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An Assessment Of Online Banking In Nigeria

An Assessment Of Online Banking In Nigeria

 

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ABSTRACT

Online banking system has become an important practice among commercial banks in Nigeria. The introduction of this electronic banking has improve banking efficiency in rendering services to customer, It was in line with this that the study aim at examine the impact of electronic banking system in Nigeria. Through the cluster sampling technique, data was collected by means of questionnaires from 40 GT Bank officers and the result shows that GT Bank electronic banking guidelines are in line with the CBN electronic banking guideline. The bank has an effective electronic banking system which has improve its customer’s relationship and satisfaction. To this end, It is recommended that the bank information technology training programme should be encourage among the staff of GT Bank, necessary legal codes banking should be established in order to enhanced growth of the industry.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.4. Statement of Research Questions

1.5. Research Hypothesis

1.6. Significance of the Study

1.7. Scope of the Study

1.8. Limitation of the Study

1.9. Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

2.2. The View on Electronic Banking

2.3. Electronic Banking and the Common Banking Products

2.3.1. Telephone and PC Banking Products

2.3.2. The Card System

2.3.3. The Automated Teller Machine (ATM)

2.4. The Entry of Nigerian Banks Electronic Banking

2.5. The Emerging Issues in Electronic Banking

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Population of Study

3.3. Sampling Techniques

3.4. Sample Size

3.5. Sources of Data

3.6. Method of Data Analysis

3.6.1 Test of Hypothesis and Inference

3.6.2. Decision Rule and Justification

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.3. Discussion of finding

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary of the Study

5.2. Conclusion

5.3. Recommendations

REFERENCES- Bibliography

APPENDIX – Proposed Research Questionnaire

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1. Background of the Study

The new millennium brought with it new possibilities in terms of information access and availability simultaneously, introducing new challenges in protecting sensitive information from some eyes while making it available to others. Today’s business environment is extremely dynamic and experience rapid changes as a result of technological improvement, increased awareness and demands Banks to serve their customers electronically. Banks have traditionally been in the forefront of harnessing technology to improve their products and services. The Banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is at the centre of this global change curve of Electronic Banking System in Nigeria today. (Stevens 2002). Assert that they have over the time, been using electronic and telecommunication networks for delivering a wide range of value added products and services, managers in Banking industry in Nigeria cannot ignore Information Systems because they play a critical impact in current Banking system, they point out that the entire cash flow of most fortune Banks are linked to Information System.

 

The application of information and communication technology concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all Banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness Banking. The advancement in Technology has played an important role in improving service delivery standards in the Banking industry. In its simplest form, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and deposit machines now allow consumers carry out banking transactions beyond banking hours.

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With online banking, individuals can check their account balances and make payments without having to go to the bank hall. This is gradually creating a cashless society where consumers no longer have to pay for all their purchases with hard cash. For example: bank customers can pay for airline tickets and subscribe 1to initial public offerings by transferring the money directly from their accounts, or pay for various gods and services by electronic transfers of credit to the sellers account. As most people now own mobile phones, banks have also introduced mobile banking to cater for customers who are always on the move. Mobile banking allows individuals to check their account balances and make fund transfers using their mobile phones. This was popularized by First Atlantic Bank (now First Inland Bank) through its “Flash me cash” product Customers can also recharge their mobile phones via SMS. E-Banking has made banking transactions easier around the World and it is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria. The delivery channels today in Nigeria electronic Banking are quite numerous has it is mentioned here Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), Point of Sales (POS), Telephone Banking, Smart Cards, Internet Banking etc Personal computers in the Banking industry was first introduced into Nigeria by Society Generale Bank as the popular PC easy access to the internet and World Wide Web (www) and internet is increasingly used by Bank’s as a channel of delivering the products and services to the numerous customers.

 

Virtually almost all Banks in Nigeria have a web presence; this form of Banking is referred to as Internet Banking which is generally part of Electronic Banking. The delivery of products by banks on public domain is an indication of advertisement which is known has E-Commerce. Electronic commerce on the other hand is a general term for any type of business or commercial transaction it involves the transfer of information across the internet. E-Commerce involves individuals and business organization exchanging business information and instructions over electronic media using computers, telephones and other communication equipments. This covers a range of different types of business from consumers to retails products. However, Electronic banking as it is; is a product of E-Commerce in the field of banking and financial services. It’s offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of traditional banking services. The Internet allows businesses to

 

use information more effectively, by allowing customers, suppliers, employees, and partners to get access to the business information they need, when they need it. These Internet enabled services all translate to reduced cost: there are less overhead, greater economies of scale, and increased efficiency. E-Banking’ greatest promise is timelier, more valuable information accessible to more people, at reduced cost of information access. With the changes in business operations as a result of the Internet era, security concerns move from computer labs to the front page of newspapers. The promise of E-Banking is offset by the security challenges associated with the disintermediation of data access. One security challenge results from “cutting out the middleman,” that too often cuts out the information security the middleman provides. Another is the expansion of the user commGT from a small group of known, vetted users accessing data from the intranet, to thousands of users accessing data from the Internet. Application service providers (ASP) and exchanges offer especially stringent — and sometimes contradictory — requirements of per user and per customer security, while allowing secure data sharing among communities of interest. EBanking depends on providing customers, partners, and employees with access to information, in a way that is controlled and secure. Technology must provide security to meet the challenges encountered by E-Banking. Virtually all software and hardware vendors claim to build secure products, but what assurance does an E-Banking have of a product’s security? E-Banking want a clear answer to the conflicting security claims they hear from vendors. How can you be confident about the security built into a product? Independent security evaluations against internationally-established security criteria provide assurance of vendors’ security claims. Customer expectation, in terms of service delivery and other key factors have increased dramatically in recent years, as a result of the promise and delivery of the internet. Even after the “dot –com crash” these raised expectations linger. The growth in the application and acceptance of internet-driven technologies means that delivering an enhanced service is more achievable than ever before, however it is also more complex and fraught with potential costs and risk. The internet introduces customers to a new perception of business time as always “on available 24/7, and demanding an urgent and rapid response. The challenge for managers is to reconcile their business and their own personal perceptions of time with the perceived reality of internet time. The internet has decisively shifted the balance of power to the customer.

 

The internet is revolutionizing sales techniques and perceptions of leading brands, and the internet is intensifying competition in all its forms. Banking are continuing to use the internet to add value for their customers; but in order for this to work effectively – maximizing opportunities, reducing risks and overcoming problems – an E-Banking strategy is required as an impact.

 

The growth of the Web and Internet as new channels, the growth in their use by customers, the growth in their use by customers, and the floor of companies entering the market, presents a series of key challenges to companies. It is easy and cheap to put up a website. But to create an environment delivering effective service on the Web to a significant proportion of your customer base requires an E-Banking strategy. Electronic Banking offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of transitional Banking services.

 

1.2. Statement of the Problem

In Nigeria, customers of banks today are no longer about safety of their funds and increase returns on their investments only. Customers demand efficient, fast and convenient services. Customers want a Bank that will offer them services that will meet their particular needs (personalized Banking) and support their Business goals for instance; businessmen want to travel without carryout cash for security reasons. They want to be able to check their balance online, find out if a cheque is cleared, transfer funds among accounts and even want to download transaction records into their own computer at work or home. Customers want a preferential treatment and full attention by their choice Bank. All these are only achievable through electronic Banking.

 

In line with rendering qualities and acceptable services that most Banks in Nigeria are gearing toward and investing large sum of money in information and communication Technology, unexpectedly such Banks services have been improved. United Bank for Africa (UBA), Zenith Bank, GT Bank (to mention few) are in the forefront in the use of IT in rendering services to their Customers (The Guardian Newspaper April 18, 2008 p 21). It also seeks the challenges involved in Electronic Banking and Best industrial practice and the approach of implementing them in Nigeria Banking system.

 

1.3. Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this research work is to assess online Banking in

Nigeria banking system on how difference channels could enhance the delivery of consumers and retails products, and also how Banks choose to support their Electronic Banking component/services internally, such as internet services provider, Internet banking software, Core banking vendor, Managed security service provider, Bill payment provider, Credit Business and Credit scoring company, E-Banking systems rely on a number of common components or process.

 

Specifically the study objectives are;

I. To evaluate the prospects of electronic Banking in GT bank PLC

II. To evaluate the impact of electronic Banking in GT Bank PLC

III. To examine whether electronic banking has improve the fortune of the Bank.

IV. To examine the effect of electronic banking has it improve the fortune of the bank.

V. To examine whether the Bank electronic Banking guideline comply with the CBN electronic Banking guideline policy.

 

1.4. Statement of Research Questions

Since the release by CBN, August 2003 and the subsequent policy on the guideline of Electronic Banking system in Nigeria, One of the question that currently being addressed is the impact of electronic Banking on the traditional banking players; there are two views that are prevalent in the Market. The controversies that the internet is a revolution that will sweep away the old order, argument in are as follow;

• Electronic Banking transactions are much cheaper than branch transactions. Banks are easy to set up with lots of new entrants. ‘Old world’ systems, cultures and structures will not encumber these new entrants; instead they will be adaptable and responsive. Electronic Banking gives consumers much more choice and consumers will be less inclined to remain loyal.

• Deposits will go elsewhere because these banks will have to fight to regain their customer base. There would be increase in their cost of funds, making their businesses less viable.

• Portal providers are likely to attract the most significant share of banking profits.

• Traditional banks will find it difficult to evolve; they will be unable to obtain additional capital from stock market. E-Banking as an Evolution than a revolution;

 

 

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THE IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA ON THE PROFITABILITY OF BANK

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA ON THE PROFITABILITY OF BANK

(A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK P.L.C

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ABSTRACT. 

The economic policies or interpretation of such policies has always left a key question unanswered, how much authorities do such policies allow the banks to use their powers to lend, to made remarkable impact in the overall economic situation in the country. Like in banks in most developing economic (Nigeria inclusive) the role of providing advice and issuing financial directives lies in the ministry of finance, the Nigeria deposit insurance corporation and the central bank of Nigeria. The federal government relies on these institution for the  proper functioning of banks through their monetary and fiscal policies, which could be concretionary or expansionary. This invariably affects the profitability of commercial banks etc. hence the need for this study.

The Zenith Bank Plc has been chosen in this regard and except where specified individually, banks becomes the terminsnolyg. In this study in depth study is made on how the Apex Banks, the CBN’s financial policies monetary and fiscal affect the profitability of banks and it’s effect and the general influences it has on the economy.

Chapter one of the study deals on the back ground, study of the problems. Statement of hypothesis  and what significant of the study is. Second chapter studies the literature used.

The chapter three emphasis on the techniques and sample collection and questionnaire chapter four presentation of data analysis of the data and the interpretation of finding the last chapter five elucidates on the findings and solutions were proffered. Hence given rise to conclusion.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of problems

1.3            Objective of the study

1.4            Significance of the study

1.5            Statement of hypothesis

1.6            Scope and limitation of study

1.7            Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

2.1            2004 monetary policy and the introduction of  N25 billion capital base.

2.2            Monetary and credit policy measure in 2002/2003

2.3            Frame work for determine bank cost of funds

2.3.1    National saving certificate

2.3.2    Federal government development stocks

2.3.3    Minimum balance on loan saving account

2.3.4    Money Transfer

2.3.5    Policy on SMES

2.3.6    CBN rediscounting and refinancing

2.3.7    Characteristics of promissory note

2.3.8    Paid up capital requirement

2.3.9    Moral suasion

2.3.10                       Improvement in the payment system

2.4            Universal banking practice

2.5            Basic principles of commercial banks credit

2.6            Credit policies of commercial banks

2.7            Factors that determine credit policies in Nigeria

2.8            Capital position of the banks

2.9            Liquidity and profitability

2.10       Impact of CBN monetary policy on banks profit.

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research design and methodology

3.1            sample survey method

3.2            Population sample for the study

3.3            Sources of data collection

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation

4.1            Data analysis, interpretation

4.2            List of hypothesis

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings conclusion and recommendation

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Conclusion

5.3            Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaires

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most banking activities are directed towards lending as credit has remained the backbone of banking operations. It is due to the fact that it provide the bulk profits.

Today, its vital role in commercial banking activities lie in the direct it has on total economic growth and business development. Every year the (CBN) central bank of Nigeria being the monetary authority that is solely responsible for the insurance of guidelines policies and the interpretation of such, comes up with economic measure roles and regulation under which the bank in the country operate. Such policies direct the use of funds from depositors, stockholders, and creditors in order to control the size of loan portfolio thereby determining the general circumstances under which it is appropriate to make an advance. The economic policies (fiscal and monetary) also aim at aiding the banks to maintain a sound financial and banking system promote confidence in sustenance of reasonable banking services for public as well as ensuring a high standard of conduct and professionalism in banking industry. These rules and regulations are contained in monetary and fiscal policy circular being issued by the central bank at the beginning of every year.

The techniques of monetary policies could be broadly divided into two namely:

Direct and Indirect.

While the direct approach has been used very extensively in the more developed market economic, the indirect approach predominate in the less developed economics such as Nigeria. Nonetheless, both technology aim at influence the cost and availability of banking system’s credit. The direct system techniques involves fixing of credit ceiling and interest weight rates the Apex Bank (CBN) for compliance by banks, while the direct approach achieves the same objective through the financial market. The most potent instrument of the indirect monetary policy technique is the open market operation (OMO). It is worthy of note that effort aimed at introducing incorrect monetary and credit-control anchored on the use of OMO are themselves a parts of the given receipts which they would present to the gold smith on withdrawal.

According to Paul Sammuelson, (1990-20) money has an anonymous quality making are dollar just as good as another. In relation to the above the goldsmiths recognized that not all depositors of gold when they come back at the same time to collect them. These receipts signified time to collect them. These receipts signified debt and were transferable. Out of the gold deposited, the goldsmith started to lend out part of them and charge a fee for these services.

Hence the evolution of our bank lending. As development continued to surface in the society it become possible for financial institution to emerge and act as bank where people go to deposit their money and other precious metals for future withdrawals and most importantly lending money to the users of fund. Bank lending has ever since then been on the increase with different hierarchy of operations.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Monetary and fiscal policies are organized and established system of administration of loan, and its disbursement have so many loopholes which undermine its base exercise and guidance. It is a statement that need not be overemphasis.

These policies being one out of measure used by that nation ability to mobilize and  channel its scare resources to different sectors of the economy. Therefore when these economic policies are seemingly deficient, it poses a big question which needs to be answered. How much authority do such policies allow the banks to use their powers to lend to make remarkable. Impact on the overall economic positions on themselves (hence profit). A major conclusion has been that effective implementation through the financial intermediation will serve a machinery for economic progress and profit enhance ability.

 

Apart from the explicit policies which are extremely imposed by the CBN implicit rules and regulations are also developed by the bank to guide their internals operations.

But these guidelines are developed from the mature of banking industry. Generally, these policies have three implications. One to the banks to the borrowers and to the economy. Emphasis is laid here on the implication  it has on the banks.

Banks lending dates bank to the days when the hold smiths accepted deposits from the merchants, mostly gold and valuable for safe keeping. At first such establishment were simply like ware house. Depositors were central bank of Nigeria towards the maintenances of prudent banking have fare reading effects on banking and the Zenith bank Plc in particular. The question therefore arises what effect do these policies have on the banking industry and their profitability, customers and the economy? Are these policies and conditions too strength as to constitute a problem to lending?

Do commercial banks ensure full compliance to the monetary and fiscal policies circular?

Are there government objective for introducing these rules  and regulations being achieved?

The CBN’s guidelines, rules and regulation normally contained in the monetary policy circular have always been aimed at achieving targeted goals. The commercial banks which are expected to operated to operate under the guidance of the regulations of the CBN have also their own internal lending policies objectives to achieve. All these pose a lot of problems to the bank’s credit decisions worthy of note is the CBN directive that lending should not exceed and foreign transfer to individual should not exceed N500.000 and corporate bodies n2000.000. this has made of possible for banks to have loan or credit dispersal and control money laundering. Based on the above a performance evaluation of the effect of these policies is inevitable to finding out the resultant effect on banks activities using the 2002 and 2003 monetary policies.

 

1.3            OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this research work is to undertake an in depth analysis of the effect of the various guidelines introduced for banking operations by the Apex monitoring authority on the profitability of banks using Zenith bank Plc as case study. Other objective include:

i.        Assessment of the extent to which commercial banks have been able to comply with statutory allocation of credit to the different sectors of the economy through the CBN credit to the different sectors of the economy through the CBN guidelines.

ii.       Whether the commercial banks have been able to maintain the  credit ceiling and how far interest rate deregulation contain in policy has been able to affect the volume of banks lending and profitability.

iii.      To test the rigidity of the policies and its effects on the borrowing customers.

iv.      To  draw outlines of credit offered by these banks and their appraisal process highlighting the environmental influence that impinge on the monetary policy and fiscal policy practices in Nigeria.

v.       Lending is of paramount importance in the economy hence the research work will investigate lending policies and practical of the banks system in the country funding out how realistic they are in line with the nations economic settings.

Making recommendation where necessary and suggesting ways to ensure effective implementations of these policies to achieve the desired objectives.

 

1.4            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Government over the year have made inspiring calls to all citizens be self reliant and in a bid to achieve this loan to rural borrowers have been increased to 50% and as well sectored allocation (SMES) small scale and medium enterprises as well as according priorities to key sector of the economy.

This research work being an appraisal of the effects of CBN monetary and fiscal policy on the profitability of banks (Zenith) precisely will enable the apex bank restructure and relax the assumed stringent measure in order to make it possible for necessary assistance from banks.

However, the primary motive for any corporate business is for profit optimization and the maximization of shareholders health banks are no exception. From this research, they will realize that  proper implementation of monetary and fiscal policy can ensure higher profitability of the banking industry. To borrowing customers, they will deduce some act inherent in loan defaulting an what are the causes of high interest rates and their remedies. This implies that of they continue borrowing funds without paying back, this banking industry may in future become liquid which will result in high interest rate and subsequently high cost of borrowing fund. It will also constitute guide towards future design and formulation of lending policies by the monitoring authority through the implementation of recommended measure.

Finally, this work will be of immense help to other university undergraduates who will like to writ on this topic as well as exposing to monetary and fiscal policies available to the banking industry.

 

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DEBIT RECOVERY TECHNIQUES IN THE BANKING SECTORS ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

DEBIT RECOVERY TECHNIQUES IN THE BANKING SECTORS ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK NIG PLC)

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ABSTRACT

When some banks in the system are distressed, it is in the best interest of the non distressed one that an effective resolution of the distressed it carried out . This is because, the distress in one bank which leads to a loss of confidence in the effected bank can also affected confidence in the entire banking system, the corporation requires enormous amount of money which it does not have at the moment given the age and size of the insurance find.
Bank customers expect their bankers to provide them with loan and advances to make up the short fall in their required find the ability of the bank to maintain profitability depends largely on the extent to which the credit policy and debt recovery techniques is maintained.
Credit control department is the center of banks and as such , they are charged with responsibility of making proper use of the share holders finds of the public at large . The union bank of Nigeria PLC has been chosen for this work.. The study is carried out to examine the debt recovery techniques employed by union bank of Nigeria PLC towards the effective running of the bank as lending attitude and preferring solution as deemed appropriate. The case study method was adopted in carrying out the work and debt were collected from secondary and primary source. Secondary sources information include the use of existing literary coupled with use of some journals and other unpublished manuals were seen to be useful for this work.
Chapter one highlights one the statement of the researches problem, definition of some important terms used for the study, scope, limitation and hypothesis.
Chapter two dealt with relate iterative. It focuses on conceptual and theorelocal bed rock upon which bank recovery techniques is built
Chapter three and four dealt on data collection which includes questionnaire analysis, personal interview, analysis as well as testing hypothesis based on response to the questionnaire
Chapter five is the findings, conclusion and recommendation of the researcher.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE

  1. INTRODUCTIOIN
    1. Statement of the problem
    2. Purpose of the study
    3. Significant of the study
    4. Statement of Hypotheses
    5. Scope of the study
    6. Limitation of the study
    7. Definition of terms.
    8. Causes of loan delinquency
    9. Reference.

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1          Sources of data, primary data, secondary data
2.2          Population sample size
2.2.1       Description of population
2.2.2       Sample size
2.3          Instrument of data collection Description of Questionnaire
2.4          Data collection methods
2.5          Method of data presentation and analysis
2.6          Method of testing Hypothesis Reference.

CHAPTER THREE
3.1          Data presentation and Analysis
3.2          Research Questionnaire Analysis
 CHAPTER FOUR

    1.     Summary of finding , conclusion and Recommendation
    2.      Summary of finding
    3.      Conclusion
    4.      Recommendation

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX   (questionnaire)
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE

  1.       INTRODUCTION

Actually, for every successful business, there must be a debt in the sense that one person or customer must own the owner of a business. Banks are not exempted from this, this due to the activities involved in their operations.
Debts can be accrued as a result of bank over draft, frond and forgeries, borrowing and so on therefore banks recover these debts through the rules and regulations guiding the institution. The lender will explore all the available sources of repayment of the debt. The process of recovery is the cove of the management of bad debt as it is quite an unfriendly exercise carried out by the bank against a default customers to forcefully retrieve the banks money, in recovery of debt, there must be consideration of the security position of the bank, borrowers , ability to pay bank the use of debt collections recover by legal preceding and so on .
Debt recovery can be described as responsible for the effective and economic planning and regulation of operations of an enterprise in fulfillment of a given purpose or task.
Failed bank recovery debt and financial malpractices defined debt recovery as a means of any loan, advances, credit, accommodation guarantees, or any other facility, together with the interest there on which outstanding and unpaid against a customers of a bank in favour of the bank.
In recovery of debt from the borrower or customers banks do encounter problem between the customers for inability to pay. Besides, improper documentation, credit concentration, poor supervision of the funds can or may consequently make the bank to be unable to meet its obligation.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The importance of banking in economic system singles out the industry for much heavier regulations than any other. Unlike many other economic activities, banking industry involves with statutory activities that governs it practice and it is constituted by laws. The current distress in banking sector has been widely acknowledge arising primary form non performing loans which have been traced to a number of factors such as poor management, loan policy concentration of credit, credit information emphasizes on income growth and unsound judgment, found and forgeries e.t.c.
Therefore, the federal government set up the Nigeria deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) to protect the customers which would have resulted to a problem towards their operation. The Nigeria deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) was establish by decree No 22 of 1988, the banking system has been singled out for this special protection because of the vital role bank play in an economy especially in the process of economic development.
The federal government by decree No 18 of 1994 establishes failed bank (recovery of debt) and financial malpractice tribunal which has the power to recover debt owed to failed bank.
Union Bank Plc formerly known as Barcklays bank was open in Lagos in 1917, the bank first office in Nigeria was located at the old mariner in Lagos other branches were opened in Jos and Port Harcourt.
In 1925, the bank was renamed Barcklays Bank Domino colonial and oversees and it became Barcklays Bank colonial and oversees in 1954.
In 1955, Barckey Bank Domino colonial and oversees was granted licenses in 1960, regional managers were appointed for the administration of the Eastern, Western and Northern Nigeria region. As a result of the development the bank was able to open over 50 additional branches between 1959 and 1970; in 1987 Union Bank of Nigeria has over 200 branches.
In the period of 1979, the performance of the bank was impressive because about 2500 staff voluntary retired under the Union Bank model of early retirement incentive package. The total staff strength has gone done to 8911 from the 1997 figure of almost 12.00
The gross, earning has grown from N13.8 billion which showed an increase of 33% over the 10.4 billion in 1997 profit before and after tax increased from N14billion and N1.2billion in 1997 to N2.1billion and N1.7billion in September 1998 indicating an increase of 38% and 43% respectively.
Total assets increased by 27% from N81billion in 1997 to N1200 billion in 1998 while total deposit stood at N77.2 billion in 1998 representing an increase of 30% over N59.3billion in 1997.

 

 

A CASE FOR COMMUNITY RADIO IN INFORMATION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN ENUGU STATE

A CASE FOR COMMUNITY RADIO IN INFORMATION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN ENUGU STATE

 

ABSTRACT

The issue of information imbalance has generated a lot of controversy in international setting with accusations and counter accusations from both the North (developed countries) and the South (developing centrs).

This insidious phenomenon, in the name of information imbalance has crept. Into the information flow between my urban and rural areas. As an Igbo adage has it: “one should struggle for land before struggling for mat”. In the holy Bible also, there is an admonition that one should first remove the log in one’s eye to enable one see the speak in another’s.

I should first try to remedy my domestic information imbalance before joining others to condemn information imbalance at the international level.

This study “ A case for community Radio in information Balancing between the urban and Rural Areas in Enugu State” tends to support other research works done on information imbalance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background to the study
  • Problem statement
  • Significance of the study
  • Research hypothesis
  • Definition of terms
  • Limitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

  • Literature review
  • References

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • Research method
  • Research design
  • Research sample
  • Method of data analysis
  • Summary

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

  • Introduction of data analysis
  • Analysis of questionnaires
  • Analysis of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Summary and conclusions
  • Recommendations

Bibliography

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Radio developed out of scientific advances made in the fields of electricity and magnetism. The first transmission of an electromagnetic message over wire was made in 1844 by Samuel F.B. Morso. By 1861 a transcontinental high-speed electric communication system was signaling across nations.

During the period (1860s) that the telegraph and the telephone were demonstrating and perfecting long-distance communication by wire, James Clerk Maxwell predicted (1864) and Heinrich Hertz demonstrated (1887) that variations in electric current produce waves; that such waves can be transmitted through space without wires, at the speed of light.

These theories stimulated much experimentation. The most successful being guglielmo Marconi’s work in the late 1890’s. Marcomi received a patent for his wireless telegraph in 1897. By 1901, he was sending wireless dot-dash transmission across the Atlantic. Through the work of such men as Reginald Fesseaden and Lee De Forest, high quality wire less voice communication carried by electromagnetic waves become possible.    Thus the stage was set for radio broadcasting.

However, radio broadcasting came to Nigeria in stages. The first was the introduction of wire broadcasting; radio distribution or rediffusion – relay or distribution of programmes from abroad through a central receiver. This was achieved by means of wires connected to loud speakers. It was then handled by the P and T loud speakers.

Later in 1948, new local programmes were added such local programmes were news features, entertainments and local announcements. It now operated under the call sign “Radio Nigeria” the workers prepared the programmes, read the news and translated it to local languages.

An urgent need for an alternative means of broadcasting that would serve greater majority of the people came up. When the RDS was not meeting up with reaching the masses in the colonies with war propaganda. To achieve this, additional stations had to be establish first at Ibadan, then at other provincial levels.

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN COMBATING DRUG ABUSE AND NATIONAL SECURITY

THE ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN COMBATING DRUG ABUSE AND NATIONAL SECURITY (A CASE STUDY OF N.T.A. ENUGU STATE.

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CHAPTERONE

Introduction

  • Background to the study
  • Statement of the problems
  • Objective of the study
  • Scope of the study
  • Research questions
  • Significance of the stud

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

3.1 The Research Design

3.2 Area Of The Study

3.3 Population Of The Study

3.4 Sample And Sampling Procedure

3.5 Instrument For Data

Collection

3.6 Validity Of The Instrument

3.7 Reliability Of The Instrument

3.8 Method Of Data Collection

3.9 Method Of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data Presentation And Result

4.2 Testing Hypothesis

4.3 Summery Of Result

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion, Implication, Recommendation

5.1 Discussion Of Result

5.2 Conclusions

5.3 Implication Of The Research Findings

5.4 Recommendations

5.5 Suggestions For Further Research

5.6 Limitation Of The Study

References

Appendices                                                                   

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the role of tectonic media in combating drug abuse and its national implication.

Chapter two was specifically intended to find out the role of electronic media in combating drug abuse and national security.

It was revealed among other things, that factors includes peer pressure, unemployment, idleness, family disinter gratin .Thus chapter three and four high light the methods used for           the research, information were prim any collected through questionnaires and this was analyzed by simple parentage showing diverse opinion or views of respondents as regards drug abuse and its attendant problems.

Finally, chapter five went further to suggest areas of improvement and needs that will help both man agent of National Television authority in their effort to combating drug abuse in the country.               

 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1     Background to the study

Communication data back money centuries age right from   the creation of man and this painting on .the wall to the present use of scientific and methodical approaches in different spines of human pre-acceptation. it approaches the use of widely calculable media ,opportunities in on orderly target and insult –oriented manner. mass communication media me made up of print and electronic media the electronic media which will be on, main fouls ,Coleman, cable massages of .it is established for the promotion of electronic developmental development ,enhancement of education al development stimulation of political participation and arousing of national consciousness and unity ,entertaining members of the society ,among others.

Although the function of electronic media in Nigeria right from its inception in 1959, chemo not been altered, it has maintained its status quo .television is the most drama tie urban medium with of partout audience reach ,it is currently the most potent communication medium because of its edentates of sound, pictures , motion inspirational values, in door untimely .Radio coverage is no less them 90 percent effective, the use of vernacular language to convey massage makes radio a very flexible portable and available medium, it is also inexpensive

Beery government no matter its policy recognizes role of the media in national development undoubtedly, the electronic meant make gone tent contribution towards societal improvements, so with this in mind and the features already mentioned above, it con rightly be said that the electric media is the hub that holds the which of society together and it has a role to play in combating the various scrooge that afflicts man today and one of such problems that has threatened the existence of man is drug buses