AN EVALUATION OF COMPUTER IN BANKING SECTOR

(A case study of Access Bank plc Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT
The prime aim of this study has been to assess the performance of banks with the introduction of computers and to evaluate the role computer plays in banking sector. The study also went on to assess the contribution of computers to economic growth. The entire work is made up of a population size of twenty-nine (29), which are staff Access Bank Plc., Kaduna Branch. For the purpose of this study data were obtained from the primary and secondary sources of data. But in general, most of the data obtained were from the primary source, that is through the administration of questionnaires. The data collected were duly analyzed by the use of percentage, tabulation and descriptive analysis. From the researcher’s findings, the use of computers in banks is very essential to enhance better services by banks, with a view to satisfying the customers.

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The role in which the computer plays in our everyday lives cannot be overemphasized. In fact, the computer is one of the greatest things that has happened to mankind and it should not be seen as a mere invention but a “revolution”.
One may be wondering how the world would be without computers and how we would actually cope without it. Before the advent of computers in early 1980’s, most of man’s jobs were performed manually and mentally, which were tedious and tiring and of course, these approaches did not provide desired results because the rate of productivity was very low. But now, we have an inevitable, non-living assistant to mankind known as the computer which simplifies the manual and mental procedures, enhances efficient mass handling of data and information and facilitates greater periodicity.

As the topic suggests, “An evaluation of computer in banking sector” this project work focuses on the impact of computer in banking with Access Bank Plc at Au Akilu Road, Kaduna being the case study.
Bankers have enjoyed the benefits of computerized banking over the years and they would testify that computer has done much good to banking sector. In Access Bank Plc banking services have been improved and even the customers can feel the efficacy of computer in the wide range of services provided by the bank.
It should be borne in mind that the computer does not only enhance banking services, but also other areas like Accounting, Agriculture, Education, Commerce, Medicine, Engineering, Communication, Aviation and Military to mention a few.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Years ago, banking services were not dependent on computer. Actually these banks performed their functions manually. With the manual procedure in those years a lot of work has to be done just by a few staff and this perform the tasks that a man-made device would have done just in the “twinkle of an eye”. Obviously, the computer has helped a bank like Access Bank Plc to employ just few staff and computers to execute various tasks that and would have been performed by many staff for days. Computer provides the banking sector with great packages that help various banks enhance the services provided to customers. We shall be looking at this later in the course of this project report.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Every individual including those in the banking sector knows that computer plays a key role in the day to day activities. But at this juncture, there is a need to state the inherent problems associated with the invention of computer.

In banking, Access Bank Plc. to be precise the researcher came to understand that most, if not all of the work carried out in the bank are performed by computers. This is good because they make our work faster, but where the problem lies is that human beings (ie the users of computer) have totally submitted to computer as if without computer, no work can carried out. Remember that these computers were made and configured by human beings so, the computers should be put in their rightful place. Note that the adverse effect of over-relying on computer leads to laziness on the part of staff of an organization.

Also, human effort is affected. Most of the computerized efforts in the past years were taken care of by humans. Today in banking for example, in the account section various transactions or documentation are performed by computer, instead of men and women. But the efforts of these people are obviously not needed. Therefore computer gives room for more and it does not allow humans to exercise their mental and intellectual abilities.
The problems associated with this study are many that one can go on and on to list and discuss them one after the other. This is the reason why the researcher has embarked on this work to point out the significant role computer plays in banking sector.

 

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AN ASSESSMENT OF EXCHANGE RATE POLICY MEASURES IN NIGERIA
(A Case Study of central bank of Nigeria Kaduna Branch)

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ABSTRACT
This research work is based on an Assessment of Exchange rate Policy measures in Nigeria has been written to explore the exchange rate policy measures in Nigeria during the period 2003- 2006 which is of great importance to the survival of banking industries and financial institutions. The aims of this research work is to determine the relevance of exchange rate policy measures in banks and financial institution and to highlight the necessity for maintaining adequate and effective exchange work is certain around the relevance of exchange rate policy system; the need for this research work is to enlighten banks and other financial institution on the importance exchange rate policy. The first chapter discussed related issues in the understanding of research work such as general introduction to the research topic identification of research problem, the historical background of the case study and the significance of the study. The second one focuses in review of related literature made an extensive analysis of the exchange rate policy measures. The research methodology for this research work was observation and questionnaire. The presentation and critical analysis of the finding of the research was frequency distribution method was used and single percentage (%) method was used to proof the hypothesis. And finally, this chapter five summarizes the whole research, recommendations were made thereby for improvement and conclusion was drawn. In conclusion, the researcher recommends that there is need for CBN to maintain a sound exchange rate control of dollars with naira in financial sector for stability to enhance adequate efficient and effective transmission of the monetary policy to the real sectors.

 

 

Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
Exchange rate is the price of the unit of one country quotes in terms of another country’s currency i.e. it is the mathematical or quantitative expression of one country currency in terms of another’s.

Exchange rate is a very vital price mechanism that directs the movement of other prices in the domestic economy and tries to equilibrate the balance of payment. It is also the variable which affects the economics activities in a country through the impact on investment, output and inflation among others. This eventually leads to depreciation of a country’s currency.

The inadequate foreign exchange earnings. A derivation of the steep fall incurred oil prices exploring the inflation in 1984 which stood at almost 40% as a result of acute shortage of imported goods and services.

SAP was adopted in July 1986 to among other things get the price right using the foreign exchange rate reform as its century tool. In pursuit of the second tier foreign exchange market was introduced in late September 1986 and since that time the naira has depreciated sharply against the us dollar and other major currencies the development shows that a depreciation of the naira has a role to play in Nigeria’s recent inflation trend.

 

1.1 Background of the Study
During the period of an independent exchange rate management policy the naira was pagged to other the us dollar or the British pounds, a policy of gradual appreciation of naira was pursued. The persistent external surplus in balance of payment which supported the appreciation of naira from crude oil export.

This cheapen import of competing food items agro based and industrial raw materials to the detriment of local products of similar goods. When it because obvious that aggregate import has outstripped total foreign exchange for import trade restriction was introduced. In 1976 there was deliberate measure to depreciate the naira. In September 1986 the fixed exchange rate had to be discovered and a flexible exchange rate was introduced following the adoption of SAP. With the foreign exchange were subjected to market forces under on auction system and now naira become under valued. Exchange rate depreciation has since resulted in domestic increase in the naira price of import and the is export to discourage importation and the naira cost of imported items have also risen the dismal performance of the economy as the end of 1994 compelled the authorities to re-introduce the market-based approach under the autonomous foreign exchange market (AFEM) from January 1995 until October 1999. The exchange rate which depreciated from the fixed rate of N21.8881: US$1.00 In 1995, it further depreciated to N128.75 between 2002 and 205. However, relative stability was achieved from 2003 with the rate actually appreciating between 2005 and 2008.

 

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AN ASSESSMENT OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS

(A case study of Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT
The defectiveness of an organization depends on the effectiveness of the management body. An organization that wishes to develop and grow must be involved in budget preparation, so as to make long term plans. Whether or not the capacity of building made and prepared by management in their annual corners stone of this study. This project present some findings on the contributions of budgeting through interview, questionnaire and personal observation and analysis of the data shown in chapter four (4) despite that the budget system and budgetary control an effective towards decision making of management without forecasting, the business may suffer in future, deficiency of cash which may in turn resistant curtailment of their operation thereby forcing management to engage in borrowing at substantial interests rate with precise reference to the findings of the project work. The contribution of budgeting and budgetary control to management making budgeting and budgetary to other decision making techniques finally, a skillfully prepared budgeting program should be properly implemented to ensure effective budgeting via control.

 

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Every organization set out to achieve one objective or two other such objectives are usually streamlined through the planning process. In planning process involves setting out objectives, examine the various ways of achieving them and directing on the best ways future it brings about the problem of budgeting.

Consequently, every business organization employs the principle and concept of budgeting as a tool in order to attain management performance efficiency and effectiveness to achieve set of goals.

According to Fiomgen, James M. (1973:144)” a budget is a comprehensive and coordinated plan expressed in financial terms, for the operations and resources of an enterprise to some specific period in the future.

M.O. Peter (1984:28) went further to defined a budget as simply as financial and or quantitative statement prepared prior to a defined period of time of the policy to be pursued for the propose of attaining a given objective. On the other hand, it may be regarded as a plan expressed in financial and quantitative terms which may involve income, expenditure and the use of capital.

Budgeting is a conscious articulation of plan of an organization for a given time period. As such a budget can also be a plan expressed in monetary terms prepared and approved prior to a given period of time usually stating the objectives to be pursued within the period and the resources to be employed in achieving those objective. It is a well known fact that without a plan control it is not possible and as such budgeting is an integral part of planning.

The basic element of budgeting are:-
1. It is a comprehensive and co-ordination plan
2. It is expressed in financial terms
3. It is a future plan for the firms operations and resources
4. It is a plan for a specific period
It is therefore imperative for management of any organization to have plan of actions as a means of protecting profit in a continuous basis. It is very rare for an organization to operate successfully without planning for the future. Since any integral part of effective planning is budgeting which invariable is interned to fall. An assist management in the process of economizing the use of business resources and efficient decision making process.

1.2 Statement of the problem
For an organization to achieve its objective effectively there has to be efficient budgeting and budgetary control in the organization. Lack of proper budgeting and budgetary control in the organization may result to officers including expenditure without approval which may subsequently lead to deficit budget. This study is designed to find out whether money deposit bank (union Bank particular) comply with as specified in their internal control.

 

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AN ASSESSMENT OF BANK DEPOSITS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LENDING POLICY
(A Case Study of Intercontinental Bank Plc, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT

This research work was undertaken to assess the bank deposits and their impact on lending policies. This work was intended to achieve the following objectives: to apprise and determine the lending procedure of banks, to highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debts of money. Deposit banks. Relevant data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was the main primary data collected instrument employed while data from various relevant publications constituted the source secondary data. Upon the analysis of data, the following conclusion were drawn; that sound lending requires a clear-well articulated and easy accessible policy documents which spells out the philosophy of lending. On the basis of the above findings, it was recommended that banks should ensure that loans given out to customers should be backed-up with adequate collateral security. Finally, it is the opinion of the researcher that the management of bank deposit should prevent the incidence of bad debts in Nigerian banks.

 

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In a modern economic, there is distinction between the surplus economic units and consequently a separation of the savings investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institution whose jobs include the transfer of funds from savers to investors. One of institution is the money deposits banks, the intermediating roles of the money deposit banks places them in a position of “trustees” of the saving of the widely dispersed surplus economic units as well as the determinant of the rate and sharp of the economic development. The techniques employed by bankers in this intermediary function should provide them with perfect knowledge of the outcome of lending such that funds will be allocated to investment in which probability of full payment is certain. However, in practice no such tool can be found in the decision of lending bankers. Virtually all lending decisions are made under creditors uncertain the risk and uncertainty associated with lending decision situation are so great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by lending bankers in order to facilitate sound decision making and judgment.

This statement implies that if risks are to be objective assessed, lending decisions by the money deposit banks should be based less on quantitative data and more on principles tool subjective to provide sound and unbiased judgment. Furthermore, the banks depend heavily on historical information as a basis for decision making.

Apparently aware of the inadequacies of his decisions base, the lending banker has often sought solace in tangible and marketable assets as security giving the impression that lending against such securities is an insurance against bad debts. This makes the banker complacent with his loan port folio. The increasing trend of provision for bad and doubtful debts in most money deposit banks is a major source of concern not only to management but also to the shareholders who are be coming more ware of the dangers posed by these debts. Bad debts destroy part of the earning assets of banks such as loans and advances which have been described as the main source of earning and also determines the liquidity and solvency which generates two major problems, that is liquidity and profitability, has to earn sufficient income to meet its operating costs and to have adequate return on it’s investment.

Lending has becoming a vital function in banking operation in view of its direct effect on the economic growth and development in the business sectors. Thus as far as banks are concerned, their activities are lending are as important as their deposit taking, considering the inter-relationship between lending and deposit taking.

Although lending is risky, commercial banks profit oriented organization having a primary objective or profit maximization cannot do without lending out money. In most cases, they generate the highest proportion of their interest on lending. More so, the principal objective of lending of a bank is the provision of growth profitability and liquidity within the economy.

Commercial banks play an important role in the pass-through of monetary interest rates. Nevertheless, the efficiency of transmission of decisions of central bank is a complicated process and may depend on many factors such as: level of competition in financial industry, perception of credit risk (risk prenina) risk aversion, availability of close substitute for loans etc. moreover, banks may influence the external fiancé premium not only via the interest rate but also modifying the available maturity of loans or changing collateral requirement. Finally as evidence by broad literature on bank lending channel, credit rationing and uncertainty about credit worthiness of borrowers may markedly influence banks risk taking thereby influencing their willingness to tend.

The existence of bank lending channel is condition on two important assumptions. First monetary policy decision impact bank liquidity position. Second, changes in the supply of loans affect borrowers because of constrained access to other sources of financing than bank loans. Tightening of monetary policy usually leads to decrease in the demand of deposit because bank adjust their deposit rates only partially to the change sector to equity investment funds. Shrinking bank’s liabilities forces banks to decrease the supply of loans accordingly.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Years after years, banks suffer much from the part of full loan extended which has for one reason or the other proved uncoverable. Banks lose millions of Naira in various bad debts yearly and deposit efforts by bank management committee of chief inspectors and the bankers committee on the other hand, the ware of bad debts in banks is still on alarming proportion. This is gathered from a combination of literature reviews on the topic.
On the other hand, many banks experienced a lot of bad debts when the new government abandoned the project awarded to the contractors by civilian government.

These contractors borrowed to execute the project awarded to them but could not repay the loan, due to government action on revamping the economy. Thereby abandoning the project other experience were during the time of draught or poor rainfall and pest. These however led to low harvest which did not give the farmers enough time to repay their debt.
Again, experience may arise in respect of lapses on the part of the bank credit officers. For instance, there may be excesses over approved facility, unformatted facilities and expired facilities not renewed on time in each of these cases, the customer may easily deny even owing the bank all or part of the amount. Deposit banks have always borne the burden alone, but this may not continue in future as the banks may be unable to take the risk of lending more but when eventually they do, they would seek the best way to come out of the risk with realistic reward which they are dearly failing to achieve at present.

 

 

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN STATE MINISTRIES

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE MINISTRIES OF WORKS HOUSING AND EDUCATION)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABATRACT

 

The aim of this research is to asses and evaluate the impact of internal Auditing in ministries and to ascertain the extent to which government finance and properties are accounted for.

The research will be tested in different hypothesis, where the Null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. The method of data collection will be both primary and secondary.

In the course of this research the researcher will encounter some constraints such as financial constraint inadequate material and initial resistance to release information by the staff of the ministries.

This project will be helpful in solving practical problem associated with auditing  especially to students and any other person with little or no practical auditing experience.

In addition some recommendation will be made which if implemented will enhance the advancement of internal auditing organizations.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Introduction                                                                       1-6

1.2     Statement of problem                                                         6-7

1.3 Objective of study                                                                 7-8

1.4     Scope and limitation of study                                            8-9

1.5     Relevance of study                                                            9-10

References                                                                                   10-11

 

 CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Historical background of internal audit in government       12-16

2.2     Objective and audit                                                            16-17

2.3     Advantage of internal Audit                                              17-18

2.4     Internal control and check                                                 18-19

2.5     Qualities of an Auditoe                                                      19-20

2.6     The role of internal audit                                                   20-23

• Qualities control of internal Audit 23-38

REFERENCE

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                                 40

3.1      Research design                                                                40

3.2     Sample selection                                                                40

3.3     Sampling technique                                                           41

3.4     Source of data                                                                    41-42

3.5     Questionnaire design                                                         42

3.6     data treatment and method  of analysis                              42

REFERENCE

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1     introduction                                                                                 43

4.2     Presentation of data from research  questionnaire              43-39

4.3     Test any prove of hypothesis                                             60-64

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDNGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary of findings                                                         65-66

5.2     Conclusion                                                                        66-68

5.3     Recommendation                                                               68-70

5.4     Suggestions for further studies                                          70-71

Bibliography                                                                                72-73

Appendix                                                                                     74-80

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

As government has grown in scope size and complexity so too the need for internal auditing accounting for and controlling government receipts and expenditure has resulted in the need for  a staggering number of government clerks, accountants and auditors.

The need for control over government revenue appropriation and expenditure should not be surprising federal, state and local government is actually the largest industry in the country. However the need for efficient and effective internal auditing system in government ministries and extra- ministerial department can not be over emphasized as the complexity of government  activities is obvious . the  annual budgets by federal state and local government are generally incorporated into governmental accounting system and financial reports, this is not the case in private sector business organization. Thus the annual budgets in conjunction with government financial reports are the primary focus of public sector audits.  Internal auditing is an independent appraisal  function established within an  organization to examine and organization Taylor and Glezen (1979) it is mainly concerned with appraised of government activities for the review of accounting financial and operations  as a  service  to the  management

 

INTERNAL EXTERNAL AUDITOR

A person who undertakes audit function is called an auditor. Internal audit has been described as an independent review of operation and records. Sometime continuous undertake within an organization by especially assigned staff of the organization as basis for long protection and constructive services to management Ubesis (1997).

External auditor is an independent examination of financial statement of an organization an auditor. Other than an employee of an organization but by appointment by the share holders,  like external audit, internal auditing had its role in accent time infect internal and external  audit had essentially the same beginning there was no  distinction between them prior to the nineteenth century “Ricchute (1975). Both group of auditor rely on the same data base. Also the internal user  rely on both internal and external auditors  and external user rely on external auditors. Importantly, external auditors can sometime rely upon an internal auditors work when the internal audit function is strong. As a result an organization internal audit function can have some effect on the scope of independence external auditors extermination. As an independent contractor, the external auditing firm reserves the right to direct and control its own employees, the external auditor is free to use some methods and to expand or duce the kind of works they do. An internal   auditor must be independence of both personnel and operational activities of the organization. Independence is essential to the effectiveness of internal auditing. The independence is obtained primarily through the organization independence is essential to the effectiveness of internal auditing. The organizational status and objectively. Inadequate independence makes internal auditors conclusion and recommendation to be biased.  Although internal and external auditing use the same audit methodology they have different objective when conducting  and it activities. The objective of internal auditor is to assist management concerning activities reviewed in the organization while the external auditors objective is the to express an opinion in the finical statement. Also external auditing  is a societal control which gives external financial information it user internal control serves the organization i.e an organization control which measure and evacuate the effectiveness of the other organization control however, this project in very  much interest in the internal audit function the  government miniseries. It is mainly con cerned with the appraisal of government activities for the review of accounting financial and operations as a service to the management internal auditing is more or less a management internal auditing is more or less a managerial control which function by measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of other activities that is normally done by an employee. The internal audit assures existence of effective internal control in the policies established by the government

 

FUNCTION OF INTERNAL AUDIT

1. Internal audit monitor the economical and efficiency in the use of resource. It appraises the economy.
2. Safeguarding of assets; it should review the means of safeguarding assets also very the existence of such assets.