LIQUIDITY PROBLEMS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ENUGU STATE

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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ABSTRACT

 

 

This study is aimed at appraising the liquidity problems in commercial banking in Enugu state with a view of determining how these problems affects commercial banking business, as well as determining whether the policies imposed by the central bank has actually solved the liquidity problems of commercial banks or not.  In doing this, we want to classify the period under review (1980-1980) into want to pre-sfem period and the post-sfem period.  In order words, the study intends to discuss the pre-sefem and post-sfem experiences of banks and offer useful suggestions as to how their problems could be alleviated if not eradicated.

For this purpose, empirival survey and history research was carried out and the statistical tool used is percentages.  The source of data for this study are both primary and secondary where the primary soruce consists of questionnaires and oral interviews, the secondary source is in the form of books, journals and news papers.

The research revealed that prior to the introduction of the structural adjustment programme with the second tier foreign exchange market (sfem) as its main feature, the problem has been that of excess liquidity, however, the introduction of the structural adjustment programmes (SAP) brought about the present liquidity crunch in the banking system.  It was further found out that both excess liquidity and shortage of liquidity affect the banks loans and advances as well as their profits.  Further more, it was observed that the policies imposed by the central bank has not solved the (excess and shortage of) liquidity problems of commercial banks.

As a result of these, it is suggested, among others, it is suggested among others, that banks should intensity their efforts towards acquiring more deposits drive for deposits (as it is popularly known) in order to alleviate the present problem of liquidity shortage in the system.  Moreover, there should be effective supervision of the policies imposed by the central bank to combat the liquidity problems of commercial banks to ensure that the policies are adequately implemented.  Other measure to alleviate either the excess or shortage of liquidity problems include adjustment of interest rates, adjustment of liquidity ratio, diversification of commercial banking services, establishment of more rural banks to mobilize rural savings and so on.  The essence of these is to maintain adequate liquidity and at the same time make enough profit for the shareholders.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Liquidity is the word that the banker uses to describe his ability to satisfy demand for cash in exchange for deposits.  It can also be defined as the capacity of the bank to meet promptly demands that it pays its obligation.

A bank is considered to be liquid when it has sufficient cash and other liquid assets, together with the ability to raise funds quickly from other sources to enable it to meet its payment obligation and financial commitments in a timely manner.  In addition there should be a sufficient liquidity buffer to meet almost any financial emergency.

How much liquidity to hold and in what forms to hold it are a constant concern of bank management.  Banks are required to comply with legal reserve, requirements.  In addition, banks need liquidity to meet seasonal and unexpected loan demands and deposit fluctuations.  The majority of the transactions can be anticipated in advance and met from expected cash in flows from deposits, loan repayment or earnings.

Cash reserves also are needed to take advantage of unexpected profit opportunities, or for what might he termed aggressive purposes.  When a business firm that the bank has been working to secure as a customer finally presents a loan application, or a particularly desirable investment develops, the bank must have funds available to seize these opportunities.  During periods of expanding economic activity, banks are frequently presented with attractive loan situations which can only be met if banks maintain adequate liquidity. To determine the liquidity a bank needs at a particular time is to find the ratio of loans to deposits.  The higher the ratio is, the less willing banks will be in lending out and vice versa.

In Enugu State, commercial banks activities are regulated strictly by the banking act of 1969 as amended under the control of the central bank of Nigeria.  As a result of these regulation by the central bank, the commercial banks are required to hold specific assets equal to a certain percentage of their deposits and certain liabilities in liquid form.  This is known as the legal reserve requirement.  In the legal reserve requirements are liquidity ratio requirement, cash reserve requirements, stabilization securities issued by the central bank and special deposits.

Liquidity problems, for the purpose of this study, are looked at as the problems encountered by bank managers who are responsible for liquidity management, when there is either excess liquidity or liquidity squeeze in the banking system or in commercial banks.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE STUDY OR PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

There is no gain-saying, the fact that prior to the introduction of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) of which the second-tier foreign exchange market (SFEM) is the nucleus, the commercial banks in Enugu state have been wallowing in excess liquidity.  Consequently, they maintained excess liquidity ratios and were in the habit of refusing, deposits from the public.  These may be accountable to some deficiencies in the management policies of the central bank of Nigeria and the overall under developed nature of the entire economic system.  However, the structural adjustment programme with SFEM as the chief feature changed the trend.  The situation became that of shortage of liquidity or liquidity crunch, as it is popularly called.

In any case, for the purpose of this treatise, the liquidity problems of commercial banks have been identified from two perspective.

One is that they had excess liquidity before the advent of SFEM.

THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF A BUSINESS

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LTD)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

Effort is made to access the effect of formal accounting reporting on the management of  a business financial accounting covers those activities related to the preparation of certain reports which are known as financial statements. These statement report the financial status of a firm at a particular time. The firms activities and resulting profit/losses during the most recent period and the flow of resources occurring within the firm during the same period.

I draw my research from the work of many authors. Such work done have included textbooks in all forms, magazine and Encyclopedias.

Apart from extensive use of literature, other method of research include (a) interview with businessmen. (b) Questionnaires have been designed and distributed to some businessmen (especially at trade fair). The questionnaires have been designed for officers  in management cadre in public and private companies, shareholders, staff, partners and owners in sole proprietorship

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
  • Statement of problem 3
  • Purpose of the study 3
  • Significant of the study 4
  • Statement of Hypothesis 5
  • Scope of the study 6
  • Limitation of the study 7
  • Definition of terms. 8

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of Related Literature 11
  • Accounting as a language of business 11
  • Users of accounting information 13
  • Characteristics of good information 17
  • Management of information 19
  • Basic accounting concept 25
  • The financial accounting branch 25
  • Other accounting branches. 27

CHAPTER THREE      

• Research design and methodology 30
  • Sources of data 31
  • Sample Size 32
  • Method of investigation 32

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis. 36
  • Data presentation and analysis. 36
  • Test of hypothesis. 43

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation. 50
  • Findings 50
  • Conclusion 51
  • Recommendation 53

Bibliography                                                                         55

Appendix                                                                              57

CHAPTER ONE

 

  INTRODUCTION

Financial accounting covers those activities related to the preparation of certain reports which are known as financial statement. These statements reports the financial status of a firm at a particular time the firms activities and resulting profit or losses during the most recent period and the flow of resources occurring within the firm during the same period.

This statement made by A. THOPSON MONTAOMERY gives us an idea on the meaning of financial accounting. However the question arises what are the efforts of these financial account reports in the management of business? The answer poses a problem which the paper will seek to solve. Not all business persons understand the impact of financial accounting information on the management of their business, some manages business intuitively. Other, like traffic defaulters who disobey road signs, disobey the warning of communicated by financial accounting information and end up in a “Business Accident”

There are other sources of information which have impact on the management of Business and the combination of these sources give an information system in the complex nature. As FARM WOOD puts it, “it must not be thought that accounting of any form is the management control system. Instead it is part of it”. But accounting information is the only system through which both mangers and external users get a picture of the organization as a total entity.

Moreover, financial accounting information usually comes in the disguised form by “wearing” the cloak of technicalities. Such technicalities include calculation which need expert knowledge in its interpretation. But when some business because of low financial layout, cannot employ such experts hands, they tend to ignore financial accounting information system which has an effect on the management of any business concern. The problem is: Do all businessmen know this? This is the question that the researcher seeks to answer also.

 

 

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

          Is very important for the functioning of any business. The finacial accounting system in most business organization do not potrary fully the principles of accounting systems. The flow of information, the cost of collecting any information and the internal control procedures have some loops holes.

In reality, it would be impossible for the researcher to study all the information system in all or even one of the organization. The study therefore involves a study of some typical financial accounting reporting on the management of a business. The researcher will carry out an empirical study and appraisal of a business financial accounting and see whether there is room for

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

(IMPLICATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA)

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ABSTRACT
Financial intermediation is the process by which financial institution accept saving from house hold and lend this saving to business organizations.
Since high level of financial intermediation has been associated with high degree of economic development e.g Nigeria has allegedly been said to experience low level of financial intermediation.
The objective of this study
1. To establish the extent of financial intermediation in Nigeria and the likely effect on economic development.
2. To reveal the economic development position (as measures by Gross National/Domestic Income) of countries that have comparatively the same level of financial intermediation are relatively high.
This proper will also look into the following problem. In Nigeria there has been a comparatively low level of financial intermediation demonstrated by the grossly inadequate habits to all nooks and corners of the country. Lack of actual practical indegenisation of bank industry.
The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediation find it impossible to effectively mobilize available resources and allocate them enhance the rate of economic development
After examining these problems, recommendation will be made. It will be aimed at increasing the level of financial intermediation in Nigeria. Then conclusion will be drawn.

 

PROPOSAL
Financial intermediation is the process by which financial institution accept saving from house hold and lend this saving to business organizations.
Since high level of financial intermediation has been associated with high degree of economic development e.g Nigeria has allegedly been said to experience low level of financial intermediation.
The objective of this study
3. To establish the extent of financial intermediation in Nigeria and the likely effect on economic development.
4. To reveal the economic development position (as measures by Gross National/Domestic Income) of countries that have comparatively the same level of financial intermediation are relatively high.
This proper will also look into the following problem. In Nigeria there has been a comparatively low level of financial intermediation demonstrated by the grossly inadequate habits to all nooks and corners of the country. Lack of actual practical indegenisation of bank industry.
The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediation find it impossible to effectively mobilize available resources and allocate them enhance the rate of economic development
After examining these problems, recommendation will be made. It will be aimed at increasing the level of financial intermediation in Nigeria. Then conclusion will be drawn.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of problem 3
1.3 Objectives of study 3
1.4 Significance of the study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study 5
1.6 Definition of terms 6
Reference: 12

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13
2.1 Bank and Non-Bank financial Intermediaries 13
2.2 Financial Institutions and Economic Development. 14
2.3 Financial Intermediation and Economic
Development in developed countries. 21
2.4 Financial intermediation and Economic Development
in less Developed countries. 23
2.5 Financial Intermediaries and monetary control 26
2.6 Review in increasing the level of financial
Intermediation in Nigeria and the LDC’S 28
2.7 The problems of financial Intermediation 29
Reference. 30

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 Research methods used 32
3.2 Description of Respondents 32
3.3 Sources of Data 33
3.4 Method of Investigation 34
References 36

CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and analysis of data introduction. 37
Testing of Hypothesis. 42

CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 43
5.1 Findings 43
5.2 Recommendation 48
5.3 Conclusion 53
References. 56
Bibliography 57
Questionnaires 59

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The concept of financial intermediation and resources mobilization are not new in financial literature, their relationship with economic development has also been widely discussed. Relevant literatures on financial intermediations and resources mobilization have attempted to distinguish the concept of self-finance, direct finance and indirect finance.
Direct finance involves the use of marketing techniques in which primary securities (or the liabilities of ultimate borrowers). In such forms as bonds corporate securities mortgage etc. are distributed among those financial assets. This mode of finance through encourages high savings rate and alertness to new profitable investment opportunities, total reliance on self finance is not probably a desirable long run strategy.
The other form of finance the indirect finance on he other hand involves the existence of financial intermediaries with place themselves between ultimate lenders and ultimate borrowers by purchasing the primary securities of the latter and issuing claims against themselves. Indirect securities for the portfolio of ultimate lenders while self finance makes for a balanced budget the direct and indirect finance which are forms of external fiancé make for deficit financing in which intermediaries solicit for loan able funds from the simple limits and allocate these to the deficit units whose direct debt. They absorb
From the three methods of financing highlighted above writes on this issue identified the indirect finance as the only are that calls for the intermediation by the financial institution following the above conception, gurley and show (1960) attempted the definition of the concept of financial intermediation as intermediating or go between function of financial institutions in purchasing primary securities from ultimate borrowers and issuing indirect debt (secondary securities) of the portfolio of the ultimate lenders by so doing the financial intermediaries establish a link between the borrowers. The deficit units and the lenders the simple units with this linkage they transfer resources from the surplus to the deficit unit.

1.2 STATE OF THE STUDY
It is general acknowledged fact by economist that high level of financial intermediation is associated with high rate of economic development. This has been experience by the grossly inadequate number of financial intermediaries, inadequate spread of banking habits to all the nooks and corners of the country, lack of actual practical indegenisation of the banking industry. The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediaries find it impossible to effectively mobilizes available resources and allocate them to enhance the rate of economic development.
In the final analysis there is low level of financial intermediation in Nigeria which culminate in a disappointedly low level of economic growth and development. These are the problem this study is set to look into which a view to finding possible solutions and recommendations.

 

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EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCEPT OF PROFITABLE AS A GUIDE TO POLICY DECISION

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• Research question
• Statement of hypothesis
• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation of the study
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Cost
• Uses of cost data
• Methods of inventory control
• Costing methods
• Costing techniques

 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Area of the study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling determination
• Instrument of data collection
• Validation of the instrument
• Reliability of the instrument
• Administration of research instrument
• Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

• Findings
• Conclusion
• Implications
• Recommendations

 

Bibliography

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACK GROUND OF STUDY

According to Harper (1977) the concept of profitability can be defined as the concept which provides management with alternative course of action in accordance with the various degrees of profitability stating clearly in relevant cost account form individual projects which enables management to select the most profitable.

Most of the policy decision of manufacturing industries are generally directed towards profitability. Policy decisions made under this concept has a direct effect of increasing and enhancing the general profitability of the manufacturing industries concerned.

The origin of this concept can be traced back to the era of industrial revolution. Prior to this era, industrial were run as family concerns but with the industrial revolution, most business grew from the usual family arrangement to large groups. Resources were pulled together and handed over to other people to manage for the owner’s.

Naturally, resource owners must expect a profitable returns from the investments, this urgent obligations forced management to seek ways of carrying out their activities so as to make profitable returns to the resource owners. Investment grew in all dimension until the first and second world wars, one would have expected that after the world war industrialization would have been abandoned but as we have seen today, this was fortunately far from being so. Rather a large number of manufacturing industries grew in importance and also in complexity all in a bid to meet the demands and standard set by the developed countries.

Enough quantity of materials had to be bought and at the same time later which is a very vital commodity had to be allowed to operate in a conducive environment so as to enjoy the benefits of hiring labour prior to commencement or an expansion the manufacturing industry must move with the changing technology, meet it social responsibilities, operate under government stipulations, pay tax as and when due and meet the expectations of the shareholders.

High administrative cost, cost of changing technology, fierce competition, scarce resource, falling economy, cost of government restrictions, the need for maximization of shareholders wealth, poor capitalize etc must be accommodated and adjusted in such a way that total cost of manufacturing a product will not only be less than sales renew but give a good profit margin.

This stipulation of operating under many uncompromising variables gave rise to the need for policy  decision on such things as siting an industry.

• Expansion of an existing industry
• Introduction of a new product
• A change in production design
• Sell or process further
• Close down.
• The nature of this research project requires theoretical approach and analysis which will cover the three dimensional focus of the research, the research focus on the three major areas are;
• The economical factor affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to a policy decision.
• The Endogenous factor affecting the concept
• The political factors.

These three combine to give a broader view of the factor affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to policy decision.

The theoretical orient action of what best provides the researcher the framework for analyzing the factors affecting the concept of profitability were.

1. Theory of location of industry which state that nearness to raw

Materials and available of labour affects the profitability of manufacturing industries. The location of extractive industries for instance depend on where raw materials are to be found. Also mining industries depend on geological, surveys. Agricultural industries depend on side condition and climate. Where the required raw materials are heavy and bulk the industry will be set up near source of raw materials in order to reduce cost.

2. Theory of nearness to market: Bulking or heavy goods are expensive to transport. Base on this, the theory therefore states that such goods be produced near the market.
3. Other general economic factors which includes industries requiring thermal heat need to be near local mines e.g. steel industries.

Tensa (1979) said that the endogenous theory which best suite the purpose of the research is the theory of operation management which is of the view that workers have the same objective with that of management which will ensure a responsible attitude towards organization decision making procedure.

4. On the political factors, the instability of government, restrictions on certain industrial activities were also theories which helped to find out factors effecting the concept of profitability
5. The theory of marginal costing were in dispensation tools for research.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

This research work titled an evaluation of factors affecting the concept of policy decision is meant to solve among other things following problems

1. a) Effect of policy decision on the profitability concept in some selected industries.
2. b) Factors of production as a necessary condition for setting up an industry needs to be available.
3. c) How Government policies affect the concept of profitability.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study includes the following

T

BUDGETING: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROFIT PLANNING AND CONTROL

(A CASE STUDY OF MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK NIGERIA LIMITED’ (MTN), ENUGU STATE)

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

 

          Budgeting – A systematic approach to profit planning and control is a work centered on the use of budgeting as a tool for planning and control for profit maximization in a mobile telecommunication network Nigeria Limited Enugu as a case study.

The objective of the study is to show the importance of budgeting as a tool for systematic profit planning and control in the mobile telecommunication network Nigeria limited which has profit maximization as its principal objective.

The research is also aimed at identifying the steps adopted in the formulation of annual budget of MTN Nigeria.

Consequent upon this, the following hypothetical question were used for the study.

1. Managers use budgeting as a systematic approach to profit planning and control in attaining the goals of the business.
2. Decision making is performed in mobile telecommunication using budgeting
3. Utilization of resources is achieved with the use of budget and budgetary control

Following the investigation and analysis of data, the following findings were made

1. The organization uses budgeting in achieving the goals and objectives
2. The main objective of the organization is profit maximization
3. Efficiency and effectiveness of the organization is achieved through the use of budgeting.

From the findings, the conclusions were arrived that budgeting is very essential and indispensable tool for profit planning and control.  It helps management to be well structured in sustaining the growth and expansion of the organization.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                       1

1.1     Historical Development of the Firm                                   4

1.2     Background of mobile Telecommunication                       5

Network Nigeria Limited/Present state of Affairs

1.3     Statement of problem                                                         8

1.4     Objective of the study                                                        8

1.5     Research Question                                                             9

1.6     Research Hypothesis                                                          10

1.7     Scope and limitation                                                          10

1.8     Significance of the study                                                   11

1.9     Definition of terms                                                            12

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                                14

2.1     Introduction                                                                       14

2.2     Definition of budget                                                          15

2.3     Types of Budget                                                                17

2.4     The Budget period                                                             20

2.5     Administration of the Annual Budget                                21

2.6     Stages in the Budget process                                              24

2.7     Appraisal of fixed, flexible and other budget                     43

2.8     Planning function                                                              45

2.9     Controlling function                                                          46

2.10   Budgeting control                                                              50

2.11   Variance analysis                                                               51

• Additional Tool for Budgeting and Budgetary

control: Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB)                                 57

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research Design and methodology                                    58

3.1     Research design                                                                 58

3.2     sampling technique                                                            58

3.3     Sampling design and population size                                 58

3.4     Sources of data                                                                  60

3.5     Interview questions                                                            60

3.6     Method of data analysis                                                     60

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data              63

4.1     Analysis of questionnaires returned                                   63

4.2     Hypothesis testing and proofing                                                  71

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary of findings recommendations and conclusion    77

• Summary of findings 77
• Recommendations 79
• Conclusion 80

Bibliography                                                                      81

Appendix                                                                           83

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

The growing complexity of the business environment and the ever increasing competition among firms in the modern time, make planning an invaluable tool for business success.  Successful management is no longer just a matter of flair, skill and determination, a conscious effort is needed to harness available resources towards the achievement of enterprise objectives.  Budgeting is one of the tools adopted by management for effective cost planning and control.

A budget is commonly understood  the forecast by a government, organization nor society of its expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time.  The  period covered  by a budget is usually a year known as financial year.  Budgeting is concerned with the utilization of financial resources to serve human needs.  Although a budget may be characterized by a series of goals with price tags attached.  It is mainly a mechanism for making choices among alternative expenditure.  When such are coordinated so as to achieve desired goals, the budget becomes a plan.  If there are specifications on how the goals are to be achieved, the budget becomes a psychological device to make administrators thin.  If however, the emphasis is placed on achieving the desired objective at the lowest possible cost, then the budget is an instrument for ensuring efficiency.

An enterprise which is effectively and efficiently managed produces good and rewarding result.  Management is efficient if it is able to accomplish the objectives with minimum efforts and costs.

Profit planning and control or budgeting is an integral part of management.  The financial manager has a particular interest in profits planning and control because he helps to regulate flows of funds which is his function.  The decision making process of management starts with planning.  ‘Planning is the design of a desired future and of effective ways of bringing it about.  In other words, planning involves the determination of the future course of action for accomplishing the objectives of the enterprise.  The basic purpose of planning is to provide guidelines for making decisions. It is a forward process to reducing uncertainty about the future.

Planning is a continuous process which would generally involve four fundamental steps.

1. Establishing the objectives
2. Determining the goals
3. Developing strategies
4. Formulating profits plans or budget.

Objectives are the statements of broad and long term desired state or position of the enterprise in the future. They are directional and motivational in nature and are generally the qualitative expressions of the desired future state.  For instance, the primary objective of an enterprise may be customers satisfaction, employee welfare, long-run- survival which depends upon the maximization of the long-run profit, that is wealth maximization.

Goals represent the operational specifications of the broad objective with time and quantity dimensions.  Goals are the quantified targets to be attained within a specific period e.g. long run profit maximization in order to increase the market value of the firm to shareholders is the broad objective of the firm.  But the goal for the next year may be to earn a 20% after tax profit on investment or a 5% profit on sales.

Strategies specify the ways of achieving the goal operationally.  For example, the strategies of a firm may include the use of retained earnings for expansion, keeping debt at a reasonable level, expanding sales through price reduction and aggressive advertisement.  Financial plans may take many forms, but any good plan must be related to the firm’s existing strength and weakness.  The strengths must understood, if they are to be used for proper advantage and the weakness must be recognized if corrective action is to be taken.

Finally, the formalization of objectives, goals and strategies for operational purposes is called the profit planning or budgeting.  It is called the profit plan or budget because it explicitly state the goals in terms of time expectations and expected financial results for each major segment of the entity.

 

1.1     HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRM

It is important at this point to review briefly the history of the company mobile telecommunication Network Nigeria Limited (MTN).  It was incorporated in Nigeria on November 8. 2000 as a private company.  It secured a license to operate digital (Global system for mobile telecommunications GSM) telephony on February 9 2001, from the Nigerian communications commission.  On May, 2001, MTN emerged as the first to make a call on its GSM network in the new dispensation. Thereafter, the company launched full commercial operations beginning with Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt in the company now provides coverage to 85 cities and well over 5,000 communities and villages, spanning every geo-political zone and 31 of Nigeria’s 36 states.

It is the first to erect a country wide microwave radio transmission backbone, offering unrivalled value for money evidenced by a loyal customer base attracted by MTN’s convenience, mobility, roaming on 30 international networks and economical Tarrifs.  MTN’s product and services are available at its friendship centres and a nationwide network of dealership, banks and convenience channels including entries, petrol stations and neighourhood stores.

 

• BACKGROUND OF MOBILE ELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK NIGERIA LIMITED/PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS

The company through systematic planning and control represents several millions of Nara in investment.  The company as at May 31, 2004, had a total of 21 mobile switching centres and over 940 radio base stations across the country. Several more are in the process of being installed.  On January 20, 2003, MTN commissioned the first phase of its digital microwave transmission backbone, Y’ello Balm.  Constructed  at a cost of $120 million.  Y’elloBalm is Africa’s most extensive transmission infrastructure and has significantly helped to enhance call quality on MTN’s network.  Y’ello Balm spans 3,400 kilometers and traverses over 120 cities, villages and communities; while coverage has been extent to more than 90 major towns and a total of over 5,000 villages and communities across Nigeria.  The second phase of Ye’llo Balm is currently on going and will spand another 4,500 kilometers.

MTN subsists on the core brand values of leadership, integrity, innovation, relationships and a ‘can do’ attitude, a passionate optimistic focus on the future.  It prides itself on its ability to make the impossible possible – connecting people with friends, family and opportunities.  The ownership structure is currently as follows:  Mobile telephone Networks International Limited 76.44%

Nigerian partners                       20.56%

International finance corporation and infrastructure investment arm of the world bank                      3%

100%

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/COMEMRCIAL SERVICE AGREEMENT

          The company is technically supported by Nami Tech in south Africa who doe the prepaid voucher and supplier to MTN.

COMPAY’S CONTRIBUTION TO NIGERIA ECONOMY

               MTN currently employs more than 1,200 Nigerians.  In addition, more than 160 Nigerian companies are currently MTN distribution partners.  Of these, more htan 25 are banks, many of which have spun off subsidia