LANGUAGE PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA BROADCAST MEDIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                                1

1..1    Background of the study                                                          1

• Research Problem 8
• Objectives of the study 9
• The scope of the study 10
• Significance of the study 11
• Hypothesis                     12

CHAPTER TWO

THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• The review of literature 14
• Summary of the literature review of literature 34

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Sample 37
• Measuring Instrument 37
• Data Collection 38
• Proposed method of data analysis 39
• Sampling Population 39

CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

• Distribution of respondent by sex 41
• Researcher’s survey 44
• Distribution by age
• Distribution by respondents by marital status
• Distribution of respondents by educational qualification or background
• Distribution of respondents occupational background
• Researcher’s survey
• Testing of hypothesis
• Hypothesis number one
• Statistical table 51
• Hypothesis number two
• Statistical  table
• Hypothesis number three
• Statistical table

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH

5.1          Summary of research                                                     56

5.2          Findings                                                                           57

5.3          Conclusion                                                                       59

5.4          Questionnaires                                                                62

5.5           Bibliography                                                                    66

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND

This study was prompted by the prevailing circumstances surrounding the contemporary Nigerians concerning language and communication (broadcasting) broadcasting media  since. Its inception has  been serving as a means of communication through which an individual shares in the world around him and beyond his immediate environment. By this if means that with broadcasting Nigeria has to partake of ideas them  to adjust to the  challenges of industrialization and adopted of innovation. What then is the language that is appropriate far this challenges a head of us? Can this 250 languages spoken in Nigeria make a headway or are we to adopt one and only languages since we claim to  be a developed nation far effectiveness for our broadcasters.

One appreciates that this topic has many dimensions. It could be looked at from the purely linguistic, the communication (both mass and inter personal) from the political the economic, the social as well as the cultural. An attempt will also be made to examine as many of this factors as possible under the following sub titles.

The problem of multilingual society.

The origin and nature of language

The language experiments  in other part of the world and the language for Nigeria.

The key variables language and “broadcasting have provoked very any discusses in the past to  make this one not too necessary.

The very crucial role of language in broadcasting and consequently the great impact of the turn variables to  human communication makes the study of language and its relationship to better communication an essential condition. Both language and broadcasting serve as means to communicate ends. While language serves as means of broadcasting both radio and television, serves as a medium mass communication. When we think of language, we think of syutax and of course attach conventional sense and usage to our expression.

For the development of the elements of human communication, these is need for language acquisition of language and its proper use call for the marriage of roles between the linguist and the grammarian. There is a value immediately suggested in the fact that the current grammar of a language focuses upon actual language behavour instead of “paper language” as Havens (1965) calls ordinary linguistic material. In addition, as for as the study of language is concerned there is a distinct advantage in stressing actual acquisition of responses of speaking and reading.  When we think of the language acquisition, we do not think of the acquisition of just words and ideas in solution. We should think of the acquisition in a wider centext of the district ability  to express attention using language as a means of modifying behavlour as a means of discovery and proper adjustment to  our environment. We should think of the acquisition in a wider context of the district ability to express intention, using language as a means of modifying behavour, as a means of modifying behaviour, as a means of discovery and proper adjustment to our environment.

Language thus generated function to communicate general attitudes towards life, creating what  the anthologist Bronislour malinowish call “ a phatic communion” a type of speech in which these types of union are created by a more exchange of words. Attaining this state envisaged by malinewise calls for skill a still borne out of good grip on the means of achieving this end. Acquisition of this special skill call for the ideas of been “Jack of all trade but mastery  of none” far this skills to be established and maintained we have to adopt and maintain one language only.

To be more precise, the broadcast communicator because the deals in more instantaneous way with this cliff tool, language, should not only be skilled on the control of all his resources, he should be a linguist and in fact,  a grammarian. If is obvious that how adjustments are made is conditioned by the speech techniques that have been imposed upon the individual by the cultural circumstances in which he is reared. Just as he is made to act in a way, so is he required to speak in a certain manner. The fact that language is an important key to verbal human communication goes to stress the vital role assigned to linguistics.

Jesperson notes that the desence of language human activities on the part of  are individual to make him understood by another and an activity on the part of the other to understand what was in the mind of the first. Wards and forms are treated as if they were things or natural objects with an existence of their own. When a doctor fails to cure his patient, it is after because he has arred in his diagnosis. His treats tuberculosis when  the object of the attract is really, pernicious  anemia.

This is the same case when it comes to language as a problem to broadcasting media in Nigeria today. Instead of adopting are and only language we went as far as obtaining about 250 languages there by creating a serious problem as far as communication is concerned . As William Shakepeare put it in king Lear “ mend your speech as a little lest it mar your fortune” I believe that is the first insurance against our chaotic language situation and to promote national integration we must head Shakespeare’s advice  to “mend our speech a little”.

Further more, our ethnic language limit the economic range of the individual, particular, as explained earlier, the illustrate members of our society who do not understand the English language. With bare home education by her father, herself as one of the greatest writes of the English language. Her success, apart from the innate factor, has been attributed to  her being convenient with the language in her day to day life. She was bore in it, lived in  it  and works it. But in this country if anyone does not have at  least a credit in English  language at the school certificate or its equivalent, he is doomed.

Apart from religicn, it is generally agreed that the greatest causes of wares is perhaps language differences. Language is what mainly distinguishes are tribes from other. Because there are many languages in a  country there is tribalism. These and some other dangers on language as far as communication ( broadcasting) is concerned as could be seen in the literature review. An appraisal of the above will put are in no doubt that the researcher’s decision to delve into this problem is rational, justified and worthy, if the statement of Jane Austen is deemed to be true because if the nation will be mindful enough to choose are and only language I feel every one not only broadcasting media will be like Jane Austen.

This is because everybody will be conversant with the language in her to day life and as a result there will be effectiveness in all ramifications.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

In  this project topic attempt will be made to examine this problems such as the difficulties which a multingual society has caused to over broadcasting media in the Nigeria contest questions such as the origin and nature of language. What is language? How does it work ? How do  ever  established the areas of common interest  in languages generally. The language experiments in other pats of the world. The language for Nigeria. There are the major  removable problems we vented to tackle and provide solutions to its study.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study stands to achieve the following purpose. To study the language problems of multilingual society. To know the origin and nature of language. To choose the language that is suitable for communication e.g broadcast media in Nigeria.

To establish one and only language as an indigenous language throughout the country for proper and effective broadcast commination in the country.

 

• THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is  generally centered an the topic “ language problem in Nigeria broadcast media. A lot of efforts have been made to make sure that the  sub –topic discussed does not go beyond the scope of main topic. Although the study will look into such issues as language and communication. But the main focus is to climate the 250 languages adopted in Nigeria and to establish one only for communication such as broadcast media in the Nigeria context.

 

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There is virtually no group of individual in the contemporary Nigerian nation that cannot benefit from this study. This topic has been a controversial issues facing everybody especially communication exports, practicing journalists, potential journalists, Agriculturists, baking industries and a host of others.

It is to prove beyond any reasonable doubt that as a result. Nigerians have become jack of all trade but mastery of non when it comes to language and communication but more emphasis is laid in broadcast media.

If this objectives are achieved, people will no longer find it difficult to communicate they  will be in a better position be born and breed into a particular language and there will be more effectiveness for broadcasting media when it comes to spoken and written languages.

• HYPOTHSIS

1. Language has posed a very big problem in Nigeria as far as broadcast communication is concerned .
2. Many options have been proffered in both newspaper articles and in discussions by Nigerians.

• Some people have suggested that since many Nigerians understand the pidgin English and so it should be adopted as a national language to the exclusion of others.

1. One other suggestion is that a nations language should be allowed to develop unconsciously from al he forms of communication privately in the country.
2. Some say that the three major languages should be adopted namely: Hausa, Igbo and Yaruba for broadcast
3. Some suggest that Nigeria should adopt one of the indigenous language correctly spoken in the country.

• The final proponet is that the English language should be adopted as language for communication .i. e (broadcst) to the exclusive of al others.

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PRESS AS A VEHICLE FOR EFFECTIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF IDEMILI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                            1

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8
• PURPOSE OF STUDY 10
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 12
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY 14
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 15

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• LITERATURE SOURCE 17
• THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 17
• THEORETICAL FRAME WORK. 23

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.                                    30

• RESEARCH METHOD 30
• TARGET POPULATION 31
• SAMPLE SIZE 31
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 32
• RESEARCH DESIGN 33
• DATA COLLECTION 34

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

• SUMMARY 56
• CONCLUSION 58
• RECOMMENDATION 60

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                    62

APPENDIX                                                             64

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In a complex society like ours the role which the press radio, television, newspapers, magazines and all forms of communication can play in effective rural development should not be over emphasized. Like other agents of development such as learning, the press especially the newspaper is very important in the proper development of our rural communication. The press as the fourth estate of the realm has other vital roles to play in the current campaign for effective rural development apart from its traditional roles as the watch dog of the society.

A lot has been written about rural development. This is because of its importance in the development of the individual, his life style  and with a view to making him satisfied, as well as making available those non existing facilities in a rural  area, for the good of the inhabitants. “ Rural development, thus according to Akonobi is:

Economic and social conditions not surprisingly, in the  past ex-president Babangida’s rural development programme as from the majority of Nigerians and is still hailed to some rural areas. The programme not misery, it makes a progressive shift in publics and its policies are similar to that of general Abacha’s family support programme (FSP) and petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) . In our contemporary existence as a democratically independent nation, the lots of rural dwellers, these inhabitants situated in the hinterlands, far away from the urban areas, pleasure of life goodies and all those aspect that ensure man as a living and existing being has been one of nation’s deprivation, illiteracy, disease and vast poverty and total degradation.

As if the above unseeingly situation is not enough for these rural peasants access roads are completely lacking clean drinking water is luxury while social amenities are practically not available. Research have shown that over 70% (percent) of the entire population live in the rural area, yet, the bulk of nations wealth especially in agriculture are from the uninhabitable rural areas. Hence completely disenchanted and alienated. These peasant, rural inhabitants have come to see the urban dwellers with envy and resentment, seeing the government as being meant for the urban dweller. Past regimes potently ignorant of the realities and of course the practicalities. General Babangida in his blue print for rural development said : “ rural development holds the key, to sustained agricultural transformation and national food security.”

After these too, the IBB administration in her effort to accomplish the prime objective, came up with the directorate for food, road and rural infrastructure, (DEFR). This directorate is changed with the responsibility of carrying the campaign for  development in  the rural areas.

Extensively, as a part of the idea to make rural dwellers have a sense of belonging and participate in the process of national economic reconstruction and self – reliance. Ikem Nosu is one  of his books says that:

“These facilities range, from good water, electricity, recreational facilities, judicial and other institution etc. it is thus all embracing “.

The then Minister of information Col. Anthony Ukpo spoke of government plan to construct information centres, both in the rural area. He explained in an NTA Calabar (not seat) programme. These  information board will serve as centre for disseminating informations and explaining government policies to the rural populace”.

Equal too, different local and state government mapped our different programmes aimed at ensuring fast and effective rural development programme that is channeled towards rural development. The joint  action on development’ (JAD) is social amenities, good roads etc. Idemili North local government area like every other local government in Anambra state, in line with ‘JAD’s programme has added special programme on adult education as their own contribution towards effective rural development in the state.

From the foregoing, therefore, bearing in mind the continuous existence of development programmes in various states, we shall take a step to examine the role which the press can play in solving the problem s facing these rural dwellers. For the purpose of this work emphasis is more on the newspaper having considered its bearing as compared with the radio and television.

Newspaper plays a prominent / vital role in the information dissemination in our society, in the current campaign for effective rural development despite its traditional roles as an observer of the society.  The press is seen as a mirrow to what’s happening and it gives representative picture and giving choices in other words, the print is more accessible in accordance to this Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe said:

“That a newspaper is usually a reflection of the mood of times” apart from its lasting power, its cast is usually lower than that mostly the well to do. In most cases incessant power failures don’t make things better. In other words the print is more accessible. Hence if carefully preserved they will last long.

According to emerg et al. they exist to inform and influence the communities in which they are performing and the man who produces them share a common urge to news and advertising into print. Like wise opubor in one of his unpublished article said that:  “the mass media like weather are always then provide constant material for conservation.

Moreover, with the present introduction of different programmes and campaign on development, like social, political and economical programmes ie. Universal Basic Education (UBE) to support the existing programmes like (FEAP) family economic advancement programme, newspaper can work along side with these mapped out programmes to improve the poor man’s well bring (rural dwellers). The newspapers can help by communicating to the masses in the rural areas the government programme aimed at developing them: move to its credit, the newspaper can act as the middle man (ombudsman) between the rural dwellers and the government.

Hence the community newspaper, and urban newspaper and the national newspaper performs the ombudsman’s function for the rural and urban respectively.

Furthermore, the newspaper can encourage the spirit of community development in the people. They can be persuaded to involve themselves in developing their communities through self help project. Yet the newspaper do not exit without problems in carrying out this task of rural development for instance, the government control on newspapers and intervention on ownership makes it impossible for them to perform out rightly, instead they serve as government mouthpieces. Illiteracy is another type of problem which the press do encounter:  A large population of the ruralities are illiterates and this hinders any progress newspaper can make. In view of these situations therefore, this research is set to find out the parts which the press (especially newspaper can play in rural  development.). hence the focus is on Idemili Local Government Area Anambra State.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In a democratic country like ours, the importance of the press cannot be over emphasized the press despite that is an important key to success but it is very useful in development process. The press encompasses the responsibilities of informing, educating, persuading the entire populace. Apart from these traditional functions of the press, they still harness rural skill and agriculture.  Stem the fide of urban migration etc. all these are to help the rural folks to participate in the development of the nation and instill a sense of competition among the populace.

As a means of accomplishing the above objectives, it is imperative to make information flow across the nation a two – ways process. Before now, dissemination of information fend to from the urban to peripheral regions. No serious moves were made to understand the needs serious moves were made to understand the needs of the people that are situated in the hinterlands. Far away from the urban cities, which form a part of their readership audience.

It should re noted that without understanding, the needs conditions and desires of these ruralities, they cannot be developed. Information should  be made to flow from every direction in multiple ways. As a result of this, there is the need to establish a rural radio forum, informations booths should be  introduced and should be encouraged.

Through the press has undergone may transformations resulting in setting up of many community newspapers how far they have gone in improving the lots our rural dwellers is till doubtful and the fact that they news stand.

More painful is the stance that even now that the country is laying more emphasis on rural development without implementing them some Nigerian newspapers do not realize the need to bridge the information gap by orientating people on the new demands of them. Today’s’ events show that government can no longer do all things for the citizenry especially rural dwellers. So it is necessary for the press (newspapers) to nature and enrich the new direction by bring authentic to achieve an effective rural development.

In agreement with the importance of the press in development, late elder statesman, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe mentioned in a press interview that it would play more for the favourlist to channel greater development in all section. This relates the importance of press in developing and enlighten the rural dwellers not only the urban dwellers.

Hence in this research work, the problems include:

1. finding out whether or not the press is reforming is role in rural development.
2. finding out if the efforts made by newspapers in improving its present plans (efforts at rural development)
3. Finding out whether or not the ruralities view the efforts of the press as effective means of enhancing their rural development.
4. Finally, finding our problems which the press may encounter in its efforts to carry out these responsibilities.

 

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To find out the actual influence of the press on community development capabilities of rural dwellers in Idemili Local government area. To be precise thee main purpose of this work is to find out how far the press has changed or influenced the attitudes of rural dwellers towards developing their communities.

Apart from the aforementioned purpose. This study will imbibe in their mind, the spirit of self help and peaceful co-existence because development does not start with good, and things rather it starts with people their, orientation, organization and discipline thrives. Therefore, it is the aim of this research to evaluate the efforts of the press.

It is also pertinent to point out that the co-coordinators or the producers of these community development programme would like to know whether they have any influence on the rural dwellers, the extent of such influence and whether there are any completing variables that may also influence the developing capabilities of these ruralities. In view of this situation, this study will Idemili local government area.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As pointed out earlier, the present administration has viewed rural development as one of universal basic education (UBE) and other social economical and wealth campaign programme at the national level and joint action on development (JAP) at the state level (Anambra state)  into support already existing development programmes by the past regime. Based on this research is to find out to what extent the behaviour objective has been met and how to improve on the effort being made.

However, this study is more than necessary in view of the fact that the press is capable of diew of the fact that the press is capable of generating competition which may eventually lead to rural development. Therefore, it is imperative that this study be undertaken to evaluate how well the press has gone in accomplishing the above objectives in Idemili local government area.

In another development though the press is almost available at all, level of the country this research aims at finding out how far the proposition that information flow from the urban cities to the periphery is wrong or correct and since the press has a role to play in the development of rural areas receive information from the available information. This research tends to reveal whether the rural folks in Idemili are properly informed and how far such has influenced their attitudes towards community development.

Moreover, this work is also aimed at making recommendations that will help to improve the lot of rural communities in Idemili local government area. The recommendation will also help to correct any mistake and make possible suggestions that will assist in rural development. These recommendations will come at the end of this research work.

 

 

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This work is limited to Idemili to local government area of Anambra State. However, this is as a result of several factors as would be seen below. One is finance, which almost hindered the writing of this project. The cost of living ands necessities seem to be rising as days passers by, at an alarming height and the cost of producing this work will not be an exception.

Another factor that is a limitation to his project is time factor. There is no gain saying that time is an essential factor in any undertaking work, since it is known especially in a project like this and a semester that is as short a this. It was very difficult to attend lectures, study privately, have some time on your own, act at the same with this short period travel down to Idemili local government headquarters and finally work on this project.

Again, transportation and bad roads also  proved a stumbling block in effort to make this research work a success, bearing in mind the high cost of transportation. It was also difficult reach the communities the unwelcome attitude of fact finding. the unwelcome attitude of some of the villagers proud too reluctant and uncivilized despite the good sense/ manner of approach used. One of those interviewed at Oba village in Uke for instance asked what right the researcher had to confront him with question and why it was him that is being interviewed. Perhaps, he must have thought that the researcher was trying to find out the taxable adults in the locality.

Moreover, lack of communication books and well equipped library was a set back in efforts carry out this research work, to worsen the carryout this research work, to worsen the situation the ones found in stock, no time make enough research on them because are too expensive.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What efforts have the press made in improving its present performance towards rural development?
2. What are the problems facing such effort .
3. What are the possible solutions to the problems?
4. To what extent does the influence of the press effects the improvement of rural development?
5. what are the problems that tends to influence the efforts of the press in improving rural development?

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ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADVERTISING AND THE VOTING BEHAVIOR OF NIGERIANS (A CASE STUDY OF 2007 GENERAL ELECTION)

ABSTRACT

 

Before now, Nigerian and of course Nigerian have embattled with several transition programmes, and all along the populace exhibited a high sense of political awareness and consciousness.

This no doubt can be attributed to the creditable nature of the numerous media in the country through political advertisement. Just like every advertisement, political advertisement is aimed at capturing the attention of the audience and consequently changing their voting decision owing to the fact that we are yet to attain a substantial level of political sophisticated where a voter will meticulously and critically analyze every political information coming from the mass media which will in turn aid them in the scrutiny of each of the political party and their candidates.

Also politicians and political parties have sincerely handled employed various other means of advertising their candidates, all to facilitate voting at the polls. However, the creditability of some of these means is still in doubt.

Matured and proper political advertising is the only way by which the candidates can gain acceptance and respect voters. It is for this reason that this research study intends to highlight the immense benefit of political advertising.

CHAPTER ONE

 

• Background of The Study

Advertising is a form of communication (written or oral) that attempts to sell something weather it takes the form of Newspaper, magazine, radio, television, internet etc.

On the other hand, advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers, or listeners) to purchase a particular goods or services. It is also a paid communication overtly intended to inform and influence one or more people.

Political advertising is the act of paying a broadcasting or electronic medium by a political party in order to purchase advertising time.

The media ensure sustainable election campaign by rightly disseminating vital political awareness through which they motivate voters to go to election polls and effect their leaders.

Politicians have used broadcast and print media to disseminate their messages since 1950, this is because they recognize the role the media play in shaping and forming the opinion of the voters. The media have traditionally been viewed as channels through which political advertising is placed in order to reach as main people as possible.

In 1952, Eisenhower was the first American presidential candidate to use television to transmit his political message forever changing the nature of political advertising. In 1960, the television debate between Kennedy and Nixon was supplemented by advertising that were more about style than substance.

Nixon’s serious advertising which featured him hovering over a desk and speaking directly to camera, was a few cry from Kennedy’s bubble jungle like advertising.

However, as the 2011 election of Nigerian gubernatorial, senatorial and presidential seats draw near, a lot of political advertising posters and jungles troop into print and broadcasting media. Every candidate want to be heard of by the vote for them when the time comes. Some go as advertising campaigns, disclosing their manifestos ie. what they will do when voted into power.

The media uses the agenda setting power to shape the opinion of voters, convincing them to vote for a particular candidate. The accepting whatever the media disseminates because they believe that whatever they see or hear from the media is truth.

Since the revolutionary study of 1940 on voting by Paul Lazards and his associates, when analyzing the 1940 election campaigns in the United States of America in the choice of the people, they discovered that personal contact appears to have effect in influencing voting decisions. As a result of this, political researchers have focuses mostly on predicting voting outcomes with little attention of political advertising on the people of Nigeria. It is therefore crucial not only to declinate the importance of political advertisement but it’s effect on the voting behavior or Nigerians.

In 1963, Richard Nixon writes that campaign contributes to the dense and rise of politicians Dan Dimmo after noting that high expenses that accompany political campaigns, remarked that politicians are willing to spend extravagant sums of money because they strongly believe that electoral campaign can make or mar political careers, parties, progreammes etc.

In the same vain, Nigerian Chis Doghuje said, in a paper presentation titled, political advertising and non-though, which was presented at a seminar organized by Advertising Practitioners Council Of Nigeria (APCON) on November 27th – 29th 1991 that “Politicians should depend on advertisers to package them”.

• Statement of The Problem

During election periods, a lot of advertisements are carried out on television, radio, billboard, pamphlets etc. to inform and advise voters to go to poll and vote candidates of their choice. What impact does these advertisements have on the voters? Do they react positively to them by coming out on election days to vote candidates of their choice? If they don’t why? Does it means they don’t really get the messages appropriately or have they other means of being politically alerted.

 

• Objective of The Study

• To know the impact of political advertising on Nigerian voters
• To know the mass media that influences voters most
• To know how voters react to political advertising
• To enlighten the masses on how to analyse political information.

 

 

 

 

• Significance of The Study

This study will help in finding out the effect of political advertising.

It will also help in knowing the media of communication that influences the voters most.

It will aid politicians to appreciate the effect of political advertising.

It will educate the masses on how to analyse political information at their disposal.

 

• Research Questions

This project provides answers to the following research questions

• Through which medium do voters usually get their information from?
• What is the influence of these various media, used in disseminating political advertising?
• Will the voters continue to rely on political advertisement as their means of getting political information?
• Will the politicians continue to use political advertisement as their means of campaign

 

• Research Hypothesis

H₁:    Political advertisement influences the voting behavior of the voters in Nigeria

H₀:    Political advertising does not influence the voting bevhaiour of the voters in Nigeria

H₂:    The basic aim of political advertising messages are geared towards influencing voters.

H₀:    The basic aim of political advertising messages are not geared towards influencing voters

H₃:    The majority of voters also tend to believe that political influence they get from non media sources like parents, clubs, social organization and churches.

H₀:    The majority of voters don’t tend to believe the political influence they get from non media sources like parents, clubs, social organization and churches.

 

 

• Theoretical Framework

AGENDA SETTING THEORY

This theory was first developed by Prof Maxwell McCombs and Prof Donald Shaw in their Chapel Hill Study (1968). The theory talks about how mass media sets the agenda fro public opinion, by highlighting certain issues. In studying the was political campaigns were covered in the media, Shaw and McCombs found that the main effect of the news media was to set an agenda, ie. to tell people not what to think, but what to think about as opposed to persuasion or attitude change.

During political advertising, the mass media can influence voters opinion by setting an agenda on public discourse.

The agenda setting theory also said that the news media present the public not with picture of the world as it is but with an agenda of their own-a selecting of reports about what is happening in the world.

According to Mark Eze, “an audience member will adjust his or her perception of the importance of issues in the direction corresponding to the amount of attraction devoted to those issues in the medium used”. In order words, the public’s agenda will come to match the media agenda.

In political advertising, the media set the agenda through the use of jingles, political platforms which the candidates for election and their supporters will necessarily feature in. In these jingles, the media use catchy words and alluring languages that will make the audience to thin about, for instance, the current advert of Goodluck Jonathan that is being aired on hourly and daily basis have made people to think that his name “GOODLUCK” is associated with everything good. This is because the jingles portray Jonathan as a good man, who will bring goodluck and good things to Nigeria.

The media is this aspect has set an agenda in place for people to think about and make better decisions.

 

• Definition of Terms

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

ASSESSMENT:   This simply means evaluation or estimation of something or idea.

POLITICAL:        Relating to government or public affairs of a country.

ADVERTISING:   The act of publicizing a product in order to promote sales or attendance.

POPULACE:       All the ordinary people of a particular country or idea.

BEHAVIOUR:     The way in which something behaves or respond to a situation or stimulus.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

ASSESSMENT:   To examine something or idea

POLITICAL:        Conduct of government affairs.

ADVERTISING:   This is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor.

POPULACE:       This refers to the general public

BEHAVIOUR:     This has to do with ones attitude or reaction to a situation.

 

• Scope of The Study

This study covers the use of mass media like the radio, magazines, television and other non media sources in disseminating political information.

This study is carried out in some perspective town in three sectional zones of Nigeria.

 

• Limitation of The Study

I embarked on this study with a burning desire to produce an authentic result oriented project.

In pursuit of this noble idea, I encountered some problems

The nature of the study requires the administration of questionnaire which places a lot of financial burden on me.

In the distribution of the questionnaire, there are also difficulties I encountered.

For the fact the project is sensitive, the respondents are hesitant and reluctant to answer the questions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

1. Asante M & Fyre J. (1979) Contemporary Public Communication, Washington DC; Suminact Publication.
2. Datz (1999) Social Research on Broadcasting: Proposal for Further Development; an International Quarterly vol. 6. Pg. 108.
3. Onwudiegwu C. (1991) Political Advertising Matters Arising; Lagos Nigeria: Times Publishing Company Ltd. Pg. 8.
4. Peltason, Cronin & Magleby (2000) (Peltason et al 2000) Government by the People (National Version) New Jersy: Rentice-Hall Inc.
5. Sammuel Merill, III & Benard Grofman (2005) A Unified Theory of Party Computation; New York: Free Press.
6. Stephen and Shato Iyengar 91997) Going Negative: How Political Advertising Shrink and Polarize the Electorate, New York: Free Press.
7. Ugokwe C. (1991) General Vs NPN Warlords; Lagos Vanguard Publishing Company Ltd. Pg. 7 Retrieved From pointblanknews.com.

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN COMMUNITY BANKING

(A CASE STUDY OF NNEBUIFE COMMUNITY BANK NIGERIA LIMITED ENUGU).

ABSTRACT

Public relation could be defined a deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public.

The purpose of this study is to find out a how public relation is practiced at the Nnebuife community Bank Nigeria Limited, Enugu.

The questionnaires administered to the customer, staff and shareholders of the Bank were used in obtaining data for the study.

It was found that Nnebuife community Bank regards public relation as a management function, and as such is given extreme attention by the Bank.

Further study revealed that Nnebuife community Bank treated its customers very well as well as its shareholders, and the employees hence they were all happy to form the publics of the Bank.

The Bank also provided the best financial service possible and values; that is treating their customers with the best services, quality, merit and so on. And this has gone a long way in helping the Bank to survive despite the numerous competitions ensuring in commercial banks and the banking industry in general.

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

Introduction —————————————-1

• Background of the study ————————–3
• Statement of problems——————————4
• The purpose of the study—————————-5
• Scope of the study————————————5
• Research Questions———————————-6
• Significance of the study—————————-7
• Limitations of the study—————————–8
• Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO; REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• What is Public Relations—————————11
• Corporate Image————————————-13
• In-House Public Relations————————- 15
• Public Relations Practice at Nnebuife Community Bank (nig) Ltd.
• Organisational /structure of Nnebuife Community Bank (Nig.) Ltd.

2.6.1 Publical Environment——————————————————19

2.6.2 Economic Environment—————————————————-19

2.6.3 Social Environment———————————————————20

2,6,4  Legal Environment——————————————————– 20

Social Responsibility——————————————————— 21

2.8 Public Relations Practitioner————————————————–23

2.8.1 Ability to communicate——————————————————23

2.8.2 Likeability———————————————————————23

2.9 Public Relations Media——————————————————24

Bank Shareholders Relations—————————————————26

2.12Bank Mass-Media Relations———————————————-26

2.13 Bank Staff Relations—————————————–27

• Nigeria Institute of Public Relations———————27
• CHAPTER THREE; METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design——————————————-29

3.2 Area of Study———————————————- 29

3.3 Population for the Study——————————— 29

3.4 Sample and sampling Procedure————————30

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection————————- 30

3.6Method of Data Collection——————————-31

3.7 Method of Data Analysis——————————- 31

 

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Section One

4.2 Section Two

4.3 Section Three

 

CHAPTER FIVE;  SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation—————————————44

References—————————————————-46

Bibliography————————————————–47

Appendix I—————————————————–48

Appendix II—————————————————-50

Appendix III—————————————————-52

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table           Title

• Occupational Distribution of the

Respondents in percentage

• Distribution of Respondents in years

Of Transaction with Nnebuife community Bank

• Distribution of Respondents on the

Type of Account Operated.

• Distribution of Respondents on their

Relationship with the Bank

• Distribution of Respondents on their

Perception of the Bank.

• Distribution of Respondents on some

Questions about Public Relations in Nnebuife community Bank

• Distribution of Respondents on the

Number of years of service with the Bank

• Distribution of Respondents on condition of

Services at nnebuife community Bank

• Distribution of Respondents on whether they are

Happy with their job

• Distribution of respondents on the

Whether public relations practices extended to the staff.

• Distribution of respondents on knowledge of some public

Relations Practices embarked upon by the Bank.

• Distribution of respondents on the number of

Years of shareh9olding with the Bank.

• Occupational distribution of the

Respondents in percentage.

• Distribution of respondents on the type of

Account being operated.

• Distribution of respondents on how they rate

Nnebuife Community Bank

• Distribution of respondents on attendance of

Any public functions of the Bank.

• Distribution of respondents on whether they have

Received any dividend as a mark of co-ownership of the Bank

• Distribution of respondents on the

Image perception of the Bank

• Distribution of respondents on their

Relationship with the Bank.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The banking industry is a service oriented one.  For any service to be desired, there must be a conscious need for it, such a need must be generated by the knowledge of its ability to satisfy customers, requirement

(Okigbo 1990:237).

Generally, community Banks are run on the basis of profits notive, and they all know the importance of public consent to their continued existence and survival.  People are generally influenced by their belief and impression of certain banks and how they perceive these banks determines the way they will patronize them.

A Community Bank should strive to make plans on how they expect to be perceived by the members of the public, and this image can be communicated through the services offered by the bank; the attitude of the bank’s employees as well as the activities came out by the bank.  Since “reputation” is very important in a bank”s growth, the role of public relations cannot be under-estimated.  At best its practice and importance are recognized more as a useful effective tool of corporate image promotion.

The attitude of the Public towards an organization will determine its credibility.  These attitude could be positive or negative depending on how the organization earns the reputation or image it deserves.

Public relations, which is a two-way communication process involves working with public opinion.  Public relations experts or bridge builders attempt to influence public opinion in a way that is positive to the Babnk they are working for.  It is the responsibility of the public relations expert to disseminate information on what the Bank does and how it does it.

The basic tool for public relations is “communication”. Sequel to this, a public relation personnel must endeavor first to know what the public opinion is through research, how to uphold, correct or change such opinion (planning); after the communication an evaluation of the campaign is necessary for feedback.

Nowadays community Banks generally strive to be seen as efficient and effective”.  Based on this fact, they either set up their own in-house public relations department or employ the services of successful Public Relations Consultancy Firms to polish their image.

On the other hand, some community bank seem to ignore the importance of public relation practice, a specially when such community bank enjoy the patriotism of the community where it serves.

With the Nnebuife community bank Nigeria limited (NCB), still waxing stronger after over seven years of existence, this study will to a great extent show how the bank has been able to build it customers’ confidence through public relation.

The project work is also to fund out how public relation is practiced at the Nnebuife Community Bank Nigeria Limited, and the means the Bank employ to0 achieve an efficient communication with it relevant public.

• BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

The history of Nnebuife community Bank Nigeria Limited, Enugu could be traced back to 31^st may, 1995 when it was issued a provisional License by the corporate Affairs commission Abuja to undertake banking service for the members of the public.

The Bank commerce full business transaction and operations in August, 1997 with a handful of customer patromsing the Bank, and the number of shareholders is quite encouraging.

It started with an authorized capital of five million Naira (5,000,000.00). As at the time of this research, the share capital has been increased to Ten Million Naira (N 10,000,000.00) by the corporate Affair Commission in collaboration with the National Board for Community Banks (NBCB).

Nnebuife Community Bank has Men and Women of good reputation and unquestionable character of the helm of its affair and at the top management levels, hence it continuous survival in the midst of the economic devitalisation engrossing the nation and it populace.
1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          like any other business enterprise, Nnebuife Community Bank concern is profit maximization. Pursuit of this objective, it is very essential that the Bank put motion some public relation strategy in achieving mutual understanding and good relationship between the Bank and its customer.

Since profit maximization, and good relationship with the Bank’s public are desirable, the public relation practitioner or whosoever is responsible must work hand in hand in achieving the primary objectives of the Bank. And to achieve the primary objectives of the Bank, it is necessary to investigate the following:

(a) How is public relations practiced at the Nnebuife Community Bank (Nig) Ltd?

(b) Does the Bank have good and functional public relation s policy?

(c) How is the public relations policy implemented?

(d) How does the public relation officer relate to the public / customers of the Bank?

(e) What does the public perception of the Bank look like?

 

1.3     THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.

The purpose the study is to find out:

• How Public relation is practiced at the Nnebuife Community Bank
• The Procedure the Bank employs to achieve efficient and effective communication with its Public.
• To justify the need for effective Public relation as a mean for goodwill and Customers satisfaction.
• The effect of the Bank Public relation strategy o its customers.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will cover the activities of the Public relation or of the general service unit of the Nnebuife Community Bank Nigeria limited.

 

The study centers on Nnebuife Community Bank in order to carry out research finding on the staff and customers of the bank or customers of the bank perceive the image of the Bank

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Thiks study is exploratory. Thus, it only answered series of research question. Most available studies have concentrated on the role of public relation in Nnebuife Community Bank, and how it functions between the staff, customers and the management.

It answered the following research questions:

• what are the reasons for embarking on public relation practies by Nnebuife Community Bank?
• Is there a discernibly pattern for the practice of public relation in Nnebuife Community Bank?
• Does the public relation programme help in promoting the image of the Bank to its various publics/customers?
• What method does the Bank employ achieving effective and efficient Communication with its public?
• Is the public relation practice in NCB (nig) ltd a management function?
• How does public relation practice influence the public of the NCB (Nig) ltd toward perception of the image of the Bank?

 

• SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

Th8e significance of this study is to show how Nnebuife Community Bank Nigeria Limited has been able to use public relation to win its cuotomers confidence. The study will further help to educate other Community Bank on the essence of embarking on public relation practice, using Nnebuife Community Bank as a yardstick because of the achievement ht r Bank has gained through public relation effort.

 

1.7LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research was not intended to be very elaborate, that is to cover a number of Community Banks. Time constraints and financial setback are the reason why Nnebuife Community Bank was selected as a case study in sampling opinions of employees and customers.

 

• DIFINITION OF TERMS

 

ROLE

 

This is a function or part in life or in any event. In order words, it is a function or part assumed by any person or thing

 

PUBLIC

Cutlip, Broom and Center (1985) states that Public is the group of the people bound together by some common interest that is specific to them.

 

Chambers concise 20^th Century Dictionary defined public as a group of people bound together by a common interest that is specific to them and their situation

 

RELATION

 

This is a contract, communication etc, which exist between people, countries, industries, and organization etc

 

PUBLIC RELATIONS

The British Institute of Public Relation defined Public relation “ as a deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public.

 

World Book 2001 Dictionary defined Public relation as the activities of the organization, institution, or individual that are designed to win the favour of the general Public and purpose.

 

PRACTICE

The action or the process of doing something. In this context, Public relation Practice means the actual duties toward achieving goodwill and to safeguard the reputation of an organization

 

BANK

It is a financial institution that accepts and keeps money for the member of the public. It is also store other valuable items such as gold, jewel lies and other important document for a certain of money.

 

COMMUNITY BANK

A Community Bank is a financial institution which is normally owned by the member of Community or by a group of people. They carry out all financial service rendered by community Bank, like accepting deposits, (current, Saving or deposits accounts). They equally grant loans to members of the community and their other customers and transfer demand deposit among customers and bank when ordered or instructed to do so by their customers through the use of Bank cheque. Since they have other commercial bank as correspondent Banks, they can invest in interest earning financial assets.

 

IMAGE

This is the character or attribute of a person or institution as perceived by the general public. It is the totality of the perception, views, expectation that a given public has on the services or products of an organization or institution.

 

OPINION

This is the feelings or estimation toward another person or organization.

 

ATTITUDE

This could be defined as a method disposition to respond positively or negatively to a given situation, object, person or product. It is a manner of feeling and behaving.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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FEEDBACK MECHANISM AS A TOOL IN DETERMINING PROGRAMMING

(A CASE STUDY OF ESBS 2 FM) ENUGU.

ABSTRACT

Feedback mechanism is a very important yardstick for measuring audience acceptance f and participation in programmes and messages would be missing if feedback is omitted from the source. A very important element would be missing if feedback is omitted from the basic structure of communication which contains sender, message, channel and receiver.

It is cleared that the numerous gains and or effectiveness of FM broadcasting cannot be isolated from the basic element of broadcasting as a whole these elements on their own would be incomplete without the inclusion of feedback mechanism, of education, informing and entertaining the public. This study furnishes them with better understanding of the value which feedback as a matter of necessity occupies in broadcasting.

Feedback mechanism comes in various forms, through face to face interviews, through telephone calls or through the mail; also in letters in the forms of feedback expressing condemnations, suggestions, condemnation, usually come from any angle, ranging from presentation patterns, presenter, or general organizational patterns, on subjects talked about.          This study exhaustively explained the usefulness of feedback mechanism in determining programming thus: To the listeners who is the ultimate consumer of media message and whose reaction and attitudes towards broadcast messages are under analysis, this study has provided answers to questions which arises in his mind regarding feedback mechanisms, its working in full broadcasting.

Also for the operative, it will have an unbiased focus on their success and failures in the areas of educating, informing and determining and failure in this assignment based on in effective use of feedback as a yard stick for determining audience participation and effectives of communicated message. It has also pointed areas of lapses and suggested measures of improvement.

On the part of mass communication students, this study has aimed putting them on a sound footing for the chosen carrier or thinks its relevance to broadcasting.

To explain this study better, the E.S.B.S 2 FM was used and letters to the management of the station, which much reference to their programme content, style and audience expectation and action analyzed. As such, the content analysis research method was used.

Chapter One (Introduction)                                           1

I Background of study                                                   1

Ii statement of research                                                  3

Iii Objective of study                                                     4

Iv Significance of study                                                 5

V Research question                                                      7

Vi Research hypotheses                                                 7

Vii Conceptual and operational definition                     8

Viii Assumptions                                                           9

Ix Limitation of study                                                    10

Chapter Two

Review of literature                                                       11

I Sources of literature                                                    11

Ii The review                                                                  11

Iii Summary of literature review                                    19

Chapter Three

Methodology                                                                 20

I Research method                                                                   20

Ii Research design                                                          20

Iii Research sample                                                        21

Iv Measuring instrument                                                         23

V Data collection                                                           23

Vi Data analysis                                                            23

Vii Expected result                                                        24

Chapter four        `

Data analysis and results                                                        25

I Data analysis                                                               25

Ii Results                                                                        29

Iii General recommendation and discussion                            35

Chapter Five

Summary and Recommendation for further study

I Summary                                                                     40

Ii Recommendation for further study                                      40

Bibliography                                                                43

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

I        BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication by definition is a two way process. It is an international experience between a communicator at one end and audience, the receiver or destination, at the other. A piece of communicated message that is not received by its targets audience is an exercise in futility.

Obviously, communication has remained the most important means of socialization. Need we say more before we understand that communication is very vital for man to success? The free flow on information, ideas and values from the source to the receiver is now made more effective due to improved communication gadgets. In the chain of communication, the message from the source to the receiver has been given very serious attention while feedback has been utterly neglected.

Feedback in communication is a product of the receivers’ reaction to messages received from eh source of mass media. Feedback can come in various forms, through face-to-face interaction like interviews, through telephone calls, or through the mail. Letters in the form of feedback expressing commendations suggestions, condemnations and criticisms, usually come from any angle, ranging from presentation patterns, presenter or general organization patters, or subjects talked about.

Whenever feedback arises from the receiver, conveying either strong or mind criticism, suggestions, and commendations, are thing that is sure is desired change. Now the question is how do the media mergers react to feedback? Do they make use of suggestions put across by the receivers?

From all indications, feedback is a very important yardstick for measuring audience acceptance of and participation in programmes and messages from the source. A very important element would be missing if feedback were omitted from the basic structure of communication, which contains sender, message, channel and receiver.

When messages are sent, it is usually a mental or physical, verbal and or non-verbal process of response by the receiver that indicates whether the message is understood and shared.

This response is called “feedback”.

Ii       STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Feedback in broadcasting is an essential as the original message. Daily, volumes of messages are sent, out through the radio, thousands, even millions of copies are gathered for future transactions, censored and uncensored,, cajoled into forming burdening on state security, general well being even international proportions. Other times the listener is saddled with unsolicited information, his privacy is invaded and disturbed. And the media, they claim, are only performing their duty an obligation to inform, educate and entertain the listener.

A perfectly normal thing, except that media operatives do not bother to think beyond this stage of study to the stage of feedback and its importance.

Operative’s very rarely try to feedback the question on te essence of feedback or think about its relevance to broadcasting.

Furthermore, there is one general view that very little use is made of feedback the listener is continually bombarded with materials and presentations that the listener considers irrelevant to his immediate comfort, environment, state of mind and stations.

Also, that unpopular presenters and programmes are never changed. Conclusively, the notion is that little consideration is given to audience preference in programming.

The question this study seeks to answer therefore is: Does feedback bring about change in programming? If so, to what extent? Definite answers to this question or even an impartial attempt at answering it as candidly as possible would go a long way in enhancing the value of feedback in broadcasting.

 

Iii      OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Since inception in Nigeria, the FM broadcasting has continued to take the lead in entertainment charts. Opening new frontier for an ever-increasing opportunities for listeners, advertisers and media operators.

The medium offers media operative a wonderful avenue for the exhibition of professionalism per excellence. It also provide advertisers the medium for products reach and awareness of their products while for he listeners, it affords him recreation and at the same time allowing him an opportunity through feedback to exercise   his basic right of choice and preference.

The numerous gains and or effectiveness of FM broadcasting cannot be isolated from the basic element of broadcasting as a while. These elements on their own are incomplete without the inclusion of feedback mechanism, of educating informing and entertaining the public. This study win furnish them with better understanding of the role in the society and the place of value which feedback should as a matter of necessity occupy in the broadcasting.

Iv      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be significant to three groups of people in the society:

1. The listeners

1. Broadcasters and media managers and
2. Mass communication students.

To the listener who is the ultimate consumer of media message and whose reaction and attitude towards broadcasting messages are under analysis, this study will provide answers to question which mechanisms, it working in FM broadcasting.

For the operatives, this study will have an unbiased focus on their success and failures in the areas of educating informally and entertaining and failure in this assignment based on in effective use of feedback as a yardstick for determining audience participation and the effectiveness of communicated messages. This study will also point areas of lapses and suggest measures of improvement.]

On the part of mass communication students, the study will ai m at putting them on a sound footing for the chosen carrier or think its relevance to broadcasting.

There is a general misconception that very little use is made of feedback, the media managers always run the risk of bombarding and disturbing the listeners comfort, state of mind with programme packages which the listeners deems irrelevant. Also programmes and presenters remain unchanged. One may at this point say that the listener does not have choice as to the pattern and style of programming. The question, which this study seeks to answer, therefore is:

Does feedback bring about changes in programming? If yes, to what extent?

Definite and impartial answer to this question will surely go a long way in improving the value of feedback mechanism in broadcasting.

 

V       RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Is feedback mechanism used in evaluating FM stations programming?

1. Does effective feedback mechanism help in enhancing audience participation in FM station programming?
2. Does feed back mechanism help managers in programme packaging?

Vi      RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1- Feedback mechanism tends to be used in evaluating FM stations programming.

H0- Feedback mechanism is not used in evaluating FM stations programming.

H2- Effective feedback mechanism tends to enhance audience participation n FM stations programmes.

H0- There is no difference in the enhancement of audience participation with or without feedback mechanism.

H3- Feedback tend to help media managers in programme packaging.

H0- Feedback mechanism does not make any difference  to media mangers in programme packaging.

H4- Feedback mechanism tends to help assessing programme performance.

H0- Feedback mechanism does not make any difference in the assessment of programme performance.

 Vii    CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

CONCEPTUAL: Remarks about or in answer to an action process using an arrangement or process of a machine.

OPERATIONAL: This is audience reaction to the progrmmes of ESBS 2 FM through letters to the organization.

EVALUATING:

CONCEPTUAL: Calculating or judging the value or degree of an action or process.

OPERATIONAL: To analyze the degree of programme performance based on audience performance and acceptance.

Frequency modulation (FM) station:

CONCEPTUAL: A broadcasting station whose system of broadcasting is usually on VHF, in which electric signal that carries sound waves has a wave that is always of the same straight but comes at a varying number of times per second, provided very clear words and music for the listener.

OPERATIONAL: The Enugu State Broadcasting Service FM station.

PROGRAMMING:

CONCEPTUAL: A complete plan showing performance one made up of several different parts.

OPERATIONAL: Programme plan for a certain period of times as would be broadcast on as ESBS2FM is effected by audience choice, preference and the management decision.

 

Viii    ASSUMPTIONS:

It was assumed in this study that age, occupation and educational background are no prerequisites to listening to the radio since the respondents did not make these available, they were not considered.

Also the other assumptions were also made:

1. Feedback mechanism is used to evaluate FM stations programming.

1. Effective feedback mechanism enhances audience participation in FM stations programming.
2. Feedback mechanism help in assessing programme performance.

 

Ix      LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to one of the major services are of ESBS2FM, Enugu. It could not arise in handling enormous samples and sampling area, like: co-ordination and finance.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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