THE TECHNIQUES OF IMPROVING COMMUNITY BANKING SERVICES IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF OHHA COMMUNITY BANK NIG LTD)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

Community banks were established in Nigeria to help remedy the rural development problem that has been facing Nigeria since after World War II.

The fundamental concepts of a community bank is of a self sustaining financial institution, owned and managed by community or a group of communities for the purpose of providing credit deposit, banking and other financial services to its members.

The objectives of the research work therefore covered the pace of providing financial and banking services and other facilities to communities that were inadequately supplied with such services, the rapid enhancement of the development of productive activities in rural areas, the promotion of emergence of an effective integrated national financial system that responds to the need of the whole economy from individual and grassroots community level through level of local government areas and states to the national level.

The study also covered the problems encountered by these banks in carrying out their functions and then the recommendations of the possible solutions.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                       1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of problem 4
• The purpose/objective of the study 6
• Scope of the study 7
• Research questions 8
• Significance of the study 9
• Definition of terms 10

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE                                                      12

• Origin of Community Banks 12
• Nature and scope of Community Bank 17
• Objectives of community banks and

functions of community banks                                          22

• Techniques of improving community banking service 32
• Summary of related literature 36

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                                 37

• Research design 37
• Area for the study 37
• Population for the study                                         37
• Sample and sampling procedure 38
• Instrument for data collection 38
• Validity of the instrument 38
• Reliability of the instrument 38
• Method of administration of the instrument 39
• Method of data analysis 39

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULTS                                41

• Summary of results 45

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY                      47

• Discussion of results 47
• Conclusions 48
• Implications of the results 50
• Recommendations 50
• Suggestions for further study 53
• Limitation of the study 53

REFERENCES                                                                  55

APPENDIX                                                                            

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY

The federal government of Nigeria in 1990 budget speech decided to establish community banks in order to strengthen its programmes of grassroots economic development.

The fundamental concept of a community bank is of a self-sustaining financial institution, owned and managed by a community or a group of communities for the purpose of providing credit, deposit banking and other services to its members largely on the basis of their self-recognition and credit worthiness.  This is in contradiction to the near total reliance by the orthodox banks on viable and negotiable collaterals as the basis for giving credit.

It is designed to ensure that a community or group of communities may establish a community bank for the purpose of promoting rural development through the provision of finance and banking services, improving the economic status of small-scale producers both in the rural and urban areas, enhancing the rapid development of productive activities especially in the rural area to support desirable and sustainable rural economic growth in Nigeria.

A bank licensed under the community bank decree shall accept from persons various types of deposits including savings and time deposits.  Receive or collect on behalf of its customers, money or proceeds of banking instruments, provide ancillary banking services to its customers, maintain and operate various types of accounts with other banks, and perform such none banking functions as may promote grassroots development within the banks geographical areas and also operate equipment leasing facilities designed to ensure access of its customers to form inputs purchase on a consignment basis for group of client.

Community banks in Nigeria banking system dates back to 1990 when budget speech was delivered by the president, commander in-chief of the armed forces, General Ibrahim Babangida.  Since them each state of the federation now has a minimum of at least twenty (20) community banks.  Even the federal capital Territory has four.  These banks are in all part of the country.

National board for community banks is established for monitoring, promotion, development and general supervisions of the community banks.  Hence the banks are under the control of national board for community banks (NBCB) and the Central Banks of Nigeria.

As we move into the 21^st century, community banks all over the world realize that only those that overhaul the whole of their service delivery systems and operations are likely to survive and prosper in the new millennium.  This is due to the pressure of globalization, consolidation, delegation and rapidly changing technology.  In order to properly place themselves in favourable positions for competition and be one of the corporations to be reckoned within the new century, community banks are making use of information technology (IT).  They have not only started ensuring that their PC per capital use is one for every staff, they have also started bringing PCS together to form local and wide area networks.

Many community banks have installed a modern computer inter-connectivity backbone that would enable them achieve community of data and multimedia over intranets, extranets, and with the whole world, over the Internet.  They also realize that they have to achieve not only management/staff wide computer literacy, but what could e called information literacy, i.e. knowing how to locate, analyse, store and use information.  All staff and managers in a modern community banks need to be able to search and gather data from several different types  of sources, analyse them, select the relevant ones and organize them in such a manner to allow them to make decisions based on the organized data.

Community banks of the future realize that the banking of tomorrow requires more of electronic manipulation and shuffling of bits-based money and other banking transactions, instead of paper.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The fact that the rural areas are under developed when compared to the urban areas in true and the fact that there are untapped material and financial resources in these rural communities is also true.  The major problems therefore is how to harness these abundant resources for the development of the rural area through the improvement of banking services based on staff important bearing in mind that these resources are minutely held by the vast population of the rural dwellers.

The banking sector as the prime mover of the nations economic life is seen as the most viable sector to make this dream a reality.  But then, given the Nigerian situation especially Enugu Metropolis with vast area of land and low income base, the task before the community bank are quite enormous with the problem of ignorance and illiteracy of the majority of people whom the banks are dealing with and also the problem of infrastructual facilities which includes good roads, water, electricity, office equipment and residential accommodation for the bank staff who work in these rural areas.

But perhaps the most delicate of these problems is the lack of banking habit among the rural dwellers who still use old traditional ways of savings mobilization like the daily savings method or the “ISUSU” of the social meetings.  How can the bank make the rural dwellers less apprehensive of the bank and use the services provided by them to enhance their welfare?

Among the problems include:

1. Effects of these bank in national economic development.
2. Lack of modern equipment in the community bank.
3. Poor level and quality of services provided by this Ohha community Bank.
4. It is difficult to know the extent discrimination of services has gone in the banking service.
5. The contribution to growth of small scale industries in Enugu Metropolis.

6.       It is also difficult  to know the extent of alleviating the urban economic

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE CONTROL OF PRIVAT AND PUBLIC SECTORS OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

(A CASE STUDY OF UDO DILI UMU IBE COY AND NEPA)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

 

In recent times, private and public organizations in Nigeria have been faced with cases of financial crises, which have resulted in most of the organizations going into extension. Those who are able to survive more are in a gunil pace. Obviously, the causes of financial crises in our private and public sectors have been attributed to be unrecognized in nature and total negligence of the roles of accounting in our private and public organizations.

This research work will look the role of accounting in the central of private and public sectors in Nigeria. It will try to analyzed the implication of applying the accounting principles in our private and organizations and then look at how these principles confined the operations of the public and private section of  the organization in Nigeria.

On the cause of writing this project study, extensive efforts will be made to find out some of the problems our factors militating against the appropriate application of accounting principles and which invariably causes managers to neglect the role of accounting in the control of private and public organizations in Nigeria. Consequently, upon this, recommendations will be suggested in how or the steps that will be taken to eradicated this setbacks and deficiency in the systems.

In a bid to achieve a meaningful/research study work this research will review related literature on the role of accounting in the control of private and public sectors in Nigeria oral interview will also be conducted with the managers or heads of some selected private and public organizations in Nigeria.

Other supplementary instruments are data collected from journals, magazines, questionnaire and existing textbooks. All these data collected will be analyzed critically and descriptive with the aid of table in research work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
• Short background history of the case study
• Statement of problems
• Research objectives and purpose
• Significance of the study
• Research questions
• Hypothesis
• Scope and limitations of the study
• Definition of term
• Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature review

2.2 Historical development of accounting in Nigeria

2.3 The nature of accounting principles

2.4 Types of accounting principles

2.5 Factors affecting accounting principles

2.6 The role of accounting in the control of public sector

2.6.1 Problems of accounting in the control of public sector in igeria

economy

2.6.2 How accounting is used to control public sector in Nigeria economy

2.7 The role of accounting in the control of private sectors

2.7.1 How accounting is being used in the control of private sector

2.7.2. The roles accounting played in the control of private sector

Reference

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Area of study

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sample of the study

3.5 Development of research instrument

3.6 Observation

3.7 Mode of data analysis

3.8 Reliability of data

3.9 Research design

3.10 Data collection

3.11 Hypothesis used

3.12 Research questions

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data presentation and analysis

4.3 Test technique

4.4 Decision rule

4.5 Testing the hypothesis

4.6 General comments

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Recommendation on findings

5.3 Recommendation for further studies

5.4 Conclusion

5.5 Further suggestions to the studies work

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

In most developing countries Nigeria, government’s participation in economic activity is usually significant. One of the ways through which the government has intervened in the Nigeria economy is through the establishment of public enterprises. Public enterprises are statutory bodies operating services of an economic or social character or both on behalf of the government.

Since the colonial era, especially after independence in 1960, Nigeria public enterprises have witnessed a steady growth until recently. As “Olise (1988: 133) puts it,” Beginning as a twinkle in the period between the era of the second world war and Nigeria attainment of independence, and the creation of public co-operation has risen to flood level since independence and has maintained a steady growth.

The rationales behind the establishment of public enterprises in Nigeria are many. Some of the reasons include:geberating revenue that would add to available national capital for the support of development an welfare programmes, making it impossible for important profitable enterprise to be controlled by a few individuals or group; organizing certain critical activities for national survival and economic stability and providing employment opportunities (Ademotecum 1983)²

However, after a long period of growing start, intervention in the Nigeria economy through public enterprises, the mid 1980’s.

Onward has sometimes been dramatic in public opinion and public policy. This has been brought by the persistent losses which state enterprises has been running over the years. Consequently, there has been  a willingness to look at the alternative policy strategies for the achievement of economic developments. At the fore front of these strategies in the minimization of the role of state in the economy including privatization of public enterprises.

In Nigeria, public enterprises are engaged in a whole spectrum of economic activities including agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, commerce and other services.

The classifications of public enterprises in Nigeria have been made according to a variety of criteria and by different authority. The public service review commission  (1975:101) classified public sector into:

• Public utilities
• Regulatory or service body
• Financial institution
• Commercial and industrial enterprises.

Being a mixed economy, individuals, also own and operate enterprises. A firm is classified a private enterprises when it is founded and managed by an individual and or a group of individuals. These firms are expected to be registered in the local government within which the operate.

The rational for the establishment of private enterprises are numerous just like the establishment of public enterprises. They include among others, provision of employment opportunities, generating income for the owners of the enterprises, government is also interested in profit performance of the enterprises which determines the fax liability of the firm, moreover, the general public are concerned with the sense of social responsibility which the business exhibits to the environment in which it is located and its willingness to contribute to the upliftment of the environment.

The activities of the public and private enterprises have been on the increase in recent times, which necessitated the introduction of the accounting practices to check and monitor the financial activities of these enterprises. In his book titled, “principles of Accounting, ³ image (1985 defines accounting as a process by which data relating to the economic activities of an organization are measured, recorded and communicated to interested parties for analysis and interpretation.

The earliest method of accounting in Nigeria was the use of money to record the amount of agricultural commodities like yams, cassava and livestock, which passed from one person to another. The historical development of modern accounting practices has been closely related to the economic development of the country. As business organization grows in size and complexity, management and outsides become more clearly different from the outside group, which includes owners of the firm (stock holders), creditors, government employers and the general public.

This differentiate the need to have accounting departments in the enterprises to give accurate financial information for use in judging the performance of the management and to satisfy the outside demands of the general public who are already interested on whether the enterprise is growing of not.

The role of accounting in the public and private enterprises in Nigeria is primarily to ensure accurate accountability in these sectors and present fine financial position of the enterprises. The role is of utmost important in any organization. An organization can only grow or make profit when its resources are well managed. And resources can only be well managed when the accounting department of the organization give an accurate financial information to know how much the enterprise is having. It is only when, this is done, that the firm allocate its resources and knows what is to be done.

The role of accounting seems to be more pronounced in the public enterprises. In recent time, there are cases of in appropriation of funds in the public enterprises and improper accountability. These factors have led to a lot of public enterprises going have led to a lot of public enterprises going into oblivion. If the government has recognized the role of accounting all these causes should not have arise. No enterprise can move forward without having a well organized financial departments to give accurate financial information about the firm.

 

1.2 SHORT BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE CASE STUDY UDO DILI UMU IBE COMPANY & NEPA

Udo Dili Umu Ibe Company is a company charged with overall responsibility of formulating and implementing effective and efficient transportation policies essential for the economic, social and political development of the Nigeria economy. The company is under the leadership of Chief John Mamah who as its managing director, has the general responsibility for the assignment of corporate objectives and management of the resources of the company. Another key officer or the Chief Accountant Mr. Christian Eze. The company started in the year 1980 and has being into existence till date.

BELOW IS THE LIST OF THE DIRECTORS FROM 1980 TILL DATE

NAMES

1. Engr. Felix Okoh 180-1985
2. Mr. Victor O. Ugwu 1985-1990
3. Mr. Kema Chikwe 1990-1994
4. Dr. Ifeanyi Ikeh 1994-1997
5. Hon. Dan. Okeke 1997-2000

In order to achieve its set objectives the company is organized into five (5) departments as stated below:

Departments

1. Personnel management
2. Finance and supply
3. Planning, research and statistics
4. Transport c0-ordination and inspectorate.

 

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Obviously, every private and public enterprises in Nigeria have their accounting departments. And there are increasing cases of financial mismanagement in visually all the public and private organizations in Nigeria. The problem of this study lies

THE ROLE OF OFFICE MACHINES IN MODERN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION.

( A CASE STUDY OF ANAMMCO)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

This research has been conducted for the purpose of assessing the role of office machines in modern business organization, A case study of ANAMMCO.

The research methodology, focuses on the instrument used for data collection which were mainly questionnaires and oral interview i.e. primary and secondary data respectively.  Determination of sample size was possible through the help of stratified random sampling technique.  The stratification was based on the ANAMMCO staff.  The suitable research method used was the survey research and the design was randomised.

Under method of data analysis, tables and percentages were used in the presentation and analysis of the collected data.  In the findings the following were  discovered, that the people could have adequate training of the office machines.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
  • Background of Study 1
  • Statement of Problems 3
  • Research Objectives 3
  • Statement of Hypothesis 4
  • Significance of the Study 4
  • Scope of the Study 5

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of Literature 6

 

2.1     Office machines and its important to modern

Business.                                                                                   6

• Needs; uses of and types of office machines. 7
• Classification of office machines 10
• Computers in business. 13

2.5    Importance of data recording                                                        16

2.6     Data communication equipment communication                          19

CHAPTER THREE

• Research Methodology 36
  • Research Design 36
  • Sources of data           36
  • Interview 38
  • Area of the Study 39
  • Population of study
  • Sample and Sampling Procedure 39
  • Determination of sample size 40
  • Instrument for data Collection 41
  • Validity and reliability 41
  • Technique for Data Analysis 41

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and results summary of results findings. 42

4.1     Introduction                                                                                 42

4.2     Testing For Hypothesis                                                                53

4.3     Identification of the Test Statistics                                               54

4.4     Summary of Findings/ Results                                                     59

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion, implication and recommendations 61
  • Discussion of Results 61
  • Conclusions 63
  • Recommendations 64
  • Limitation for each study 65

REFERENCES                                                                  67

APPENDIX                                                                       68

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the Study

There has been an enormous increase in office machines awareness manufacture and utilization all over the world.  The invention of the office machines is regarded as one of the three great scientific developments in the world today.  The first scientific development is probably the nuclear energy, which, at Hiroshima and Nagazaka shocked the world.  The second being the discovery  of mains capacity to travel in space.  But the advent of computer industry seems to top them all.  The modern computer represents a fundamental advancement in computation.  The precision with which it accepts and processes data information baffles the imagination of man even though it was man who invented it many have characterized our time a transition from the industrial age to the information age.

In addition to computers, other office machines or communication technologies in the economy today include telex, facsimate machine, cable and satellite television etc.  Advancement in computer communication technologies (information transfers) affects the way we live, work and see the world.   All these machines are used to create, manipulate and manage information faster and more easily than with any other systems.

In turn we use the information so produced to calculate communicate and make decisions.  The great increase of white cover workers is legendary and most of them concentrate on producing information and/ or consuming it.  The growth of government equally lends further importance  to information, since government at all level  is a voracious consumer of data, while turning out huge amounts of statistical information.  Information in the form of specialized knowledge.

We \can see that the role office machines play in modern business cannot be over emphasized.

The Anambra motor manufacturing company (ANAMMCO) was established in late seventies with the registration number for incorporation of business RC 20/06.  The company are into manufacturing of trucks and luxurious buses, as well as motor parts.  The corporate headquarter of the company is situated along Airport road Emene, Enugu.  The company also provide expertise advise to other motor parts manufacturing companies in Nigeria.

 

1.2   STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

As discussed in the beginning, there are many advantages of using office machines in modern business. In business,. People would like to use these machines to facilitate all the business transactions.  ANAMMCO is one of the big companies known in Nigeria.  Over the years, this company has been using office machines to carryout its activities.   The  research therefore seek to re-examine and re-appraise the important of office machines to Anambra Motor manufacturing company (ANAMMCO) in other words it will, look into now these machines will help the company to break even in it’s manufacturing business.

 

RESEA

BUGETARY CONTROL IN THE MARKETING AND MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Whenever the demand for factors of production is greater than the supply, some method of apportioning them among different uses has to be employed and this brought the need for budgeting and control.  In a perfect competition, they would be distributed among different employments according to the demand for them, equilibrium being achieved when the marginal productivity of each was the same in all occupations (J.L.Hanson, 1977).

Budgeting being the single most important decision making process can therefore be considered an important part of the classic management cycle of planning, action and control or more specifically, as part of a total management system that includes: –

• strategy formulation and implementation
• planning systems
• budgeting systems
• organization
• production/marketing systems
• control/reporting systems.

As long ago as 1931, the Macmillan Committee on Finance and

Industry recommended control of investment.  To support his policy of full employment, lord Beverage suggested that since investment was easier to control than saving, the two should be brought into line by imposing control over investment.  Since investment cannot exist without budget and implementation, there became the need for budgetary control rather than investment control (Ifeanyi .A. Arji, 1997).

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A striking feature of large corporations is that the owners

(Stockholders) are usually not directly involved in making business decision, particularly on a day to day basis.  Instead, the company (corporation) employs mangers to represent owner’s interests and make decision on their behalf. The financial manager acts in the best interests of the shareholders by making decisions that increase the value of the stock.  The appropriate goal for the financial manager, who is in charge of budget and budgetary control of the corporation can therefore be stated easily; the goal of the management or the manufacturer is to maximize the current value per share of existing stock for profit making entities and for none profit making businesses, to maximize th