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ADOPTION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS THE MAJOR TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

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ADOPTION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS THE MAJOR TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

(A CASE STUDY OF SMALL–SCALE INDUTRIES IN ENUGU STATE)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

 

Accounting information has contributed to the rapidly growing environment in that the management must update themselves with every current information. That will help in achieving their objectives and help them in decision making.

Accounting information helps the management in planning and evaluation of the information as it is served as data organized for a special purpose of decision making.

 

TABLE OF TABLES

 

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

  • Introduction and background of the study
  • Statement of problem
  • Purpose of study
  • Significance of the study
  • Scope and limitations
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Definition of terms

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Overview of small scale industries

2.2     Types of accounting information

2.3     Characteristics of accounting information

2.4     Levels of management and decisions

2.5     Examples of decision and application of accounting information

2.6     Users of accounting information

2.7    Accounting information communication system

References

 

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Sampling method

3.3 Research design

3.4 Sources of data

 

CHAPTER FOUR – PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Presentation and analysis

4.3 The use of accounting information has enhanced pricing strategies in small – scale industries

4.4 Management relies on accounting information for its numerous decision

4.5 Personal interview

References

 

CHAPTER FIVE –DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussions of findings

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusions

References

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Almost all the organization aimed towards the attainment of its desired, planned and overall objectives. In every operation of organization more especially small scale industry aimed towards efficiency and proper effectiveness for this to be achieved to a large extent depends on the quality of available accounting information and how the information will be utilized by the organization. However, information is the life wire of every business, defined by Don T. Coster et al (1978) so for any business to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, the management must update itself with every current and relevant information that will be beneficial towards achieving their predetermined objectives because without it there is likely to be stagnation. The manager who is making a decision normally wants to be sure that this knowledge is complete. This is possible only through the effective presentation and its use in appropriate circumstances.

 

When looking into the importance and usefulness of accounting information to management and especially small scale industry, it will be relevant to state clearly that there are other information that management uses in decision making. Like information by Engineers, Lawyers, Doctors, Architects and other company’s officials, but however, that information by accountant goes a long way to determine the assets base of a company and its liabilities to determine its cost price of production in pricing its products and also in determining when profits or loss is made.

 

Accounting information measures the progress of a commercial enterprise and is used in decision making for the selection of a single course of action for several dissimilar and unrelated alternatives. It has been observed that decision making is the final process in managerial process, but however, the relevance of an decision by management depends on the accuracy and relevance of accounting information supplied by the accountant.

 

When the decision involves business and economy questions, accounting information is essential to the decision system because it provides quantitative information for three functions: planning, control and evaluation.

  • Planning is the process of formulating a course of action, it includes setting a goal, finding alternative ways of accomplishing the goal and dividing which alternative is the best course of action.
  • Control is the process of seeing that plans are, in fact, carried out. In other words, do actions agree with plans? At this point, the accountant might be expected to give information on actual costs, as compared with cost planned earlier
  • Evaluation involves the whole decision system as a process of studying the decision system to improve it. It ask the question was the original goal met (Fed back)?if not the reason could have been poor planning or control or wrong goal was chosen.

 

 

 

 

A DECISION SYSTEM AND ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

… The central activity of managers is to make decisions, the quality of these decision determines the success and survival of organization (TURBMAN & LOOMBA 1976)

|Nothing is more important to management for decision making than a timely, objective summarized and directing – attention – to – problem areas of accounting information. Thus

“All decision are based on information in large parts the quality of management decisions will be a reflection of the quality of the accounting and other information which it receives (GARRISON 1982)

Accounting information may include important task, that is, the presentation of weekly, monthly or quarterly accounts. These routine accounts may include a trading and profit and loss accounts showing figures for the period concerned and the year to date and the balance sheet. The routine job is to help management in planning and forecasting future results. The process is known as budgeting and is considered, together with budgetary control.

It is of utmost important to make mention of other users of accounting information or reports apart from management like

  • Shareholder who are interested in their capital investment.
  • Government who really is interested in profit to help them determine task and other policies
  • The creditors, who really as interested in whether the organization as creditor worthy.
  • Employees, a good profit or consistent growth or build up in profit may be a signal to them to demand for more bonus.
  • Finally, the society where the community is located really want to be employed have essential amenities through the influence of the firm.

Henceforth:

“Accounting information is therefore, data organized for special purpose of decision making (OSISIOMA, 1996)”

Really the researcher finds to agree on the words of Garr

medical bio-chemistry project material sample

INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MARKERS IN MALARIAL INFECTED MICE RECEIVING PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS TREATMENT

INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MARKERS IN MALARIAL INFECTED MICE RECEIVING PHYLLANTHUS  AMARUS  TREATMENT

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Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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ABSTRACT

Phyllanthus amarus has been consistently reported as a rich herb having medicinal value and ethnomedical importance. It has been used to eliminate gallstone, malaria and some other aliments, but the effect of its use on changes in ocular glucose, proteins and lipids — analytes that influence intraocular pressure, has not been fully documented. So, in this study, the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus on the levels of ocular glucose, proteins and lipids was investigated using homogenized ocular tissue of experimental mice. Forty five (45) adult mice weighing between 22-27g were randomly divided into 9 groups  and used for the study. Group 1: normal control (uninfected and untreated mice) Group 2: malaria control (mice infected with plasmodium berghei and untreated) Group 3: parasitized (infected with P. Berghei treated with 100mg/kg P. amarus) Group 4: parasitized (infected with P. Berghei treated with 200mg/kg P. amarus) Group 5: parasitized (infected with P. Berghei treated with 300mg/kg P. amarus)

Group 6: parasitized (infected with P. Berghei treated with 5mg/kg chloroquine)

Group 7: uninfected but treated with 100mg/kg P .amarus Group 8: uninfected but treated with 200mg/kg P. amarus Group 9: uninfected but treated with 300mg/kg P. amarus .Each group was treated for

7days and on the 8th day the animals were scarificed under chloroform anaesthesia after an overnight fast. The mice eyes were carefully excised, rinsed in cold normal saline and prepared for the biochemical analysis of glucose, proteins and lipids using standard methods. Results show that Phyllanthus amarus administration (irrespective of dose) did not significantly (p>0.05) alter ocular glucose and protein levels, but increased (p<0.05) lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) concentrations when compared with control values. The altered ocular lipid homeostasis may have some biochemical implications and clinical significance. This should be validated in further studies.

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: glucose in the serum of p. berghei infected and uninfected mice treated with phyllanthus amarus leaf extract.    ———————————————————        25

Table 2: changes in blood cholesterol and triglyceride induced by plasmodium berghei infected mice    ——————————————————————————–       26

Table 3:  changes in blood albumin and total protein induced by p. berghei infected mice    —————————————————————————————————        27

Cover         ——————————————————————–      i

Title            ——————————————————————–    ii

Certification   —————————————————————-     iii

Dedication      ————————————————————–       iv

Acknowledgement   ——————————————————         v

Abstract         —————————————————————       vi

List of Tables   ————————————————————-     vii

Table of contents   ——————————————————-       viii

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION ———————————————————————–      1

1.1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY    ——————————————————-      1

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM    ——————————————————-        3

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY    ————————————————————-        4

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY    ——————————————————–        4

1.5 HYPOTHESIS    ————————————————————————–     5

1.6 BRIEF REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE    ———————————     5

1.7 BIOMAKERS   —————————————————————————-    5

1.8 RETINOPATHY    ————————————————————————   6

1.9 MUSCULAR ODEMA   —————————————————————–    6

1.10 WHAT IS MALARIA?    ———————————————————    7

1.11 CAUSES OF MALARIA       ———————————————————–     8

1.12 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA         ———————————————-     8

1.13 GLOBAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA..   ——        9

1.14TRANSMISSION AND LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM PARASITE   —–      11

1.15 LIFE CIRCLE OF PLASMODIUM PARASITE   ———————————–    12

CHAPTER TWO   ——————————————————————————    14

  1. 0MATERIALS AND METHOD ——————————————————– 14

2.1 MATERIALS    —————————————————————————–    14

2.2 METHODS    ——————————————————————————–   14

2.2.1 ANIMALS CARE AND HANDLING    ———————————————    14

2.2.2 ANIMAL GROUPING AND INOCULATION WITH PLASMODIUM BERGHEI    —————————————————————————————————–     15

2.2.3 ANIMAL SACRIFICE AND COLLECTION OF SPECIMEN    —————-     16

2.2.4 ANALYSIS OF SPECIMEN   ———————————————————-   16

 

2.3 GLUCOSE ESTIMATION    ———————————————————–    16

2.3.1 REACTION PRINCIPLE    ———————————————————-     16

2.3.2 PROCEDURE    ———————————————————————–     17

 

2.4 TOTAL CHOLESTEROL ESTIMATION    ——————————————   17

2.4.1 PRINCIPLE    ————————————————————————–     17

2.4.2 EQUATION    ————————————————————————–    17

2.4.3 PROCEDURE    ————————————————————————    18

2.4.4 CALCULATION    ———————————————————————   19

 

2.5. TRIGLYCERIDE ESTIMATION    —————————————————    19

2.5.1 PRINCIPLE    ————————————————————————–     19

2.5.2 EQUATION    —————————————————————————   20

2.5.3 PROCEDURE    ———————————————————————–     20

2.5.4 CALCULATION    ——————————————————————–    21

 

2.6 TOTAL PROTEIN ———————————————————————-     21

2.6.1 PRINCIPLE    ————————————————————————–     21

2.6.2 PROCEDURE    ———————————————————————–     21

2.6.3 CALCULATION    ——————————————————————–     22

 

2.7 ALBUMIN ———————————————————————————–22

2.7.1 PRINCIPLE    ————————————————————————–      22

2.7.2 PROCEDURE    ———————————————————————–      23

2.7.3 CALCULATION    ——————————————————————–     23

2.7.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ————————————————————– 24

CHAPTER THREE    —————————————————————————   25

3.0 RESULTS    ———————————————————————————-   25

CHAPTER FOUR    —————————————————————————–   28

4.0 DICUSSION    ——————————————————————————    28

4.1 CONCLUSION    —————————————————————————– 29

REFERENCES   —————————————————————————30

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

1.1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Nature can be considered as the ultimate chemist, about 80% of the world inhabitants still depend on natural products that have inspired chemists and physicians for years because of their rich structural diversity and complexity considerable advances have been obtained for the understanding of natural product biosynthesis in the recent decades.

Malaria, a mosquito borne infectious disease is endemic in the tropical and sub tropical regions of the world (Ahimanah et al., 2000). It is a deadly disease which lowers life expectancy and a major cause of infant mortality in highly endemic areas (WHO, 2011).

Malaria infection in humans and animals is caused by the Plasmodium. Several species of Plasmodium have the ability to cause malaria in animals, including rodents (mice). These parasites are not direct practical concern to man or his domestic animals. The interest of these parasites is that they are practical model organism in the laboratory for the experimental study of human malaria.

Plasmodium berghei is considered a comparable genetic model to human There is a high degree of genetic conservation this up to 99% (pennachio, 2003) and it is well established that mice also exhibit natural differences in susceptibility to malaria infection (Greenberg et al., 1954). P. berghei is transmitted by Anopheles mosquito and it infects the liver after being injected into the blood stream by the bite of the infected female mosquito. After a few days of development and multiplication, these parasites leave the liver and invade erythrocyte (red blood cells). The multiplication causes Anemia and damage essential organs in the body. P. berghei infection also affects the brain and can cause cerebral complications in laboratory mice.

The plant, phyllanthus schumach (Euphorbiaceac) is commonly known as bhuirali Usually occurs in Asain, Maharashitra, Burma, Nicobar, Islands malesia and America. Phyllanthus amarus schumach is a native to Americans (van Holthoon, 1999). Phyllanthus amarus is small, erect, annual herb that grows 30-40cm in height which is indigenous to the rain forests of the Amazon and other tropical areas throughout the world including America, India and Nigeria. The Spanish name of the plant, chanca piedra, means stone breaker, wind breaker, gulf leaf flower or gala of wind (Celia, A.  et al., 2006).

Phyllanthus amarus is an Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney, and spleen, it plays an important role in Ayurvedia, an Indian system of medicine and it is used to treat jaundice, gastropathy, diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, scabies, gential, infections, ulcers, and wounds (Patel et al., 2011).

The different plant parts are ethnobotanically used in various diseases and disorders. For example, the leaves are used as expectorant and diaphoretic and the fruits as carminative, laxative, astringent. Diuretic and tonic to the liver. The juice or extract of its thinner roots and young leaves are taken internally to stimulate the kidney. Heyne recorded its uses in the Dutch  Indies (Indonesia) for stomach, aches, gonorrhoea and children cough (Karuna,  et al., 2009).

Research have shown that the plant has demonstrated anti-viral property against hepatitis B virus (Boeira  et al., 2 011), hepatoprotective (Amin,  et al., 2013), anticarcinogenic (Rajeshkumar,  et al., 2002), antimutagenics, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Obidike,  et al., 2010), anti-diabetics (Okoli, et al., 2011) and antilipidermic (Khanna,  et al.,  2002) activities.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Since malaria has been speculated to alter biochemical functions of organs of the body such as brain, liver, heart, and spleen, this research is designed to know if such biochemical alternations also include changes in the intraocular pressure markers in experimental mice. Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal herb used for the treatment of several diseases including malarial infection. In southern Nigeria the utilization of Phyllanthus amarus is popular but whether it improves or disturbs

library and info. project material sample

ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS WHATSAPP FOR INFORMATION SERVICE DELIVERY

ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS WHATSAPP FOR INFORMATION SERVICE DELIVERY

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Host Link Global Services Ltd
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0138924237
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

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Abstract

WhatsApp is a smart phone application for instant messaging. Lately, the application’s popularity has risen. One the unique features of the application is it ability to enhance communication within a globe. Class room communication between teaching faculty and high school students using WhatsApp has not yet, to our knowledge, been researched thoroughly. Therefore, we have chosen to conduct an exploratory research project employing a qualitative method. Twelve half- structured interviews were carried out to teachers who used the application to in order to communicate with their pupils. It turns out that class WhatsApp groups are used for main purposes: communicating with students;   nurturing the social atmosphere; creating dialogue and encouraging sharing among students; and as a learning platform. Thee participants mentioned the technical advantages of WhatsAPP, such as simple operation, low cost, availability, and immediacy. They also refer to educational advantages, such as the creation of a pleasant environment and an in-depth acquaintance with fellow students, which had a positive influence upon the manner of conversation. The participant also indicated academic advantages such as the accessibility of learning materials, teacher availability and the continuation of learning beyond class hours. Nevertheless, there are also challenges and problems. Firstly there is technical difficulty that not all students posses a smart phone. Secondly, teachers are apt to be annoyed by the flood of irrelevant and nonessential messages. Also, educational difficulties may arise, such as incompatibility of language between students and the students’ assumptions that their teacher should be available on a 24/7 bases.

  Key words: WhatsApp, social network, instant message, communication platform.

CHAPTER ONE:

 1.0   INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………..1

1.1    Background of the study …………………………………………………………..1

  • Statement of problem ……………………………………………………………….2

1.3     Purpose of the Study ………………………………………………………………..3

  • Research Questions …………………………………………………………………4
  • Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………. 4
  • Scope of the Study …………………………………………………………………..5
  • Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………………5
  • Operational Definition of Terms……………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………7

2.1     Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………7

2.2     WhatsApp Goes to School ………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………10

3.1     Introduction …………………………………………………………………………10

3.2     Population of the Study …………………………………………………………..10

3.3     Sample and Sampling Techniques ……………………………………………..10

3.4     Research Instrument ………………………………………………………………10

3.5     Validation of Instrument …………………………………………………………11

3.6     Method of Data Collection ……………………………………………………….11

3.7     Method of Data Analysis …………………………………………………………11

         References ……………………………………………………………………………12

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the study.

WhatsApp is an instant messaging application for smartphones that operates under a subscription business model. The proprietary, cross – platforms application uses the interest to send text messages, images, video, user location and audio messages.

In January 2015, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging application with more than 600 million active users, In April 2015,WhatsApp reached 800 million active users.

WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of yahoo!

WhatsApp uses a customised version of the open standard of the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). Upon installation, it creates a user account using the phone number of the registering member as the username.

 

The internet holds a vast array of information; the educational resources delivered on web pages are in nearly every topic of study. Whatsapp being an internet oriented application plays a vital role in this course and the state of reliance of students on this application for information service delivery is alarming.

Social constructivist learning theory seeks to improve social interactions between students and to construct and share knowledge. For the purpose of this research, the focus will be on social utilities particularly WhatsApp and the rate at which students react towards this application for information service delivery.

 

Learning is the outcome of social interactions between students in collaborative learning activities. Activities can include sharing through mobile devices such as discussion forums (Chan, 2005), which can be used for knowledge construction sharing (Gillingham & Topper, 1999). The construction of knowledge is based on social interaction between online students (Vygotsky, 1978). Learning can also be influenced by multiple variables, including the cognitive and psychological state of the learner, teacher professionalism and nature and complexity of the pedagogical approach.

The key note here is that WhatsApp instant messaging is very easy to use, the majority of students use this mobile system for academic and other purposes. In this system students are quickly informed of every update and any message inserted by a member of the group or discussion forum. An easy to operate user interface is important in helping orientate the student’s attitude towards this technology.

 

  • Statement of problem

In this era of information and communication technology, social media especially WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, BlackBerry Messenger etc.

And many others have revolutionised and redefined monopoly of news and information by mass media (Television, Radio, Magazine Industries). Social has in recent time turn the citizens not only as information consumers but also as information distributors.

Students log on to WhatsApp, BlackBerry Messenger, Twitter, Instagram and other social utilities regularly. As much as the use of these utilities by students helps the circulation of information, it also has its demining perks on other counts. Certain problems are faced with this development in such a way that numerous discussion forums are created by by individuals belonging to a particular forum of same category of students. For instance, the 300level students of L.I.S having a group created on WhatsApp and every member of this class is added to a forum, but at some point unlikely arguments emerge and some sets of become extremely abusive which may result to splitting members of the group by creating another forum and cause most people to exit the initial one.

Data subscriptions to keep this service running are quite expensive, some service providers make it affordable while some don’t. And in most cases the option of switching to a less expensive service provider cannot be considered simply for the reason of location, i.eThe choice of a service provider to purchase data from is determined by the location where this network provides wide network coverage (internet access speed).

This applications sometimes pose lack of concentration for students especially during an on – going lecture. Technology is good and has improved a lot in every developing country, society and for people from all works of life. But in certain ways there has not been proper orientation on how the use of these utilities can be managed. Seminars can be held for students in the university on how to time and use these social applications in other to prevent distraction from classroom learning, abuses online, misuse of the handle and the government can also meet the bodies of our service provider company so as to outline a solution towards the cost effect of data subscription in order for internet service to be made accessible and affordable for all at any given time.

 

Accounting Project Topics and Materials Preview

THE AUDITOR AS AN INDISPENSABLE PART OF A PROFITABLE BUSINESS ORGANISATION

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THE AUDITOR AS AN INDISPENSABLE PART OF A PROFITABLE BUSINESS ORGANISATION

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Host Link Global Services Ltd
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0138924237
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

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08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Complexity and the continuous growth in business organization call for more employees and also the separation of the business from its owners. Because of this increase in size of the business, it is not possible for the owner to run all the departments, effectively. He now requires more hands, making way for managers to be employed to run the various departments.

It is important therefore at this to say that as the business continues to show a constant growth rate, the sole trader will gradually give way to partnership, perhaps for better management and also due to the need for bigger capital.

As the partnership becomes bigger, it ushers in the limited liability company which came in with share holding concept a situation a very large sum of money is required for a business venture by the public each contributing a singly unit o share.

Shareholders, as owners of the business appoint directors to run the day-to-day affairs of the company. The directors, on the other hand appoint managers who serve as stewards of the company.

The managers fulfill their accountability to the shareholders and other interested parties by preparing financial statements. The financial statement may take the form of balance sheets, profit and loss account, source and application or fund statement (VAS) an historical financial summary.

The statement are presented in annual reports conform with accounting goals and standards, which now serve as instruments for activating profit in a business organization.

In some cases, when managers report to shareholders, some problems arise, such as can the shareholder believe this report, most of the following are the reasons shareholders doubt the report of managers.

1     Most of these contain errors, e.g. error in principle, error of omission and commission, to mention but a few.

  • Such reports can be misleading.
  • Such report may not disclose relevant information.

To solve the above-mentioned problems, the company has to appoint an independent expert called “AUDITOR” to investigate the reports and make his own opinion and report on h is findings.

However, the auditor is seen as a watchdog on the records of the organization so as to ensure that the financial statements are a reflection of the affairs of the organization as prepared in these records. Since these records are a summary of the transactions for a specified period, the auditor also goes behind these records to the source documents in order to confirm the accuracy, completeness and validity of the records.

According to Pugh Michael (1992) p. 12 it is the responsibility of the auditor to ascertain that all financial statements of the business are followed, because the accounting profession requires of its members integrity, transparency, honesty, independence and objectivity of performance as well as strict adherence to accepted professional standards.

Also looking at the works of A.W. Holiness (1959) p. 12, he stated that there is a provision that all registered limited liability companies must have their financial records audited annually by a firm or auditors so appointed. He further stated that the law concept compels the auditor to express his opinion to the directors and at the same time, the auditor must be seen as independent.

In summary, the auditor, shareholder and director have a tripartite relationship in the company. The shareholder are owners of the company, directors are employed by the shareholder to oversee the business, inform the shareholders appoint the auditor to act as check and balance for the purpose of fitting them a true and fair view of the company’s account at any point in time.

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many people see the auditor in different ways. Some take them to be a body that checks the fraudulent art in some bodies business. While others see him as somebody who approaches his work with suspicion or with a conclusion that something is wrong.

In the case of DE-KI NGTON MILL COMPANY (1896), it was held that the auditor is not bound to approach his work with suspicion or with a foregone conclusion that there is something wrong.

Business organizations today are filled with stories of 419ers, Ducks and Drakes of public funds, etc. fraudulent acts is now the order of the day, that most times, one wonders if there is no means of eliminating the act.

It has been stated that managers of a business are also the custodians of its assets and are therefore hold liable in the occurrence of a loss.

However, the accountant who prepares the books of account is directly under the managers and thus it is possible for the managers to alter the records, the books, covers fraudulent acts, deliberately, given an unfair view in their statement of accounts.

Therefore in the interest of the shareholders and investors, and to ensure that there is no room for mismanagement of funds, the auditor is appointed to act as watchdog on the companies’ accounts. Also, the auditor as an accounting expert should be independent of the company’s management, and his duty theme is to give credibility to the financial statement of books or the company in question. He also guarantees that the companies, books of account present a true and fair view of the company.

Looking into the books of Augusta, it states that the duty of the auditor is limited to expressing an opinion as to whether or not the company’s financial statement is to the best of his knowledge represent a true and fair view of the company. According to her, he is not responsible for not detecting and uncovering fraud as such duties belongs to the management and one only a subsiding duty to him.

This brings

Accounting Project Topics and Materials Preview

NIGERIAN MAINTENANE CULTURE: AN INTITUTION INTO NIGERIAN POSTAL SERVICES (NIPOST)

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NIGERIAN MAINTENANE CULTURE: AN INTITUTION INTO NIGERIAN POSTAL SERVICES (NIPOST)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

This research work was done on Nigerian maintenance culture an investigation  to Nigerian postal service, NIPOST. Is an autonomous extra- ministerial organization.

It is cross dimensional. To be more concise this work is restricted to Enugu territory. NIPOST is unique. The same coma any where in Nigeria. This subject has a lot to do with safe guarding, projecting the reliability and prolonging the life span of NIPOST properties with material, valuable and non- material valuable instead of abandoning and replacement which may incure high cost it involves the management of the Nigerian postal service (NIPOST) and also the federal government. The aim is to find out how to spirit of maintenance work is maintained in NIPOST.

This write up is based on data collected and presented for NIPOST tact book oral and other manual. It was ascertain that maintenance have being a way of  life in NIPOST.

Although not absolute but deficient in many areas. Every area in relation to the system was critically reviewed.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTIONS

  • AN OVER-VIEW

Nigerian postal service (NIPOST) is one of the parastatals under he ministry of communications ,meanly known as post and telecommunication. (P&T)

The defunction of  (P&T) in the year 1985 brought NIPOST into existence. This parastateded since its inception in the year 1985. has its headquarters at Lagos with Branches all over the state (Territories) this establishment deals mainly with postal services which includes mail and its components. All efforts to develop a maintenance culture in our people depend to a large extent on the life style of the leaders. It is therefore obligatory for our leaders as individual and government to consistently strive to ensure this culture in all its ramification.

The federal governments conscious of the need to hiculcate this issue in Nigerian citizen concerning paying more attention to maintenance setup a committee in 1979 to look into the various aspect of maintenance set  up a committee 1979 to look into the various aspect of maintenance in the country. To control the propensity of an average Nigerian to replace instead of repair and maintained.

A good example of the this sort now is the petroleum trust fund (PTF) charged with the rehabilitation of all the made in the country had much to waste. Maintenance is necessary as a way of life of life other wise we remain a nation without past. Prevention is better than cure” this philosophy is an old adage which refers to this word maintenance instead of replacement. The virtues of maintenance are numerous. It minimizes uncertainties on the performance it increase reliability plan and projection are made to improved efficiency thereby reduces period of insectivity due to break down.

Furthermore, maintenance is defined as a combination of any action carried out to retain on item in on restore it to an acceptable conditions in other wise maintenance is a combination of management financial engineering and other practices applied to physical asset in pursuit of economic life cycle cost. This also include a reasonable element of worn-out components with up –to – data. However because of technological developments one could  discover  that such replacements. One could not that such replacement are sometime not exactly as the same as the original.

The main aim of maintenance is the prologation of the life of an asset. Since use bring about deterioration. Assets have life span which when tied to responsible use will in turn excompass activities that retain the asset ; in good shape one of such activities is maintenance. Other is culture behaviour towards the asset “people living in glass house do not throw stone. If one does throw stones near glass house”

Having mentioned that maintenance is a combination of management finance, engineering and other application. It is the responsibility of the management to encompasses maintenance as one of the major aspect of the annual budget effective and efficient maintenance. Management require the availability of finance and capable manpower.

 

1.2    THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

there is every need for maintenance culture. The absence of this culture has created a lot of problem n our socio- economic life. Maintenance culture is the ability of people which have become their way of life to constantly maintain in their highest efficiency all  they value most in life so that, they could be of greatest use to them. It involve human being in that your need exercise regular  medical and nourishment. Material good also require constrain repairs. Culture is not just singing and dancing. It is the totality of our way of life. The way the collective responsibility of the people to ensure the survival of the community. We are therefore duty bound to build and maintain a society and environment which our descendant would be proud of. Assuming you have a car and do not maintain it always or regularly, in no time it will fail completely and probably,  cost more  to repair it. In other words, maintenance culture has both material value and non-material because, gain imbibed material there are economic gain meager resource 40 wasteful for us to use to build and neglect and build again. Most of the historical building, invention books parks, statue and other cultural artifacts which we stream to other part of the world because the ability of their owners to maintain and preserve them over decades for instance, the Greek temples of Athens the British house of parliament and Burkingham place to mention but a few.

The main aim of this report is to examine the existence of maintenance in Nigeria postal service (NIPOST) .NIPOST need a special work shop on maintenance culture, particularly in view of the present economic and social situation. This will enable us update buildings giving them new coatings vehicles pane beaten and sprayed and maintained and equipments repaired and maintained.

Maintenance will enable NIPOST to staid and acquire more technology, with proper maintenance Nipost buildings, vehicles machines both their heavy and the plants will generally last for years. The virtue of maintenance are numerous. It minimizes uncertainties in performance both land and production cost which increases machine reliability. It reduces period of activity due to break. The responsibly of maintenance is carried out by the work shop.

This workshop has eight (8) sections:-

  1. Postal and allied Equipment section.
  2. Mental section
  3. Carpentry section.
  4. Auto- Electrical section
  5. Air –condition and Refrigeration section
  6. Personnel section
  7. Transport section

There sections are charged with responsibility of maintenance in Nipost. For any type of maintenance to be carried out, there must be an approval from the area postal manager. Depending on the nature of the repair. Also depending on the nature of the repair also the availability of fund where such repairs involve very heavy sum of money  and approval for the release of fund must come from the post master- general” maintenance culture” is perhaps the most important bold initiative by the federal government which Nipost as  one of federal government has inculcate in its execution to ensure  that the propensity to replace instead of repair is drastically reduce mostly as this time of economic recession in the  country.

To enable Nipost consolidate what it has more priority must be places on maintenance. It is the same story every where, they is need for maintenance  culture in Nipost. This culture being the ability of this organization to maintain in their efficiency all their valuable so as to be in greatest use.

1.2    STATEMENT OF  PROBLEM

In spite of the existence of maintenance culture in NIPOST. There have been an increase in the rate of abaudon offices building vehicles and equipment all over.

The objective of maintenance culture is to  ensure consistent repairs  for the survival of the organization since the management cannot afford new grand lose  projects even the wasteful life style of the past. During the era of all boom, purchases were made any how because the cash backing was more than available .now, it is no longer so, there are a lot of abodon equipment, vehicles, uncompleted projects here and there, most of the buildings are noe in a dilapidated from with leakages all over which could not be maintained.