RADIO AS A TOOL FOR POLITICAL EDUCATION IN THE RURAL AREAS. (A CASE STUDY OF IKEDURU L.G.A)

ABSTRACT

Political education in rural areas has to be disseminated through an effective medium which will overcome language difficult and illiteracy which serve as barriers to communication literacy.

So this study went into in-depth research and emergence with dependable result which proved radio is a very table tool for political education. This is because radio is the media that can break language barrier and also the medium capable of being used in rural areas where basic amenities like electricity has not stepped its foot.

For economics purpose, radio is also justified because almost all the rural dwellers can afford a radio set which would enlighten them in election principle and mobilizes them towards franchise exercise.

The commonness and familiarity of radio makes it possible for rural dwellers to understand messages aired through radio than other media like television and newspaper.

These facts are sub satiated with enough information, views and finding of many scholars and authorized.

Chapter one

Introduction                                                           1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of problem 4
• Objective of the study 5
• Significance of the study 6
• Research questions 8
• Limitation of the study 13

Chapter two

2.1 Sources literature

2.2   literature review                                              15

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

3.1 Research method                                              30

3.2 Research design                                                30

3.3 Research sampling                                            32

3.4 Measuring instrument                                        33

3.5 Data collection                                                  35

3.6 Method of data analysis                                     35

3.7 Expected result                                                 36

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result

4.1 Data analysis                                                    37

4.2 result of the study                                             41

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation

5.1 summaries                                                        46

5.2 recommendations                                              46

5.3 references                                                        49

5.3 bibliographies                                                   50

5.4 questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Man, since inspection has been adveaturous inquisitive, innovation and inventive, searching for greater heights and development. These extended to the sphere of communication. He has attempted to transmit information over long distances so as to rise above his primitive methods, which only covered short distances.

These efforts has been today resulted in instant communication through radio, television etc.

It is commonly known that radio plays immeasurable roles in matters of public interest and political education which started as far back as 1888 when Hertz Heinrich produce the first radio wave. This was followed by other inventions including an Italian, Guliemo Marconi (Marconi 1892:16).

Csuliemo Marconi made a success of Heinrich Hertz’s theory of electro magnetic waves by making a compass needle turn at the time a spark jump between two waves on the other side of the room. Constructing a more elaborate transmitter, Marconi suet signals across the hill. With his mother’s help, he traveled to England and successfully demonstrated the device and received support from the British post office department. He patented the new “wireless telegraph” on June 2^nd, 1896. This was the last contribution to the invention of radio, which is now a tool of political education in rural areas.

At the rinitrail stage, the device radio was bulky with an enormous antnna. However, Aborse Fleming (Fleming, 1904:163) patented a special receiving tube called Fleming valve is to amplify the incoming radio signals. It was improved again by another initiated lee, deforest who added a third element (forest 1929:164). His tube, “the Audio” was the main component of radio. The tube improved the reception capabilities aid popularity of the medium. This was how item radio came into being.

Most of the political education received in the rural areas which subsequently effects their voting patterns and decisions are received through radio. Many emirate scholars accepted this view among them is Edwin Emery, who said: “radio is every where, as a result of this, it serves as the available channel through which political leaders express their views and seek totally public backing for their polices (Emeriy 1973:61)

Politicians also recognize the role radio plays in the information of the public opinion. They are also aware of the changes assiocialised with misinjourining the masses especially in the society where the publics believe whatever they hear from the radio.

Radio is the most available and accessible tool for political education for the rural dwellers. This is because it serves both the elite and non-elite again it serves as a liquidity barrier breaker because of its ability to communicate in many languages. That is to say that radio is the most exploited tool for political education in the rural areas.

Since the revolutionary study of voting behavior by Paul LazerFeld and his associate “Lazerfeld elat 1984:151”, political research has focused mostly on predicting voting outcome with little attention given the sources of political education. It is therefore pertinent to delicate the important of radio as a tool for political education in the rural area. In the resent review of mass media and political campaigns, Atkins Charles noted that: “the most mass communication researchers studying political campaigns recognized that media messages significantly influence voters (Akins (1981:201)

A Nigerian scholar, Duyile in 1979 while appreciating the constraints of the rural dwellers, emphasized that. “The mass media: especially the radio provides the rural dwellers with appreciable political education in which they depend in making political decision in time of elections”.

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The modern political campaign is a major media event deliberately planned not only to attract attention of voters but also to get their ballots. This study is going to give reasons why radio is qualified to be the best among other in giving political education and getting many ballots for politicians.

For the fact that modern mass media are ubiquitous in urban areas and a wide coverage. Based on this the most available medium would overcome the unsuccessful political campaign records. This study will go indebt research to find the most available medium and its effectiveness.

Furthermore, this research work aims at determining why radio is the most frequent used medium in the rural area communities of Ikeduru L.G.A. Imo State.

Again it is designed to delicates the effectiveness of radio as a tool for political education in the rural areas especially in Ikeduru L.G.A Imo state.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Specially, this study will investigate radio as a tool for political education in the rural area using Ikeduru Local government area of Imo state as a case study. The study will also determine how believable the massages gotten from radio are influencing the people and the attitudinal impact such believability holds on the respondents political behavior.

This study also determines why radio is the most frequently used medium by the rural communities.

• SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study will enable journalists, politicians, political parties and other from all works of life be acquainted with the means of political education in the rural areas.

Moreover, politicians will in no small means find its research work helpful in choosing the right channel for disseminating their political ideologies to grass root voters.

Conversely rural dwellers will find its useful in assessing and selecting the right candidate for the right post. In addition this research study possesses all the credential that could attract government attention towards in improving the facilities for the dissemination of rural political education communication as well as enlightening the rural folk. This would enable them to analyze political information at their disposal.

It would certainly be valuable asset to both politicians and electorates in Nigeria especially those that reside in rural areas. this does not mean that it  is limited to the ruralities because the village remain the permanent homes of the urban dwellers. Therefore it is equally a valuable asset to politicians and electorate that reside in urban area.

The project plays an unquantificable role in identifying the shortcomings of rural political education communication.

Consequently, this will aid the rural dwellers to perform more political opinions. It will also help them to cast their votes rightly and thus bring effective governance to their doorstep for once.

Cases abound where influential politicians employ the political techniques of distributing the political techniques of distributing foodstuff like salt and rice in the villages so as to convince the people to vote for a particular party or person. This demands the need for a correct exchange of political problem that are still hidden.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study will provide answer to the following questions

• Is radio the major tool for political education in rural areas?
• Is radio reliable tool for political education in rural area?
• Can the quality and quantity of political; education aired through radio influence the political life of the rural dwellers?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HI – Radio is the major tool for political education in the rural areas.

HO- Radio is not the major tool for political education in the rural areas.

In testing the above-mentioned hypothesis using the chi-square formula to get the calculated value.

 

X² = E  (0-E)²

E

Where x²-chi-square

O – observed frequency

E – expected frequency

The working purposes, we expand the formula using the responses in table 6 to get the calculated value.

Responses	O	E	O-E	O-E2	O-E2/E
Yes	322	180	142	20,164	112.0
No	38	180	-142	20,164	112.0
TOTAL	360	360			224

 

From the above calculations, we got 224 ads our calculated value (cv). So to get the table value (TV) to test the hypothesis, we have

DF (degree of freedom)-1

Error of variance =0.05

So, from the figure table, we got .05 under 1, which is 3.841 as our table value (TV). This value will be used intesting of three (3) hypotheses.

(HYPOTHESIS II)

H2    radio is a reliable tool for political education in rural areas.

HO  radio is not the major tool for political education in rural areas.

Using the same chi-square formula and using the responses in table 7., we have the formula expanded so that we can get the calculated value.

Responses	O	E	O-E	O-E2	O-E2/E
Yes	366	180	156	24,336	135.2
No	24	180	-156	24,336	135.2
TOTAL	360	360			270

 

270 stand for calculated value and table remains 3.841 (as hypothesis).

HYPOTHESIS III

H3   the quantity and quality of political education aired through radio influences the political life of the rural dwellers.

With the same formula and using responses in the table 8 to get the calculated value we have the answer in tabular for like this:

Responses	O	E	O-E	O-E2	O-E2/E
Yes	320	180	140	19600	108.89
No	40	180	-140	19600	108.89
TOTAL	360	360			218

 

So we got 218 as the calculated, value the is 3.84.

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

The key terms are radio, tool, political education and rural areas.

I   RADIO

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

Radio is a means of communication that relies on the use of electromagnetic waves relies on the use of electromagnetic waves propagated through space at the speed of light.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Radio is that medium of communication that has maximum reach to heterogeneous air waves.

 

Ii   TOOL

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, tool is defined as anything that helps one to do his or her job.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

For the purpose of this subject, tool can be defined as that instrument, person that helps to transmit political education to rural areas.

III POLITICAL EDUCATION

Political education in this study can be taken to mean communication content of since data, which the rural dwellers deemed necessary for making vote decisions.

IV RURAL AREAS

It is a non-urbanized or village community.

• ASSUMPTION

It is assume that the researcher to a great seriousness working harder to conduct some series of research which will enable her write this project work.

It is also assume that the information in this project5 work is based on indept research.

Furthermore the information her is assumed to be helpful to both the political and government.

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

CERTAINLY THERE some factor which bring some limitations to this study.

Firstly, it encounters the in-built weanes of all research work that depend on the questionnaire i.e., the failure to capture the factors that lie outside the parameters of the text instruments.

Secondly, the study is limited by all the problems associated with mass communication research in developing country like Nigeria. This includes inability to get the needed materials on time.

Financial factor is also a limitation this study. The desired finance could not be proffered at the normal time, which made it impossible to accomplish this project on time.

Time factor is another limitation of study. There is no ample time, which would enable the researcher to carry out the comprehensive and time-honoured project on this issue.

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PUBLIC RELATIONS POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

AND AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF GOVERNMENT

PARASTATALS

(CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN RAILWAY)

ABSTRACT

 

          This project is design to cover a reverse side of public relations policy implementation and audience perception of government parastatals using Nigerian Railway corporation as a case study.

Public relations policy is as old as man, which indicates that even at the time of Adam who was created firstly was then communicating and relating with the creator (GOD) and he (Adam) was also adhore to policy imposed on him by God.

Public relations policy and its implementation is known to be the way at which individuals carry out actions, policy and orders initiated from another body in order to maintain peace, harmony, orderliness and effective communication without leakage.  This also means that public relations is a body of related principles that regulates and guides external individuals or bodies.

Nevertheless, as the case study of Nigerian Rail-way corporation, (NRCS) public relations stipulates how the corporation maintain mutual understanding with customers and staff of the corporation.  Showing the at if there is no understanding, the percentage and probability of this corporation to progress and profitability index will be zero.

This project will be of immense benefit to the student of mass communication in higher learning who are learning or practicing this profession.  Chapter one looked into the background of the study where some of the identified problems were some related literature were reviewed in chapter two.

Nevertheless, the methods we use is not any other one except the method of sample survey, because it is pertinent to use since its required different opinion from the masses about the operation of NRC Organization.  To assured that the organization has already have dent of image on their services to the masses, through this sampling survey it will be resurrected and restored to order.  The sample size used in this research work was 200.  the following were the findings.

RESEARCH SAMPLE

The researcher chose a sample size of two hundred.  The method used was random sampling four hundred (400) external and internal publics were used the population.

The line and staff of the Railway formed the internal respondents.  The external publics (respondents) were Railway passengers.

The sample size of two hundred was derived using this formula, yaro yameni formular.

n = N

1 +N (e)²

Where

n = sample size

N = population = 400

e  = allowable error = 5%

and the researcher concluded that the following were her observations:

1. Government parastatals (NRC) is perceived badly by the audience
2. Government parastatals public relations policy was shallow
3. the implementation of what is said to be the public relations policy is not efficient.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the study
• Objectives of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research question
• Research hypotheses
• Conceptual and operational definition
• Assumptions
• Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• Source of literature
• The review
• Summary of literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research method
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected results

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis
• Result
• Discussion

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary
• Recommendation for further research

Bibliography

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Public relations is a management function that helps define organizational objectives and philosophy.  Public relations practitioners communicate with all relevant internal and external publics in the effort to create consistency between organizational goals and societal expectations declared Otis W/Graig E.A (1988)

Public relations practitioners develop, execute, and evaluate organizational programs.  Their goal is to promote the exchange of influence and understanding among an organizations constituent parts and publics.

Attempts to define the public relations is frequently conflicting and generally diversen.  The statement has to do with the various definitions being given by different scholars.  As the day dawns, scholars come up with their own definition of public relations which sometimes contradict what others have written or beef up what others have written.

Some definitions list the kind of organizations that utilize public relations (all kinds), somedwell on the media used for public relation communications (all media ) and still others focus on the publics, or target audiences, with which public relations communicates (all publics) many authorities give exhaustive list of what public relations is not, while a few even claim that public relations as such no longer exists, preferring another name for the process.

Public relations is practice in organizations that range in type from giant, multinational oil companies to small, human service agencies.  A public relations manager or staff of a large corporation may be responsible for the firms relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, employees, and even foreign governments or local government parastatal.

The concern of the researcher is to determine to what extent the much he valid neglect, in efficiency and negative image of the government parastatal could be apportioned to the public relations policy and its implementation.

The current need for public relations to become more thoroughly integrated into the organizational decision –making process cannot be questioned. government agencies at all levels retrench in the face of new fiscal limitations according to James A.F. stoner (1978:103) successful managers in today’s environments are those who maintain a higher batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine the most appropriate behaviour of any given time and in actually being able to behave accordingly.

Whenever the potential for influencing public opinion exist, the issue of social responsibility becomes significant.  During the past twenty years social responsibility has become a major concern in Nigeria society.  Many thoughtful observers feel that institutions should assume responsibility for the consequences of their actions.  Within the context of public relations, according to Donald Wright 91979:56) implies that public relations people should act at all times with the best interest of society in mind.

Rex Harlow said that a public relation practitioner suggests way the organization can adjust its behaviour to meet social, political and economic responsibilities and the needs created by shifting human standards an attitudes.

Moreover, the practitioner tries to help the organization demonstrate a keen sense of social responsibility along with profit responsibility.  The logical extreme of this position, which suggests that public relations be defined as representing the public and attempting to influence management, has been argued.  It could be asserted that public relations gives the public a voice at policy-making level.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

There is generally dissatisfaction among members of the public with the public relations policy implementation (Ifay) practiced by the government parastatals.  It is a widely held view particularly by those who have one thing or the other to do with the government parastatals that there is no existence or practice of public relations policy.

Since most of the government parastatals negate this aspect of communication which is very vital in public circles, it becomes a burden and the intention of the researcher to find out:-

1. To what extent public relations policy and implementation has helped the government parastatals in their relationship with the publics.
2. To determine if there exists anything like public relations policy in the parastatals.
3. To examine the implementation of public relations policy in the parastatals.
4. To find out the perception of the publics as regards parastatals public relations implementation.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study will aim at investigating public relations policy implementation and audience perception of government parastatals.

This the researcher has set out a number of objectives which will help her to accomplish this task.

1. To show the impact of public relations policy in government parastatals.
2. To establish that good public relations policy and its implementation can turn a government parastatal around for better.
3. To show the influence of public relations in an organizational set up.

Finally, this research study will through thorough analysis of the data gathered proffer some useful suggestions that will improve the implementation of public relations in government parastatals.

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study stemmed from the fact that most public relations policies are never implemented in government parastatals and this has contributed to the problems of poor public relations in government circles.

Although this research is purely an academic exercise, it is envisaged that the outcome of the study will help Nigerian Railway corporation to reappraise her public relations polic and implementation by her public relations polic and implementation by her public relations department so as to be in position to look at its activities the way the public see it and possible readjust the style applied.

The study also will certainly help the corporation to understand correctly the basic principles of public relations and its place in an organization of its nature.

If the result, findings, conclusion and recommendations of this study will be taken serious and implemented, it is believed that it will be of immense help to Nigerian Railway corporation, government agencies, users of information public relations practitioners and so on.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were posed for this study

1. Does Nigerian Railway Corporation have a defined public relations policy?
2. Is the public relations policy of the corporation fully and efficiently implemented?
3. Are the public satisfied with the services of the corporation?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

HO:   Nigeria Railway Corporation does not have a defined public Relations policy

HI:     Nigerian Railway corporation has defined public relations policy

HO:   The public Relations policy of the corporation is not fully and efficiently implemented

HI:     The public Relations policy of the corporation is fully and efficiently implemented

HO:   The publics are not satisfied with the services of the corporation.

HI:     The publics are satisfied with the services of the corporation.

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of clarity, the following words are defined as used in this context.

Public Relations:

Work of presenting a good image of an organization, a commercial firm etc to the public, especially by distributing information.

The public conduct of the affairs of an organization with regards to its reputation and standing in public opinion.

Public:

The people at large or the community Attribute of concerning people in general.

Policy

A course or plan of action especially of administrative action.

Written statement of the terms of a contract of insurance.

Perception:

Any insight or intuitive judgment that implies or involves thrust or the knowledge, thinking, opinion and attitude of the public.

Thus subjecting the students to a very serious time constraint.

Constraint:

A thing that limits or restricts, consequently all the economic factors within the country have contributed in no small measure to the limitations of this study.

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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESS LAWS ON JOURNALIST IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF FRCN ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

The topic of this study is Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Press Laws on Journalists, using the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) as case study. The methodology of this study is the survey research methodology. Questionnaire was constructed and administered to the representative sample of the study. The analysis of data was done using sample percentages and tables for the demography of respondents and the research questions. The hypothesis were tested using the chi-square formula. The tested hypothesis showed that press laws, when properly applied enhance the regulation of the activity of journalists towards social responsibility and objectivity. However, the government use the laws as tools of suppression of journalistic activities through censorship. Nigerian journalists adhere strictly to press laws due to the fact that the government use repressive measures to implement them. This has reduced journalism to the mouth-piece of the government. Parts of the recommendations for this study are that laws which hinder effective journalism and temper with national interest issues should be removed or modified to enhance journalistic practice in Nigeria. Journalists should also utilize the opportunity of the freedom of the information Act to carry out their functions professionally.

Chapter One:   Introduction

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of the Research Problem 4
• Objective of the Study 5
• Significance of the Study 6
• Research Questions 7
• Research Hypothesis 7
• Theoretical Framework 8
• Scope of the Study 10
• Limitation of the Study                                            10
• Definition of the Terms

(Conceptual and Operational)                                       10

References                                                                    77

Chapter Two:   Literature Review

2.1    Sources of Literature                                                    14

2.2    Review of Relevant Literature                                       14

2.3    Summary of the Literature                                           37

References                                                                    39

 

Chapter Three:       Research Methodology

3.1    Research Design                                                           40

3.2    Area of the Study                                                          40

3.4    Research Population                                                     41

3.4    Research Sample                                                          42

3.5    Sampling Techniques                                                   43

3.6    Instrument of Data Collection                                      44

3.7    Method of Data Collection                                            45

3.8    Method of Data Analysis                                               46

3.9    Expected Result                                                            46

 

 

 

 

Chapter Four:  Presentation and Interpretation of Findings

4.1    Data Presentation and Analysis                                    49

4.2    Analysis of Research Questions/ Hypotheses              53

4.3    Discussion of Results                                                   60

 

Chapter Five:  Summary, Conclusion and

Recommendations

5.1    Summary                                                                      62

5.2    Conclusion                                                                    63

53     Recommendation                                                          65

 

Bibliography                                                                  66

Appendix                                                                       68

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Press laws have been designed to help guide the practicing journalist, as humanitarian advocates in carrying out their noble profession. The press has enormous powers and responsibilities entrusted on its shoulder, which if not checked, may not augur well for the society.

If any government allows the press to act as it pleased, there would be chaos in the society. Many, by acts of commission or omission by the members of the press can collide with the act, which law allows members of the society as their rights, in any democratic system. (Nwogbunyama 2007. p.1).

The press laws are age long processes which came as a result of press inability to properly use the libertarian philosophy of the press; that theory which stipulates absolutely freedom for the press was found to have given the press too much freedom which invariably led to licentiousness. A commission known as Hutchins commission headed by R. Hutchins was set up in 1947 to review that theory. The outcome of the commission’s report gave rise to the social responsibility theory, thus giving the press the freedom but with a caveat: freedom with responsibility. (Nwogbunyama, 2007, p. 369).

Over the years, the Hutchins commission report has gained respect world wide and is now regarded as one of the most important documents in the history of American press and has become a ground norm for media practice in the development countries and even in some developing nations of the Third World like Nigeria.

However, no democracy including the United States of America, has offered the press absolute freedom To allow the press absolute freedom is to run the risk of abridging the freedom of the individual and adversely affecting the society as a whole. But, whatever freedom the press may have, should be accompanied with the collorary responsibility. Responsibility helps the press to know the limits of its powers while going about its duties.

Therefore, it has become imperative that students of mass communication and the practicing journalist should study those aspects of the law that relates to their profession in order to operate successfully without infringing on the law of the society in which they operate.

On the other hand, the press has been faced with restrictions by way of codified set of laws, constitutional encouragement, obnoxious decrees amongst others. That is why the press strives for freedom. But in as much as the pres is clamoring for freedom, it should be aware that its right to freedom stops where another’s own begins.

There are however, certain laws that the practicing Nigerian journalist should adhere to which are his actual professional guideline towards achieving a great result. Suffice it to state that most countries of the world control their press through such laws like, defamation, sedition, contempt of the court, obscenity and indecent publications, invasion of privacy among others.

Therefore, these laws are made to regulate and guide the conduct of journalism in any given society.

If all journalist had the same perception of good and evil and had to avoid doing evil things and did only those things which are good, the need for press law would have been limited.

As a result, the instrument known as “press law” has to be used to regulate the activities of journalists.

In view of these assertions, this study is geared towards funding out the effectiveness of press laws on the practicing Nigerian journalists.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Press laws are designed guide to the practice of journalism. They are usually meant to streamline the activities of the journalists in carrying out their duties. Press laws became pertinent to the practice of journalism because the libertarian era which gave room for the free press engendered some kinds of report which are seen as unfit for the journalistic practice.

Press laws bring the journalists into the arm bit of professionalism and help them avoid some issues and events that can otherwise be seen as threats to individual or the nation. In other words, it is used to keep the journalist abreast of the fact that their rights to report issues and events ends where another person’s right begins.

Despite the importance of press laws to the practicing Nigerian journalists, they are still faced with such problems like limitation on their press freedom. It has also caused a lot of controversies and thus hamper the practice of journalism.

It is on this note that the researcher wants to find out the effectiveness of press laws on journalism practice in Nigeria.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objective of this study includes:

1. To find out if press law is an effective means of regulating the activities of the journalist in Nigeria
2. To find out whether Nigerian journalist adhere to media laws and ethics
3. To understand whether government use press law to censor journalists
4. To recommend ways in which press laws and journalism practice in Nigeria will be used to ensure professionalism in journalism field
5. To discover if press law has a positive effect on the practicing Nigerian journalist
6. To ascertain how press laws can enhance the activities of Nigerian journalism.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

It is all well hoped that this research work will definitely benefit the staff of Radio  Nigeria in Enugu metropolis.

This study will serve as a means to tackle most of the inherent problems effectively.

It will also help the society at large by bringing to their knowledge those laws expected to guide the practicing Nigerian journalist.

Finally, though the researchers restricted the study to Enugu environment, the result of the findings will be of immense benefit to all students of mass communication (the upcoming journalists).

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Is press law an effective means of regulating activities of the journalist in Nigeria?
2. Do Nigerian journalists adhere to media laws and ethics?
3. Does government use press law to censore journalists?
4. Can press law be said to have a positive effect on the practicing Nigerian journalists?

1.6   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H₁:    Press law is an effective means of regulating the activities of journalists in Nigeria

Ho:   Press law is not an effective means of regulating the activities of journalists in Nigeria.

H₂:    Nigerian journalist adhere to media laws and ethics

Ho:   Nigerian journalists do not adhere to media laws and ethics.

H₃:    Government use press laws to censor journalists

Ho:   Government do not use press laws to censor journalists.

H₄:    press law is said to have a positive effect on the practicing Nigerian journalist.

Ho:   Press law is said not to have a positive effect on the practicing Nigerian journalists.

1.7   THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this study, the theoretical framework the researchers intends to anchor which will provide the needed explanations and adequately address the given problem, is the social responsibility theory of the press.

This theory grew out of libertarian theory and prescribes that the press must be free to perform its traditional social functions but has to do this within the framework of the law. The theory therefore, presupposes that freedom is concomitant to obligations. (Ukonnu, 2006, pp.186).

The development of this theory owes its origin to the American commission on the freedom of the press set up in 1947 called “Hutchins Commission”. It was set up to ascertain the extent to which the libertarian theory was working. This followed the allegation that he concept of free press was a farce because there was not equal access to the media, which had become the preserve of the rich. (Ukonnu, 2006. Pp.187).

The social responsibility theory requires the individual to write with all caution and sincerity. It stresses responsibility to the society instead of freedom. Freedom without responsibility is licentiousness, near madness.

In view of the above assertions, it can be seen that from time being the press has been operating with some established laws. This according to the proponents of the social responsibility is to streamline the activities of the press and helps it operate reasonably as to offer its responsibility to the society.

However, it seem as if there are disparities in the application of these laws to the journalism practice. The westerns seem to be more operational as regards the law than the third world countries.

Nevertheless, there are laws designed to ensure social responsibility on the part of the press, so as to enable is perform its traditional function to the society.

1.8   SCOPE OF STUDY

This study is delimited to Radio Nigeria Enugu. This is as a result of time constraints and as well as the place and location of the researchers.

1.9   LIMITATION OF STUDY

There are many other problems that stemmed up during the research work in which some of them are as follows.

–       Financial Constraints – As a student, there was not enough capital to spend in transport and fact finding and borrowing of necessary literature that would have helped in the writing of this research work

–       Management constraints – The respondents especially the branch manager, did not co-operate as was expected. Also the workers in the different departments visited were reluctant in answering some of the questions asked.

All this problems not withstanding, did not prevent the continuation of the research work.

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS

(Conceptual and Operational Definitions)

In this chapter, certain words that have duplicated meaning outside this work have been carefully defined in order to guide the reader against confusing words. They are:

1. Evaluation – Conceptually, evaluation can be defined as judging or calculating the quality, important, amount or value of something.

Operationally, Evaluation means to judge the quality and important of press laws towards effective journalistic practice.

2. Effectiveness – Conceptually, effectiveness means producing results that was wanted or intended

Operationally, it means the capability of press laws to produce the intended result from the practice of journalism.

3. Press Law – These are those laws guiding the practicing Nigerian journalist.

Press – These are the journalists and photographers who work in newspapers and magazines, Radio or Television.

Law – These are the whole system of rules that everyone in a country or society must obey.

4. Nigerian Journalists – These are those that embarked on journalism profession especially those practicing in Nigerian.

Journalists – This is a person whose job is to collect and write news stories for newspaper, magazine, radio or television.

 REFERENCES

Ezeja, O. (2006) Project Writing Research Best Practice, Enugu: ANDELs publishers.

Nwogbunyama, E. (2007) Law and Ethics of Mass Communication, Enugu: Academic Publishers.

Okoro N. & Agbo, B. (2003) Writing for the Media Society, Enugu: Prize Publishers.

 

Ukonu, M.O. (2006) Dynamics of Mass Media Development in Nigeria, Enugu: Ryce Kerex Publishers.

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THE INFLUENCE OF GOLD CIRCLE CONDOM  TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT ON THE BEHAVIORAL  PARTIAL OF NIGERIAN MEN

ABSTRACT

Nigeria today  is faced with the problem of checking the uncountable cases of sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and illegal abortions etc. There is also  the  nation’s population to ensure that it does not exceed the nations natural resources least we battle one another.

With this background, we set to ascertain the influence of  Gold circle condom television advertisement on the behavioural pattern of Nigerian men.

To  do this, were  hypothesized  that :

1. Males who are exposed to Gold circle Condom television campaign report a higher incidence of use of condom prior sexual relationships than males who were not similarly exposed.
2. That males who were exposed to Gold Circle condom television campaign tend to be more favourably disposed towards family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS etc message than those who were not similar exposed.
3. There is a significant variation in the perception of the relevance  of gold circle  condom television  campaign among males  of different educational  background.
4. Among those exposed to Gold circle condom television campaign, younger adults tend to have a higher utilitarian perception of  the message of  the campaign  than  older adults.

Factors such as level of  exposure to Condom television  advertisements, prior use of condom before sex, relevance  of condom advertisements level of Education and perception  of usefulness of the campaign were examined using  percentages and tables so as  to establish their relatives impact on the influence of  condom advertisement on Nigerian men under study.

The survey research method was utilized. The measuring  instrument was questionnaires  and the sample size, 160 (32 private sector employees, 32, Government employment, 32 for people in commerce, 32 for Artisans  and 32 for students). It was  a convenient sapling  method and the 160 questionnaires  were returned.

Based on the analysis, hypothesis was accepted showing that men who were exposed to Gold circle condom Television campaign tend to be more favourably   disposed towards  family planning  messages than those  who were not similarly exposed. The 3 other  hypothesis  were accepted as the  results  showed  that  age, educational background and exposure to condom Television campaigns do have  significant  impact on usage of condom prior to behaviour and sexual relationship.

We therefore recommend that the  government, manufacturers and concerned Health   Organizations should insist  on production if high- quality condom at subsidized rates as well as  encouraging discussions  of sex- oriented  issues, introducing  sex-education to senior  secondary schools and ensuring  that the  various campaign messages reach the  grass-roots, in the  language  they would understand  so as to influence their  behaviour. It would  be necessary if the  government, manufacturers and concerned  Organizations set-up research in the use of  interpersonal communication  as opposed to Mass Communication  for health related campaigns.

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                             1
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 11
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 14
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                            15
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                      16
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS                                   17
• DEFINITION OF TERMS                                      19
• ASSUMPTIONS 22
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 23

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE       

• SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                    24
• THE REVIEW 25
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 40

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH   METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD 43
• RESEARCH DESIGN                                           43
• RESEARCH SAMPLE 44
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT 46
• DATA COLLECTION 46
• DATA ANALYSIS                                                47
• EXPECTED RESULTS 48

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA50

 

CHAPTER   FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• SUMMARY 69
• RECOMMENDATION 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                       73

APPENDIX                                                                 76

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLES OF MASS COMMUNICATION AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: (A CASE STUDY OF OBEAGA I8N AWGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE).

ABSTRACT

In his study on “Comparative Analysis of the Role of Mass Communication and Interpersonal Communication in Rural Development, a study of my town; Obeagu in Awgu Local government Area, Enugu State.  I studied the respective role of Mass Communication and interpersonal communication in rural development in order to find their exact roles, their differences and similarities, advantages and shortcomings and the likely ways both can help to enhance speedy of rural development.

The survey method of social science research was employed in this study.  Questionnaire and oral interviews were used in the data collection.

My findings revealed that:

• Mass Communication is ore effective in creating information awareness than interpersonal communication.
• Interpersonal Communication is more persuasive than Mass Communication
• Interpersonal Communication is more effective in decision making than Mass Communication.
• Government ownership of most media does not affect the rural dwellers belief of media content or messages.

Mass Communication and interpersonal communication play a vital role in rural development and both should be combined effectively in order to achieve the desired goal in rural development.

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 5
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 6
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS 9
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 10
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 12
• ASSUMPTIONS 13
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 14

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE 15
• THE REVIEW 15
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 23
  

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHOD 24
• RESEARCH DESIGN 25
• RESEARCH SAMPLE 26
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT 28
• DATA COLLECTION 30
• DATA ANALYSIS 32
• EXPECTED RESULTS 32

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• DATA ANALYSIS 36
• RESULTS 39
• DISCUSSION 45

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY 49
• RECOMMENDATIONS 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                   54

APPENDIX.                                        56

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study of communication and development has been an issue of major concern to both developed and developing countries in communication studies.  Communication, the process by which messages are transferred from a source to one or more receivers, has become a vital aspect of rural development.  Communication is a part of the myriad decisions that, taken together, constitute rural development, a collective capability to make progress socially, economically, politically or technologically.

Leaner (1967) recognized the importance of communication as a stimulus for peasant modernization, “rooted in their place and pride traditional mankind lived by its constraints – unaware of them as constraints because no communication alerted them to alternative”.  This position is supported by the fact that attempt at enlightening them (peasants) always sometimes diverted to create social change among rural dwellers.

Describing the goal of communication (in rural development) Berlo noted that the basic purpose of communication is to “alter the original relationship between our organism and the environment, which is ourselves”.

More specifically communication, Berlo said has the basic purpose to become an affecting agent, to affect others, our physical environment and ourselves to become a determining agent to influence – to affect with intent”.

Western Scholars propounded the early development theories.  Many third world nations experimented with these theories believing that the large scale adoption of mass communication will invariably lead to development or modernization at both the structural an individual levels.  These western derived theories have come under intense scrutiny and criticism.  This is because the anticipated benefits suppose to have been grained from the adoption of western oriented models have not materialized.

It has often been said that the mass media were adopted into Nigerian socio-cultural values of the nation.  The sixties and seventies witnessed the massive expansion of mass media hardware facilities in Nigeria, but while the mass media hardware developed at a tremendous rate, the software component barely kept pace.  Thus instead of having a mass media with African and Nigerian cultural content, we have western oriented cultural content (Nwuneli: 85).

Despite this shortcoming, it is commonly accepted by many well-meaning scholars that mass communication medium e.g. Newspapers, Radio, Magazine, Television, etc. are available channels through which political leaders express their views and seek to rally public back for their policies.  Politicians and non-politicians alike, also recognizes the vital roles that the mass media play in the formation of opinion, they are aware of the dangers involved in misinforming the masses especially in a society where many believe whatever they read, hear or see as the case may be, in the media.

People working in the mass media have help position of social responsibility, playing key roles in shaping the political, economic and social lives of many.  Media offers the individual the opportunity to perform services of positive values to the society.

Also in every society, there are opinion leaders.  The opinions of these leaders to a great extent influences the opinions of other members of the society.  They are looked upon for interpretation of messages in their rural communities.

The study of the role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development is peculiar and unique.  The existence and influence of mass communication, opinion leaders, family attachments, friends and other variable factors play a great role in rural development.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

This study is aimed at examining or showing a comparative analysis of the role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development.  Communication is a part of the general development process and provides the needed link between planners and their goals.  Communication and rural development are closely linked; care should be taken not to over-assume that the effect of communication in development is both automatic and total.  It only plays a vital role in (rural) development.  Communication is essential for the conduct of everyday life transmitting messages among the various parts.

Mass Communication and Interpersonal Communication undoubtedly play a very vital role in rural development, but at what level they play their role is still subject to controversy.  At the broadcast level of society, both play a crucial and obstructive roles.

Communication theories have given different and constracting roles to these forms of communications.  There is still to be a consensus regarding their roles in rural development, which plays what role, which comes first?  And which serves as a supplement to the other?  Which should be used and when should one not be appropriate?  When should both be used and at what state should both complement each other.  When is it most appropriate to use one in preference to the other?

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to examine through research questionnaires, the role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development.  This is an attempt to know how both medium of communication helps the rural man in his drive towards development through education and exposure to his environment, which help him to understand and appreciate his environment as well as having more say over his life.

The objective of the study therefore is to find the exact roles of both medium of communication in rural development, their differences and similarities; advantage, shortcoming and most likely ways both can be improved upon in order to help enhance speedy rural development.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Having studies communication and rural development critically.  It was deemed necessary to study the comparative role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development.  It was important or relevant as it would enable us find out which is more effective as regards information awareness and persuasion in rural development and find out which the rural dwellers is more exposed to.

This study would also enable us to confirm of disconfirm that rural acceptance of information for example was as a result of its authenticity, credibility, content or otherwise

It is also necessary because no known study have been done on this subject, all the studies done in the area include the role of electronic media in rural development and the general content of radio.  We studies a comparative analysis of the role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development particularly.

Furthermore, for a third world nation like Nigeria, this study assumed an added importance, given that it had been strongly in order to build a good communication policy in development programmes.  It is necessary to adopt an attitude congruent with its own value.

The question of what contribution, the result of this study would make to the already existing stock of knowledge is to enable development planners know what type of communication and at what time to use it when pursuing development programmes in the rural area.  This survey will produce much information of interest about factors affecting glistering members, exposure to communication, source credibility, authenticity, effectiveness etc.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Is mass communication more effective than interpersonal communication in creating information awareness?
2. Is interpersonal communication more effective than mass communication in persuasion?
3. Is mass communication more effective than interpersonal communication in decision making?
4. Do the source of information affect the rural dwellers believe of the messages content?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The hypotheses for this study are:

H1:  Mass communication is more effective than interpersonal communication in creating information awareness.

H01: Mass communication is not more effective than interpersonal communication in creating information awareness.

H2:  Interpersonal communication is more persuasive than mass communication.

H02: Interpersonal communication is not more persuasive than mass communication

H3:  Interpersonal communication is more effective than mass communication in decision-making.

H03: Interpersonal communication is not more effective than mass communication in decision-making.

H4:  Government ownership of communication media make the rural dwellers to disbelieve the content of those media.

H04: Government ownership of the media does not make the rural dwellers to disbelieve the content of those media.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS – CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL

Roles:      Function, part a subject or an object play or perform.

Interpersonal Communication:       Communication between two or small group of people.

Mass communication:     The act or process of transmitting information, ideas of opinion from a source to a diverse audience.

Development:  This refers to social change and economic growth i.e. increase in per capita income of a country.

Rural:      Agriculture, remote or isolated area.

 

OPERATIONAL TERM DEFINITION

Roles:      Function and impact of mass communication and interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication:        Communication between friends, family members, community planners and rural members communication between opinion leaders and rural members.

Mass communication:     Refers to electronic and print media.

Development:  Social change, willingness to accept new ideas and change.

Rural:      Remote areas.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

In studying the comparative        analysis of the role of mass communication ad interpersonal communication in rural development, it is assumed that everyone in the study is aware of both mass communication and interpersonal communication and have been exposed to both mass communication and interpersonal communication.

Also, an assumption was made that even though other factors, like usefulness of message and intelligence of an individual may affect understanding, the factors are controlled through the systematized random sampling procedures.

This ensures that subject of a particular level of intelligence with particular use for a message are in the same and also in the larger population.  This study also assumed that the subjects for this study are to be found among the rural dwellers themselves which include or who are mainly farmers, traders, teachers, local government officials, civil servants, traditional doctors and students.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research effort was intended to present a comparative analysis of the role of mass communication and interpersonal communication in rural development.  However, because of financial and time constraints, instead of conducting a nationwide rural survey, the study was restricted to Obeagu in Awgu Local Government Area, Enugu State.

Non-availability of empirical and theoretical literatures in this area of study was a further problem to this research effort.

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