MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS.

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ABSTRACT

Suffice it to say that a lot of research has been made in the area of the role of mass media in national development as well as rural development. The incontrovertible point has been that there can be no meaningful national development without rural development as an off shoot and most integral part of a country, the need for priority in rural transformation cannot be over emphasized.He mass media as a vehicle for information gathering and dissemination has a major role to play in the area of rural development. In the light of the above, the researcher choose the topic mass media coverage of rural development news. A content analytical study of the Guardian, Daily Champion, Weekly Star and Punch newspapers.

This is in view that the finding and conclusions  derived from this study will go a long way to determine the contributions and impact of the nations mass media particularly newspapers in the area of rural development and at the same time make useful suggestion for he attainment of desire bale results in this aspect.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

1.2  Statement of the Research Problem

1.3  Objectives of the Study

1.4  Significance of the Study

1.5  Research Questions

1.6  Research Hypothesis

1.7  Conceptual an Operational Definition

1.8  Assumption

1.9  Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1  Sources of Literature

2.2  The Review

2.3  Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1  Research Method

3.2  Research Design

3.3  Research Sample

3.4  Measuring Instrument

3.5  Data Collection

3.6  Data Analysis

3.7  Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1  Data Analysis

4.2  Results

4.3  Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary

5.2  Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

To achieve national development, rural development is a necessary step that cannot be jettisoned. The hope of developing Nigeria and all other developing countries in order to have a better tomorrow lies in the development of our rural areas.

The mass media fill the communication gap between the government and the rural dwellers on one end and the urban and rural populace on the other end.

With this, the mass media especially community responsible oriented ones, succeed in making the rural dwellers active participants of the government as they become aware of programmes and policies of the government by working towards being benefactors of these policies and programmes.

Moreso, high coverage or publication of rural development news by mass media especially the newspapers, without any doubt help in speeding up meaningful development in rural communities which will in turn boost the standard of the people.

With improved standard of living of the rural dwellers, the problem of rural-urban migration would be aborted. When this happen, there will be gross development in the country, a situation that will give room for proper utilization both mineral and human intellectual resources in their different places of existence.

Observation shows that not much has been done by the government in order to improve the quality of life of rural dwellers when compare to that of the urban populace. This means that much emphasis has been on urban development.

The mass medial has a vital role to play in rural development through the quality, quality and high level of rural development it covers and disseminate to the public.

Therefore, it becomes important that the rural areas be given more opportunities in the scheme of information being the food basket of the nation.

In order to achieve diversification of the economy, development of the rural areas is inevitable. An equitable distribution of wealth and provision of social amenities will help reduce the rate of rural-urban migration.

It is against this background that the researcher, embarked oon this study – Mass media coverage of rural development news. A content analytical study of the Guardian, Daily Star, Daily Champion and Punch newspapers.

1.2                        State of the Research Problem

This study is geared towards the Nigeria mass media and the extent to which they cover rural development news, with a view of determining the level of commitment of the nation’s press towards rural transformation and emancipation from the shackles of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, diseases and low standard of living.

In the absence of community newspaper like the “community concord” purely devoted to the coverage of rural activities, this research work is tasked to ascertain whether the amount and quality or rural news carried by urban mass media especially newspapers are sufficient and capable enough to bring the much desirable development in the rural areas.

Using four newspapers as a point of reference, the study is set to find out the reasons for the low coverage of rural news by Nigeria newspapers with reference to such factors as the location of the newspaper and ownership.

The researcher choose the Guardian, Daily Champion and Punch newspapers because they are elitist and widely read and daily Star newspaper because it is a government owned newspaper.

These problems brought about by the extremely small coverage of rural development news by the Nigerian newspapers is a major concern of this research work.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

There has been concentration of development effort in the urban areas of our country at the expense of the rural areas which had always brought about the problems of rural-urban migration because of inadequate or total lack of basic social amenities in the rural areas.

In view of the aforementioned, rural development and diversification of the nation’s economy is topmost in the priority list of government. This is why there have been various grassroots development programmes from both past and present government like Development for Food Road and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), The Better life for Rural Women Programme, The Family Support Programme, Poverty Alleviation Programmes etc.

On rural development as a major concern in Nigeria, a media practioner, Nwuneli Onura once said that “a country like Nigeria probably now realized that building sky scrapper and modern express ways and purchasing vast numbers of cars among other things are unholy aspect of development that do not  necessarily change the basic attitude of a significant percentage  of the population towards life”.

De-emphasizing the importance of communication in social development process, Nwuneli affirmed that “while social changes in desirable social development programmes can easily run into problems if they are not effectively communicated to the people.

By content analytical study of the coverage of rural development news by three national newspapers, this research work have the purpose of finding the extent to which the mass media notably the newspaper has succeeded or failed in carrying out it’s rural development functions through the quality and quantity of rural news it carries. One of the objectives of rekindling and reinforcing the desire for the coverage of rural development news by national dailies is to bear in mind that there are no or very few clearly marked community newspaper that are fully dedicated to the coverage of rural activities and selfless services with a view to bringing about rapid development in all ramifications in the grassroots as it concerns the rural communities.

THE ROLE OF THE BROADCASTING MEDIA IN UPLIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF STATE.  (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS )

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ABSTRACT

 

          Development is the process of moving the world, of  engage in the task of self- improvement with the available is necessary, not only for all aspects  of  a person’’ development,  but also for all aspects of a nation development following this, the broadcast media are the most vital instrument for influencing the masses to either consumer or conserve.   In development  countries an issue which does not appear on television or radio does not even exist.  Here in the development world, the question is: to what extent in educating the masses?

Therefore , the purpose of this research is to fid out the role the broadcast media have played in educational advancement of the people.  This work is divided into five chapters for an introduction gives an insight into the electronic medium and Enugu State education  It slides into detailed exposition of relevant related literature  and the formulation research appropriate research methodology and measuring instrument were used.

After a carefully conducted analysis it was discovered that three formulated hypotheses received statistical support route the remaining one up heed the null hypotheses.  Based on the above findings the researchers recommend that for effective educational advancement of the masses by the media, government should give it’s influencing support so that it be comes a worthy venture.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          Communication is the most vital factor in building and developing  nation.

Following this, national development in any society cannot be achieved without wide spread education for  children and adults Education is recognized as the most potent instrument for development.  Through education, people assimilate fundamental values and develop new ones.  In addition, certain prescribed goals are realized n areas of economic growth, healthcare,  political and social awareness, political stability, self-reliance, national identity, among other things.

The mass media, particularly the electronic or broadcast media, become a powerful and effective instrument for achieving these national goals.  Broadcasting  is the transmission of signals through electronic agent wares which convert audio and video signals in a form in which they can be received in the audiences homes.

Broadcast media includes radio and television .  radio is broadcasting which appeals  to the  auditory   and visual senses.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYS

          The origin of educational broadcasting in Nigeria could be  linked with the introduction of broadcasting services in  the country.  The wired broadcasting services in the country was commissioned in Lagos by the colonial administration.  The broadcasting services involved a  system where by a radio station  received the  British Broadcasting corporation (BBC) prorammes and then relayed same to subscribes through cables connected to loud speakers installed in people homes.  

          In the 40’s, the radio rediffussion was established in Lagos until in 1951 when it was changed to the Nigerian Broadcasting services (NBC).  The Nigerian broadcasting services relayed such programmes as news reviews, sports and religious issues, and it exclude itself when it brought daily account of political news to millions of people during the 1959 general election campaigns.  It also brought news in English and the three main Nigeria languages.  In 1954. It launched a magazine

TITLE THE RADIO TIMES.  

Television broadcasting was established in the country on October 21, 1959 in Ibadan by the government of western Region of Nigeria.  The station  was run luctiauy under the trade name of Western Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Ibadan was the first in television broadcasting followed by the Eastern Nigerian government, Enugu, and others.

Furthermore, Enugu being the regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria, and currently Enugu state, occupies a strategic position in the political and social  organization of Nigeria that being the case, there are some broadcast media located in  several parts of the state.

The Enugu state broadcasting service (ESBS)  the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), the Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)    have a great role to play in the  quantities and qualitative education of the citizenry  their objectives are realized  through the souring of innovative programmes spread around or anchored on the media commissions.  The Enugu state Broadcasting services (ESBS) for instance, has the university of (UNIAIR) programme which is a second chance educational programme organization in collaboration with an educational institution of the tertiary level to educate the masses in the same vein, the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) and the state radio station, both have fashioned out education programmes which are dished out to the public for their viewing and listening pleasure.  The question that comes  to mind is  whether the broadcast media have really helped in educational advancement and perhaps national development.

Over the years, lots of studies and searchers  have been carried out and consequently many books written and published in order to discover the answer to the above question.  This efforts have been made to find out the relationship between  the media and educational advancement of students in their understanding and retentive ability.  Today, it is accepted that educational programmes as the broadcast media produce some effect in the audience in the areas of retention comprehension and out – spoken ability.  In some cases, the media produced some cases, the media produced some negative influence on the audience.  however,  it would appear that the broadcast media are not living up to their expectation  even through the fault or blame should not be centred around them only.  The government and the entire citizenry also  have their share of the blame and fault.  The problem lies squarely on freedom of  the  press or freedom of expression for the whole country.  Not with standing the problems, broadcast media of Enugu metropolis have as their formal objectives, the following:

1. Compliment and support class room education this is possible with the instructional  television on air educational programmes.
2. To broaden and deepen knowledge
3. To encourage intellectual development
4. To encourage and teach skill acquisition
5. To provide tutorials on curricula subjects.
6. To provide a forum for education, information enlightenment  and entertainment.

 

 

 

RESEARCH PROBLEMS:

This study, among other things, find out the effectiveness of he broadcast educational advancement.  Again it finds out whether the timing  of educational programme on the broadcast media is suitable for the general public.  The study strives to find out if the instructional television and university of  aim are packaged to stimulate  interest and understanding.  Finally, it finds out if the education programme on the media are more effective in educating  the masses, particularly, the students them the academic activities in schools.

The importance of education in any society can never be over emphasized.  Development can only be achieved when there is a high level of  literacy in a community.  With this in mind, the objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To ascertain the extent the broadcast media have played in educating the populace in EnuguState.
2. To find out the effectiveness of the media educational programmes on the masses and know these programmes can be improved upon to suit the target audience.
3. To find out the number of people who have benefited from the educational  programmes of the broadcast media, more so, how the media help in educational  advancement.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON “THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING”.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0            THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCAST PRINT

1.1     Introduction

1.2            Assumption

1.3            Statement of research problem

1.4            Statement of research question

1.5            Objective of the study

1.6            Hypothesis

1.7            Scope of the stud

1.8            Limitation of the study

1.9            Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1            Sources of literature

2.2            Review of literature

2.3            Important of pidgin English in broadcasting

2.4            The review of literature

2.5            Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

3.1            Research method

3.2            Research design

3.3            Research sample

3.4            Data collection

3.5            Measuring instrument

3.6            Data analysis

3.7            Expected result 1

3.8            Expected results 2

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results

4.1            Data analysis

4.2            Result of hypothesis test

4.3            Research discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Summary

5.2            Recommendations for further study

Reference

Bibliography

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

 

THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCAST / PRINT

1.1     INTRODUCTION

Pidgin English came into existence as a result of the coming of the colonial masters to Africa, the highly respected philosophers – said and I quote, “No language is an Island meaning that language only came into existence through a pre – existed one.  Pidgin English came into existence through English Language.

The coming of the white men to Africa really changed a lot of cultures, languages, norm, ethnics and non – ethics values etc in African.  The language pidgin English started during the colonial era, then, it was very essential for them to understand the white man’s language in order to be able to fit into the happening in the society.

Those days, if a black man manages to understand the white man’s language, he is given a big post ahead his fellow black men for instance is the film titled “The battle of Musanga”, were the major character was “Mr. Johnson because he understands the white man’s language, he was kept ahead of his people as a mediator, intercessor and interpreter between the two recess, and with that, his financial income was somehow above that of his people only his extravagant way of spending made him broke always.

Pidgin English took a solid stand when slaves were freed in Sierraloen (Freetown), when they found themselves in Freetown and having no other language to speak than the English they know, and also considering the fact that most of them has lost their mother tongue as a result of slavery it was then, they started broking the white man’s language (English) into smaller segments in order to understand the message of one another, otherwise known as pidgin / broken English.

Examples of pidgin English is as follows:

PIDGIN ENGLISH	MEANING	GOOD ENGLISH
Make I come	”	I am coming
Make I come?	”	Should I come?
I won go	”	I want to go
You wan fight	”	Do you want t fight?
Make I see person	”	I want to visit some one
I won shop	”	I want to eat
Hungry decatch me	”	I am hungry
Comot for road	”	Go away from the way,
She sabi book?	”	Is she brilliant?
You fit run?	”	Can you run?
E’m feet run o–	”	He might run
I won rest	”	I want to rest
Your head no correct	”	You are crazy?
Go carry my good come	”	Go and bring my food
You be devil	”	You are a devil
Forget my side	”	Forget about me.

Sometimes pidgin English can be mixed together with one native language examples are:

PIDGIN ENGLISH	MEANING	GOOD ENGLISH
You de kolo?	”	Are you mad?
You de yan dust	”	You’ve said rubbish
You deyamtuatin	”	You are saying rubbish
You be hua	”	You are a fool
You be sabi sabi	”	Mr. know all
You be gbeboru	”	A gossip
You don yan okpata	”	You’ve said non sense

All these idioms were used by our fathers then to make sure there was proper information dissemination.  Come to look at it, we shall need this pidgin English language to communicate effectively with a massive number of Nigerians who shall up till this time, do not understand good English because communication without response or feedback in the communication line or fraction simply means that communication has not taken place.

So since communication stands as the life wire of every society, at all spares of the society educational, cultural, industrial, even at the rural levels, the farmers, headsmen traders and labourers require constant dosage of information to function optimally.  The nature of this project narrows our means of communication to the broadcasting and print medium of communication.

Communication occupies a key position in human existence.  It is the most vital factor in building or developing an organized, united and progressive nation.  Without it, there will be no national development.  It is an established fact that every human activity involves information and communication.

Truly speaking, for an average Nigerian to survive and function well in our modern and developing society, we need information.  He needs to communicate with other in the society just as his physical requirement of food and shelter.  He needs to know what other have in mind and what their feelings as on any particular issue.  He needs instant information about himself, about his government and about the economic state of the nation.  In a nut shall, pidgin English is what ever medium used for dissemination of information, be it in the electronic or print media will always have a positive effect on massive number of the audience or Nigerian community especially in the rural areas.

1.2     ASSUMPTION

It is highly assumed that the Enugu urban is interest in verbal and print information / communication made in pidgin English.

It is also assumed that the degree of education in Enugu is still pretty low, hence Enugu urban ties usually understands the surface structure of an utterances and paid to come to grips with the underlying meaning of communicated messages in pure English.

1.3     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

There has been a lot of misinterpretation / misconception of communicated message by a good number of people in Enugu due to language used in disseminating this massages.

They usually do not understand broadcasting and print information made in pure English language and as such, try to ignore broadcast and printed information made in pidgin English language and develop a negative opinion or attitude towards the program or programmed massages on pure English language, they find it difficult to give a satisfactory and accurate meaning of the communicated messages on pure English language.

1.4     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION

As a result of the research problem stated above, this study examines the following questions;

1)                If the audience get the massages disseminated more clearer in pidgin English or pure English.

2)                If the message disseminated is more interpreted in pidgin English than in pure English language.

3)                If pidgin English normally pose any problem when used as a language in broadcast and print.

4)                If pidgin English holds the interest of the audience when used as a medium of communication.

5)                If the messages communicated to the audience in pidgin English when used as a language of broadcast and print is more easily understood than pure English language.

1.5     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

THE IMPACT OF TESTIMONIAL USE ON ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS

( A CASE STUDY OF KANU NWANKWO IN PEAR MILK ADVERTISMENT)

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                     1

1.2            PROBLEM STATEMENT                                  7

1.3            OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                         8

1.4            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                     9

1.5            RESEARCH QUESTION                                    10

1.6            RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1.7            DEFINITION OF TERMS                                   12

1.8            ASSUMPTION                                                    15

1.9            LIMITATION                                                      15

2.1            CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

SOURCE OF LITERATURE                               17

THEORETICAL FRAME WORK                       26

3.1     CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.2     RESEARCH INSTRUMENT                              29

3.3     RESEARCH SAMPLE                                        30

3.4     METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION                           32

3.5     METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS                      33

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1            INTRODUCTION OF DATA ANALYSIS                   34

4.2            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

4.3            ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESIS

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY                                                         51

CONCLUSION                                                    54

RECOMMENDATION                                        55

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                          59

APPENDIXES                                                     57

QUESTIONNAIRE                                              61

                                           CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

Advertising is a powerful and persuasive machine. It is an exciting, dynamic and fully challenging enterprise. It is a subject that cannot be ignored in our day to day life; infact “a world without advertisement is a bleak world” Awake 1988 Pg 1-6. Advertising is always ahead of us to greet us, Infact it has almost become a thorn in the flesh that the average individual cannot do without. He or she is exposed to several kinds of advertising messages right from the moment he wakes up in the morning until he goes back to bed.

Advertising is a form of mass communication that puts businesses in touch with consumers though paid, controlled, identifiable massages that try to persuade the receiver to make a specific decision towards buying a product.

Advertising has proved to be the cheapest and most successful means of making known goods and services in order to sell them effectively. It is capable of influencing human behaviour towards the purchase of a particular product.

One of the main purpose of advertisement is the imparting and extracting the materialistic virtues of consumption by exploiting achievement derived and emulative anxieties, employing tactics of hidden manipulation, playing on information, etc. The primary concern with the content of advertising is the question of the degree to which the advertisement is able to convey the selling message; bearing in mind that people buy a particular product to satisfy the needs and wants of the consumers. The advertiser achieves this though a will designed, produced and properly placed advert cope.

The aim of the advertiser in most cases is to induce and create awareness of the values of the advertised products. It also helps to make consumers have the urge to want to possess the product. In essence the advertisers finds out what crates the urge to want to possess a particular product. The aim of every advertisement is to create awareness and sell product and services; it is also used to attract consumers where such product and services could be got.

Owing to this reason, Bernstein (1974: Pg 2) saw advertising as “the originator and communication of ideas about products in order to motivate consumers towards purchase”.

Advertising can also be said to be controversial, it has been praised and yet lambasted. Advocates see advertising as a boost to the economy. “For there to be more jobs in the society, there must be an increase in demand for goods and services, advertising contributes to the accomplishment of this goal. (wright et al,1982 Pg. 6) Advertising can generate and stimulate an economy and create a market where non exist.

The detectors of advertising on the other hand feel, it is a wasteful enterprise. According to them, advertising consist of exploiting human weakness though the use of punchy, persuasive high pressure and aggressive words known as the “hard sell” concept coin by the British advertising association Advertising according to them force people to buy product they had had no intention of buying or something not in their best interest.

Advertisers on the other hand, should always bear in mind that whatever they put in an advertisement affects the consumer’s buying habit as they should be careful about the advert message.

The peak advertisement for example shows that any consumer of the product will have energy for active way of life and also look healthy. This message inspires the consumer’s buying behaviour, this in effect means the consumer’s buying behaviour is greatly influenced by the message he sees or hears. Whatever the case may be advertisers should be able to know what the consumers real needs and wants are, and as such they should be able to make effort to satisfy them.

The bottom line of the consumer’s level of satisfaction to a large extent depend on his behaviour and what really motivates him. Since consumers satisfaction is the goal of every advertiser, pre knowledge of consumer’s buying behaviour will help to facilitate effectiveness and efficiency in advertising.

In most advertisements, advertisers try to match product with the consumers but for this method to be effective, the reason that make people react to certain product should first be considered. The advertiser should also be able to know what appeal to his consumers to enable him know which means would be most appropriate for him to use as his medium to get the consumer to buy his product. The consumers are the main targets of the advertisers, they use different means and weapons at their disposal to induce people into buying products and services, and one of such weapons is through testimonial use. This has become the in thing, in advertisement both at the national and international levels. Testimonial use is the use of stars or well-known public figures in endorsing products or services.

The origin of testimonial use is not documented, but Radolph in (1947) cited it in one of his study. However; among the six types of advertising copy compared, testimonial advertising was found to show the highest readership scores.

The testimonial is usually a well-known member of the public. He can be an actor, actress, sportsman/woman, etc. He is usually known for his achievement in his area of specialization, outside the area he is been used to endorse. The advertiser uses testimonials in endorsement of product to reduce the psychological risk of the consumer by portraying to the prospective consumer that the testimonials are typical users of the product to be advertised.

In Nigeria, the use of testimonials in advertisement is thing that has come to stay. Examples are Kano Nwankwo in peak, Jaja Okocha in Pepsi, Genevive Nnaji in Always Pad’ etc. Advertisers believe using testimonials in advertising helps to boost the testimonial of the product and induce the consumers to buy it, especially when the endorser is the consumer’s model. This can influence the consumer’s buying habit.

1.2            Statement of problem

The aim of advertisement is to create awareness for goods and services to consumers and promote the sales of such goods and services.

Based on this, the hurdles of this research are:

1. To find if the use of testimonials in advertisement influences the buying pattern of the consumer. Eg the use of Kanu Nwankwo in Peak Milk Advertisement.
2. To find out if the presence of these testimonials have any impact on the retentive memory of the consumer.
3. To find out the credibility of such advert messages as a result of cure use of testimonials.
4. To find out the impact of using testimonials on advertising on the consumers.

1.3            Objectives of the study

The study is aimed at examining the extent to which consumers can be influenced by the use of testimonials in advertising.  If the use of testimonials can make consumers to either buy or not. It is a known fact that advertising is money generating sector to any functional media house; It helps to sustain the media houses. Everyday advertisement takes a new lift. It develops with time. Firms and corporation non makes use of their product commercial to sponsor both local and network programmes . This is done in order for their products and services to get recognition which will in turn help to promote business and sales. AS a result of this, advertisers embark on different strategies to achieve effective advertising promotions and one of such strategy is the use of both national and international testimonials in advertisement.

1.4            Significance of the study

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON YOUTHS.

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(A CASE STUDY OF CAMPUS CIRCUIT ON MINAJ BROADCAST INTERNATIONAL)

ABSTRACT

        My interest in this work its assess the effects of Television programmes on youths. Using a Minaj Broadcast international (MBI) programme Campus Circuit” as a cash study.

Television is widely acknowledged as “a powerful medium of age? The is astounding, its visual immediacy gives its audience a feeling of participation more than any other medium.

It is necessary to find out  what effects television has on youths. I want to observe the youths watching campus circuit a television prgramme, learn behaviours, norms and attitude through such television violence might influence children who have violent tendencies to act violently.

Some of the primary objectives of television in Nigeria are to foster National unity and to supplement education programmes which can be achieved through the use of films. The project for purpose of easy understanding, is divided into chapter is and consist of five chapters.

Chapter one deals with the introductory aspects of the stud, in chapter two, a review of related literature is presented, while chapter three goes ahead to outline the  methodology that was adopted the data analysis and interpretation in chapter four. This thesis conclusion and recommendations for further study.

Finally, this study is delimited to youths watching television programmes are literature enough to answer the questionnaires that will follow the research.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    Introduction                                               1

1.1        Background of the study                             1

1.2        Statement of the Research Problem              10

1.3        Objectives of the study                                12

1.4        Significance of the study                             13

1.5        Research Questions                                    15

1.6        Research Hypotheses                                          16

1.7        Conceptual and Operational Definition           18

1.8        Assumptions                                              20

1.9          Limitation of the study                               21

CHAPTER TWO

2.1        Sources of Literature                                   22

2.2        The review                                                 23

2.3        Functions of Nigerian Television                   25

2.4        The Influence of Television                          29

2.5        Campus Circuit                                           35

2.6        Review of Opinions                                     36

2.7        Summary of Literature Review                      41

CHAPTER THREE

3.0    Research Methodology                                45

3.1        Research Design                                                46

3.2        Research Sample                                        46

3.3        Measuring Instrument                                 47

3.4        Sampling Technique                                   48

3.5        Sources of Data                                          49

3.6        Method of  Analysis / Presentation                        49

3.7        Expected results                                                 50

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1    Introduction                                              51

4.2        Presentation of findings                              52

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1        Summary and conclusion                            79

5.2        Recommendations                                     81

References                                                91

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        The birth of television in Nigeria was out of political dissection. “ The politics of Nigeria just before independence placed more emphasis on developing the regions than the caters”, Television became the innovation that was to enhance the pace of regional development “ The global history of television shows that this mass medium came into existence in the discernible in the nineteenth century. In 1956, the Federal Government dried late Obafemi Awolowo Leader of opposition in the Federal House of parliament the right to reply on air the allegations leveled against his party by the colonial government. Late Chef Awolowo had telephoned the director of Nigeria Broadcasting service (NBC)  requesting the sue of the broadcast facilities to refute what he claimed was a misrepresentation of the actions group point of view in the house of representations. But rather than grant the request. The chief secretary turned down the request.

This action was highly resented by chief Awolowo who started conceiving the idea of having his own broadcasting service in the Western region from the moment.

Television broadcasting, began in Nigeria in October 1959, when government of the former Western region started the first television service in both Nigeria, and Africa the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in Ibadan, other Television station established included, the Eastern Nigeria broadcasting service)ENBC)  – Radio / TV which was created on October 1, 1960, also Radio / Television Kaduna (RTK) in 1961.

Today, Nigeria can broad of several radio and television stations. Most of which are owned and operated by the state and Federal government with the numerous television stations in the country, it is necessary to find out what effects this system of communication has on youth.

Television is widely acknowledged as “  a powerful medium of our age “ (TV journal, 1985:3) The power of television in shaping our lives is astounding its visual immediacy gives its audience a feeling of participation more than any other medium. What youths see and Lear influence their attitudes, manners, speech and often their daily habits. Television has uniqueness in its intimacy, immoderacy and mass communication qualities. In Nigeria , its development is viewed in the height of a multiplicity of personal, social cultural  and political needs.

Through children obtain much of their parents and other non media to help socialize and education them, the importance or interest in the relative impact that the media have on children (Youths), aseptically the television medium. Wibur Schramm. (1971) reacting to this, put it that

for some children, under some conditions

Some television programmes are harmful ,

For other children, under the same conditions,

It may be beneficial, while for

Most children, under most conditions,

Most television programmes are probably neither harmful nor beneficial.

Therefore, it would not be out of place to suggest that youths learn behaviours, norms, and attitudes through film and television presentations.

Televisions has served the masses in its entailment aspect. It has been a more convenient alternative to social custom of going out cinema. A point to be born n mind in any discussion of the television effect, is that it gives different physical environments, personal prejudices, group attitudes, social norms and psychological needs, the same programme can act as a positive reinforcement for one person and a negative one for another.

Television has brought us in living colour the sights and sounds of entertainment, political conversions elections, assassinations, was and debates. A group in 1969 (sponsored by the united states government) That studied television effect on children suggested that” television violence might influence children who have violent tendencies to act violently” ³ They  however did not reach a definite conclusion about the effect of television violence on the majority of children.

Wilbur Scramm, an American researcher, on the way youth use television, has suggested one view point.

We are talking a needless chance with our children’s welfare by permitting them  to see such a parade of violence across our picture tubes. It is a danger to which we need  expose to tetanus or bacteria from unpasturised Milk ^4‑ .

From the above standard schramum is trying to cautim not only parents but also producer who handle programming in television industries.

Programming for youth is one of the areas of great problems seem to arise primary from lack of knowledge about the target, the potentials of broadcast media communication theory and the objective of broadcastings.

Nevertheless, the viewers interpretation of his  own experience after watching a programme may be reinterpreted when  he funds the programme in which he watch discussed by friends, radio commentators and newspaper commentates. If the significance of the event is magnified, even casual viewer assumes importance. The fact of having been there is remembered not so much because the event itself has left a impression, but because the event has been recorded by others. Although television is anew medium, that is the third medium to arrive after the inception of newspaper and radio in Nigeria it a obtained to fulfill the function of educating informing the public though cultural, economic and entertainment promotions. The Nigerian television aims it presenting  the types of programmes that would help create awareness, especially the youths.

According to Akpan (1987) ‘”  Television is an ubiquitous medium “⁵ although it is a view communication medium yet in Nigeria no one can dispute the fact hat television is the greatest theatre of the air. Television differ from host of the other theatres. The sketches of the television image requires the viewing audience to full in the picture. Consequently, the medium becomes an extension of touch for it is the sense of touch that control the interplay of the sense. The secret of television tactile power is that the video image is one of low intensity and definition and thus, unlike either the photography film, offers no detailed information about specific object but instead involves the active participation of the viewers.

The objectives of any television station is not only communicate to the target audience but also to receive favourable responses. The realization of this objective will depend primarily on the performance of the communication media, their types of progarmmes and view patronage level most on the entertainment aspects rather than informative. aspects.

In this study, I assessed the effect of television programmess on youths especially the recent invention of home video.

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        Campus circuit” a television  programme showm on Minaj Broadcast international (MBI) 5.5.30pm anchored by Ikediobi Jude, which is basically shown in the interest of the student and youths in general.

The program on the 3^rd October, 1999 with the intention of keeping students (youth) it talks on the fun life, the academic successes ,  the admission graduations and  ceremonies.

Campus circuit highlights the  ills on our campuses ,like sorting attitude of students as requested by some lecturers sexual harassment of female students, cultism examination malpractice’s gun schooling incessant strikes and a host of others.

It focuses on the profile of a given school., it also x – ray’s like on our campus and youths in general through captivating real life stories designed to educate students and lecturers.

Most often, it offers the most valuable tips or how to run successful academic activities. Again it show cases latest gossips on campus, pus other extra campus hummour and tip cracking test for your delight keeps you informed about what is going on in the fashion industry in campus.

Therefore it would d be out of place to support that youths learn behaviour, norms, and attitudes through film and television presentations.

S, campus circuit as a television programme has gone a long way in influencing the youth attitudes. Managers, speech and often their daily.

1.2      STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

It  will be discovered that some youths that watch television programmes (home videos) no engage in armed rabbery, rape, promiscuity and other activities which may be as a result of that exposures to violent films where thy tend to imitate the behavuour of the characters.

One of the primary motives of television is to foster national programmes which influenced some youths to appreciate stars who include in anti – social activities  and maintenance  of peace hereby causing problem in our immediate environment and nation.

Very often the critics suspect that parents uplect of the youths are responsible for their aggressive behavuours rather than violent television programmes This of course, has to be looked into because before the advert of television,  youths used to be under the influenced and the dance of their parents so they obtain much of their information from them.

Whenever television is used it affects the lives of the people in definite ways. This could be positively like the areas of knowledge and civil acquisition of relatively which is a cue to anti – social activities. As can be seen in Neustein;s book, some you this exposed to television have a way of stimulating them to copy certain practices and actions they see on the tube. They will even try to see if it work at home or else where in the neighborhood. So, the values of television can make an impact if they touch idea or value for which the viewer is emotionally ready.

Therefor in this research study, efforts have been made to assess the extent television programmes especially a particular progreamme on MBI Campus Circuit affect the behaviour of you this in our environment.