with widowhood. This treatment affects the widows physically, psychologically and emotionally, thereby causing havoc to them.
It has also been observed that most widows are dispossessed of their husbands’ property in the event of their husbands’ death. This affects both the widows and their children adversely. Even more is that most of the widows arc not economically empowered before the death of their husbands. This most times, could lead to their children being withdrawn from school because their mother has been dispossessed of all her possessions. This development could have negative impact on the children of the widows.

This study therefore investigates the various effects of widowhood practices on the widows in Kaduna south local government with the aim of suggesting intervention, which if implemented, will help the widows and their children cope with everyday living.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study therefore tire the following:
1. To investigate the various effects of widowhood as social problem.
2. To identify various intervention strategies which will help in alleviating the problems of widows and,
3. To examine ways in which widows can be empowered through committed activities of the government, social workers, widows associations, non-governmental organizations, churches and relations.

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

(A STUDY OF MONROVIA STREET, UNGUWAN RIMI – KADUNA)

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ABSTRACT

The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have much more difficult time getting the same benefits wages and job opportunities or their male counterparts therefore, this research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefit and wages, it will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY          –           –           –           –           –           1

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM      –           –           –           –           –           3

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY-           –           –           –           –           –           3

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY        –           –           –           –           –           4

1.5       RESEARCH QUESTIONS          –           –           –           –           –           –           5

1.6       SCOPE OF THE STUDY  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           5

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           6

2.1       THE CONCEPT OF GENDER INEQUALITY           –           –           –           8

2.2       TYPES OF GENDER INEQUALITIES                        –           –           –           –           10

2.3       THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES            –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           13

2.4       MEASURES TO SOLVE GENDER INEQUALITY   –           –           –           16

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           17

3.1       POPULATION OF THE STUDY            –           –           –           –           –           18

3.2       METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION     –           –           –           –           –           19

3.3       TECHNIQUE OF DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS       –           19

3.4       DATA ANALYSIS  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           21

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0       INTRODUCTION  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           22

4.1       CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS   –           –           –           –           22

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       SUMMARY  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           30

5.2       CONCLUSION       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           30

5.3       RECOMMENDATION      –           –           –           –           –           –           –           31

REFERENCES       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           33

APPENDIX  –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           34

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberally through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today, in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefit, wages and job opportunities as their male counterpart. The society in which we live has been shaped historically makes the policy makers have consistently been male and it is important to examine all facts of the problem, but in order to fully tackle the issue on most recognize that this inequality in the work force is rooted in what shape future employees and employers – education. The research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefits and wages, the situation will also tackle was is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.

Monrovia Street is an area situated in Ungwan Rimi Gabasawa ward under Kaduna North Local Government with a total of least populated area in Gabasawa ward which is more or less like a GRA consist of civil servants, students and businessmen and women etc. the population has made up different tribe such as Hausa, Yoruba, Gwari, Igbo, Nupe, Katab, etc.

Those living in Monrovia are predominantly civil servants that is 80% of people are said to have gainfully employed either by government or private sectors. And of 20% of them are engaged in commercial activities ranging from trading, tailoring, hair dressing, etc out of which 15% where engaged by men only 5% is engaged by women base on the research.

I found that women were left behind in time of gainful employment as well as commercial activities in the area. In view of above a lot is expected to be done to bridge the gap between the two genders.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Men and Women are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general indeed; the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of women movement all over the world. Therefore, the sense of insecurity, humiliation and helplessness always keep a woman mum our whole socialization in such that for any unsuccessful marriage which results the who is held responsible. Cultural beliefs and traditions that discriminate against women may be officially discredited but they continued to flourish at the grassroots level, this has been main of this research work.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out factors responsible for low employment opportunities of women.
2. To find out the effort of Government towards reducing gender inequality.
3. To examine the implication of gender inequality in the society.

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A research of this nature has to do with gender issues must be of great significance. Gender inequality in terms of employment opportunities, home management and other issues are very critical. Therefore, this research will be of significance in the following areas:

1. The project work is one of the basic requirements for the award of National Diploma in Social Development.
2. It is expected to provide solutions to the problem of gender inequality generally and specifically in employment opportunities.
3. Considering the roles played by human in home and nation building, if genders imbalances are corrected using the recommendation of this research, the nation would be greater, this is another significance.
4. Researchers may find this work as a foundation for further research.
5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) may find the research work and its recommendation very useful.

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THE EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING AMONG TEENAGE GIRLS.

 

 

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CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

1.1     Background of the study         …………………………………………      1

1.2     Purpose of the study       ……………………………………….…    4

1.3     Significance of the study  …………………………………………     4

1.4     Scope and Limitation of the study   ……………………………….   5

1.5     Definition of terms  ……………………………………………….    5

 

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

2.1     The Concept of Human Trafficking …………………………..….    6

2.2     The Context of Human Trafficking …………………………….…   9

2.3     Purposes and Causes of Trafficking ……………………………….  11

2.4     Legal Instruments for Human Trafficking in Nigeria ………………  12

2.6     Some of the Prosecuted Crimes of Human Trafficking in Nigeria ..  28

 

CHAPTER THREE: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

3.1     Summary …………………………………………………………..    20

3.2     Conclusion ……………………………………………………..…     22

3.3     Recommendations         ………………………………………………….    22

References ………………………………………………………….   24

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world with an estimated population of about 140 million people (2006, Census), is endowed with abundant human and natural resources like oil, tin, limestone, zinc, natural gas, good vegetation  and climate which varies from being equatorial in the South, tropical in the centre and arid in the north. This great country, 3rd world largest producer of crude oil has about 5.3% annual growth rate but it is estimated that 70% of Nigerians live in poverty (Tola, 2008).

 

The above features are legacies of decades of prolonged military rules coupled with mis-management and corruption, which have daily impoverished the people and made them “beggers” of a sort amidst plenty. This act of misrule has increased anti-social behaviour amongst the populace. Sadly, the quest for material wealth at all cost has introduced a new dimension of wealth creation into the psyche of Nigerians-which  is street hawking.

 

Street hawking is the third largest criminal activity in the world after arms and drug trafficking (Tola, 2008). In the last decade, the phenomenon of street hawking has considerably increased throughout the world and most especially in Nigeria. Every year, million of individuals, mostly female are misled by decot or forced to submit to servitude.

 

The UN convention Against Transnational orgainsed crime (2000) defined street hawking as follows; “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, of abuse of power, giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation” “exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”

 

ANPPCAN (2010) sees street hawking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, habouring or receipt of female by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments, benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over the child for the pupose of exploitation.

 

Research evidence shows that female are trafficked for the purpose of domestic services, prostitution and other forms of exploitative labour (UNICEF, 2007). These has been  a serious concern about the cause of street hawking in Africa as a whole and Nigeria as a country in particular.

 

UNICEF (2007) has identified poverty, large family size, rapid urbanization among others as the major factor why many Nigeria female are vulnerable to trafficking. Parents with large family are often prone to those traffickers deceit in giving away some of their female to city residents or even strangers promising a better life for them. Trafficking deprives child victims the privilege to exercise their wide range of rights, including the right to belong and identify, the right to freedom, education among others. ANPPCAN(2010).

 

As a result of this, the study on the causes, effects and remedies of street hawking in Nigeria is worth pursuing. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide  meaningful information as to the stoppage of the act in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.

Female living in rural areas in Nigeria often lack access to quality education, good health and other basic needs which make their parents to entrust them in the hands of other family members who are financially upright to help them train their female.

 

However, this custom has been abused by those family members or relatives because of the exposure of these female to hazardous work, prostitution and other forms of inhuman activities.

 

This act posses a serious challenges to the growth of the Nigerian society, economically, socially and politically.

 

1.2     Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is:

i.        To look at the origin and development of street hawking  in Nigeria

ii.       To examine the causes of street hawking in Nigeria

iii.      To analyse the effects of street hawking in Nigeria, socially, politically and economically

iv.      To profer solutions to the problems of street hawking in Nigeria.

 

1.3     Significance of the Study

This study will be of great importance, as it will provide necessary information on the causes, effects and remedies to street hawking in Nigeria. It will also provide further research in combating trafficking in Nigeria. The study will also be useful for further purposes and for further researches into street hawking within and outside the country.

 

 

 

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