THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA COMMUNICATION IN SPORTS DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

PREFACE

A baby’s first attempt at walking is sometimes very calamitous, when not properly guided, indelible sears are left as a result of bruises sustained from “Childish” falls. In the same vein, as green horns in the act of writing books for classroom and professional use, the debut may be riddled with a lot of errors which make it fall below the standard set by the giants in the filed.

This being the case, we pray you, in the name of Jesus Christ, to consider’s us as a baby’s first attempt at walking. Do not crucify us.

The flaws notwithstanding, this project with a Nigerian background has come to address the Chronic and unimaginable vacuum left unexplored by many scholars.

The project is about the expected role of print media communication in sports development of society like Nigeria. However, for the purpose of Clarity and easy been divided into five chapters.

Chapter one deals with the introduction, the statement of problem, purpose of study, definition of terms, limitations.

In chapter two, the literature review and hypothesis are discussed.

Chapter three explains the methodology and instruments used. Chapter four features the analysis of the information got from the questionnaire while Chapter five, concluded the study and offers recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Preface:

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Statement of Problem
• Purpose of Study
• Definition of Terms
• Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review
• Hypothesis

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology
• Instrument Used

CHAPTER FOUR

• Results and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• Bibliography
• Appendix 1 – Sample of the Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

The fact that communication regard at area of print media is an indispensable factor in all aspects of human relation, is now too obvious to require any emphasis. As it was, the world revolves around the forum of communication networks.

In the communication network, the print media serve as the bedrock, supplying all the necessary ingredients for the smooth and uninterrupted flow of information. Indeed, the role of print media in the communication process is very vital in the development strategies of any nation.

Generally, the print media of mass communication, viz. Newspapers, magazines. Handbills etc are very important modern social processes. They bring public issues to the fore before wider readers other than can be reached by public meetings or inter-personal communication. For instance, the print media play an active part in broadening our enjoyment of life, furthering our knowledge

of things in our immediate as well as distant environment and getting information to us which stimulates individual and group action. Through these varies thrust, the process of social change is given more impetus by the print media.

The aim of this research is to find out “the role of print media in sport development” print media as a veritable source of information, entertainment and education is like the weather. And like the weather, it is always with is and providing us with constant material for conversation and adverse comments.

The history of communication regards to print media is itself originated during the mediaeval period, it is full of flash points and wonder points signifying vital landmarks in the domain of human relation. It is a notation of milestones and critical discoveries which has continues to power the engine of development to greater pedestal across time.

The history of modern sport however, can be originally traced to the ancient Greece about (778BC). At first when the City State sent only their aristocrats to the game, the sport were then conducted in a spirit of amateurism. The aristocratates possessed the money and leisure time to practice for the strenuous events. Popular sports in ancient time include foot racing, wrestling, boxing, archery, discus and javelin throwing. But as the advent of print media began to pervade the games, the city-states took to subsidize their best sportment.

There are many print media in Nigeria today: Newspapers, Magazines, Computer Cable wire etc, all trying to process and package sport news in a way that will attract and hold the interest of their readers. They vary in the kind of sports news stories they carry.   While some key emphasis on foreign sports news there are still others that package more of local sports news stories. This diversity in the kinds of sports news stories print media carry is just to satisfy the interest of the heterogeneous group of people in the country.

Many sports lovers, fans and readers of sports news, will find it difficult to imagine sports life and existence without print media communication. Just think how it would be like if Nigeria were in South-Africa for the African cup of Nations and the match story is not carried by the Newspaper or magazine. Or you rush tot he street or any departmental store to check for Newspaper or magazine that carried the match, yet no newspaper or magazine carried the story. If such would occur many sports lovers would feel that the world was in the grip of some cataclysm.   Many of the readers of sports news story would not want to experience such deprivation more than once in their life.

Several avenues exist for analysisng roles of print media in sports development, this study focuses on why some people love to read sport story and others ignore it. The kind of printing medium that attracts people describes their attention, habits and the degree of interest one has on sport also plays a part on how one will appreciate the role of print media in sports.

In addition to finding the role of print media in sports development, this study is also projected toward finding out what will happen to sports if there is no print media industry like Newspaper and Magazine etc.

Since there is other, existing literature on the subject matter, this work therefore is intended to serve as a reference, not only to interested sports lovers and research students who might in future carry out studies on the importance or role of print media in sports but also to remedy the chromic and unimaginable problem left in this interesting aspect of human endeavour.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

PROPOSALS FOR EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF THE MEDIA IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND THIS DAY NEWSPAPERS)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Significance of the study
• Scope and delimitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

2.1     The various types of female genital mutilation (FGM).

2.2     Reasons for the practice of FGM (Female circumcision)                   11

2.3     Health implications of (FGM)

2.4     Prevalence and distribution of FGM (female circumcision)

2.5     Current World Health Organization (WHO)

Actions related to FGM

2.6     The mass media as advocates of the crusade

against FGM in Nigeria.

2.7     Empirical framework.

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

• Research design
• Sources Of Data
• Population of the study
• Sample size and sampling
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity Of The Instrument
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result

• Data analysis
• Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of result

• Discussion and findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Limitation Of The Study

Reference

ABSTRACT

In this study, the researcher set out to examine the various strategies for applying the media in the crusade against female circumcision (or female gental mublation). Towards this end 86 staff of the ministry of women affairs were randomly selected to form the study sample. The 86 members of the study sample were issued with 86 copies of structured questionnaire to complete. The analysis of structured questionnaires to complete. The analysis of their responses related the following findings.

1. There are no genuine reasons for the performance of FGM in Nigeria
2. Some of the reasons given for performing FGM in Nigeria include the following:-

• To prevent sexual promiscuity among women
• To maintain chastity and virginity among the women folk before marriage
• Cultural reasons e.g. initiation of girls into womanhood.
• Mythical reason e.g. enhancement of fertility.

3. The media compaign against FGM had made positive impact on those societies where it is being practiced. Some of these impacts include:-

• Discouragement of the masses from performing FGM.
• Encouraging FGM practitioners to retire from the practice.
• Reduction of the complications from FGM

4. The Nigeria media had made laudable efforts towards the eradication of FGM. These efforts include:

• Condemnation of the practice of FGM through public enlightenment campaigns in the print media/electronic media.
• Exposure of the public of the practice of FGM.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

According to Akpoekong (2000) female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as “female circumcision” comprises of all procedures involving partial a total removal of the external female genitals or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons, FGM has been a big health problem of women in most developing nations.

Many reasons have been given for the performance of FGM. Some of these reasons, in some communities, are cultural in nature, while in other communities they are done for religious reasons. For whatever reason given for the performance of FGM, it is important to realise me scale and scope of the problem it causes to women in general, and the sufferings which underlies it, had rightly made it an issue of great natural and international concern. Presently no international organisation cares for the welfare of its circumcised women, and their desperate plight often draws scarf attention from the media (Ibe, 2001)

In most African countries, culture is the major factor that induced over wheming support for the performance of FGM. In there nations, culture beliefs purport that the performance of FGM makes women to be less promiscuous. This implies that the culture of there nations had made its citizens to believe that female circumcision makes wires to be more loyal to their husbands. The more nauseating thing about this is that, in those nations where FGM is practiced, its women on often noy in a position to question the dictates of their cultures or to make suggestions as regards eradicating some harmful traditional practices. Nsidi (1999) enumerated some of the tribes in Africa where FGM is being practiced as a result of cultural factors. There among others, included the following:

• The Ibos of Eastern Nigeria
• The pymics and primitive tribes of some remote parts of Congo forests.
• The Kikuju and Masai or Kenya.
• The numerous Indian tribes in its Amazou region of Brazil as well as the Negroes in the same countries.
• Some Negro tribes in the following countries of Africa:-

1. Uganda
2. Tanzania
3. Burkina Faso
4. Chad
5. Mali
6. Republic of Benin
7. Ghana (the asante and panti tribe)
8. Mozambique
9. Ethiopia

• The itsekiris and Urhobo of Mid –Western Nigeria and some primitive tribe in:

1. Argentina
2. Peru
3. Uruguay

FGM had in this modern days attracted a lot of condemnation and criticism due to the dangers inherent its practice. Thus from the amplified voices of women’s rights advocates through to the affirmative action of many civilised societies, the issue of stopping the performance of FGM has taken a new dimension. Prominent in the crusade against the performance of FGM are some women organisations who regards some cultural practices as good violation of the rights of the women. Among the demands of there groups of women is then push for the accordance of due rights to women in all concernable fronts, including the abolition of the performance of FGM in allsocities (Wonuma, 2000).

In the religious fronts, the picture remains the same on the issue of FGM. Most Christian groups, had always taken the stand of absolute prohibition of the performance of FGM. Some of the Christian groups that condemned the performance of FGM in Nigeria, according to Nwana (2001) are the following:-

1. The Roman catholic mission
2. The Methodist church
3. The Baptist church
4. The Anglican communion
5. The Cahu mission
6. Presbyterian church
7. Congregational churches
8. Eastern orthodox churches
9. Salvation army and
10. The Pentecostal churches.

Despite the public condemnation of the practice of FGM, many communities, especially in the Southern part of Nigeria had continued with the practice. Although it is difficult to obtain national statistics on FGM (Female Circumcision), the practice is generally regarded as an increasing problem in the rural areas of the country. This made the conduction of this study a matter of urgent importance to the country.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

BROADCAST NEWS COMMENTARIES AS A STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Purpose of study
• Significance of study
• Research questions and hypothesis
• Scope of study/ limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Early strategies of social change

2.1     Propaganda –an evaluation

• News commentary and propaganda
• Mass psychology and social control
• News and current affairs and news commentries
• News commentaries and other creative articles

CHAPTER THREE

• Research design
• Area of study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling procedures
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity and reliability of the research instrument
• Method of administration of the research instrument
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis of results
• Test of hypothesis
• Summary of result / findings

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion of results / findings
• Implication of the research findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Suggestion for furthers study

References

Appendices

ABSTRACT

This study examines the crucial role of news commentaries in social change. It accordingly recognizes that its true subject is always the audience, especially, how that audience is constructing social reality in their minds and daily lives. News commentary plays a strategic role in social change because it represents, or rather presents, society as something already under discussion, in the here and now, by media persons (press). In other words, it provides a communications infrastructure for the revolution of everyday life.

However, various obstacles exist in the path of Nigerian journalist that militate against effective performance of his/ her duties. Here lies the role of the press. This study takes a look at what constitutes a social change and the role news commentaries are plating and are also expected to play.

This research work is carried out to help determine and highlight some of the problems militating against the successful production and utilization of broadcast news commentary with special emphasis on broadcast media and the audience within Enugu metropolis. The aim here is to find out if news commentary truly affects social change, its limitations, and recommendations. It also proffers solutions that would help promote media effectiveness, based on the result of the analysis and findings.

This research exercise is divided into five chapters, viz, chapter one deals with the background of the study, statement of problem, objectives, scope, hypotheses and significance of the study. Chapter two deals with review of related literature. Chapter three deals with research methodology and design, while chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis of result. Chapter five deals with findings, conclusions and recommendations and limitations of the study stating some of the problems encountered in the course of this research exercise.

A reference of all library sources, or authors whose previous work were quoted or referred to by the researcher is made available at the end of this chapter. Also in carrying out this research, the major types of data employed include primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained through questionnaires, surveys and observations, while the secondary data were collected from interviews and appraisal of available literature and documents.

In convulsion this research affirms that news commentary lies are indeed both a potent force and effective tool used to achieve social change. Recommendations were also made.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY.

The introduction of broadcast media in Nigeria was dated back to 1930’s starting with the Radio.

Radio broadcasting in Nigeria started with the colonial policy, which demanded sharing of information between colony and the colonial Lords, in 1932 as British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

The system used them was wired wireless connected to the rediftusion boxes (loud speakers) in subscribers hones. This system was called, Radio Distribution service (RDS)

This era led to the establishment of Nigerian Broadcasting service (NBS) in 1951, that Nigerialization of radio program news reflected the environmental pattern/ culture of the people. It was renamed in 1957 as Nigerian Broadcast Corporation (NBC).

Although the scope of the NBC was designed to cover the regions, radio stations were simulfeneously established by the Eastern and Western regions to   cater for the mass communication needs of their respective region.

The Eastern region established the tasters Nigerian Broadcasting service (ENBS) IN 1963.

The radio was set up not only to supplement NBC’s efforts, but also provided a team of spirit of competition and electivity which are to have tremendous impact on the quality/ quantity of their programmers.

To further ensure effective broadcast performance, the NBC established zonal station to Lagos, to provide impartial broadcast service to the country.

Television transmission in Nigeria also began in Western Nigeria on October 31^st 1959. The service which was initiated by the regional government of the west was not only the first in Nigeria, but the oldest in Africa’s continent as a whole, (Egbon, 1985: 34). The birth of television in Nigeria was accidental having been born out of political motivations. Hitherto, Radio broadcasting in Nigeria was solely provided by the NBC and entirely financed by the government sought to establish its mass media, which it could control and through w2hich it could voice out its opinion independence of the federal Authority.

The new WNBC was set up to provide television and sound broadcasting services, which includes education, i8nformation and entertainment programmers.

These tasters Nigeria Television (ENTV) now NTA Enugu was established in 1963 while others came later. The federal government of Nigeria in 1975 took over all the old regional Television stations.

Television broadcasting was introduced in developing countries recently with its coverage limited to urban centers. The main idea that informed this transfer of television Technology was the view of education and social planners who perceived television as a possible panacea for development and that it may advance modernization and also encourage mass production techniques.

Radio, as the commonest mass media in the third world has proven to have some merits over the last thirty years, radios out reach has expanded cultural communication, television continues to expand rapidly, although from a much smaller and more urban base than radio. The programmers which those television viewers see continue to be largely imported much of it from U.S. Therefore, for most countries, television will continue to be an international medium with a high degree of foreign cultural influence to social change.

Broadcast news commentary is however, as old as the news itself. News commentary as the name implies, is the news behind the news. It is a critical interpretation, evaluation and presentation of significant, contemporal social events in such a way as to inform, entertain, educate and as well influence the audience (ie the publics), (Okoro & Agbo 2003: 125).

News commentary was created to fill the vacuum which news story failed to fill, due to lack of time in the broadcasting media. It is certain issues that need to be highlighted or further elucidated, especially, on a social burning issue.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING IN A CORPORATE ORGANIZATION(A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC A PROJECT WORK PRESENTED)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For proper understanding and perception of this work, it will be wise to trace the historical background of the bank under case study which is first Bank of Nigeria Limited, in line with background of uses of advertising .

Founded in 1894 by a shipping magnate from Liverpool, Air, Alfred Jones, the bank commenced as a small operation in the office of Elder Dumpster and company in Lagos State. It was in Cor-porated as a limited liability company on march 31^st, 1894 with head office in Liverpool. It started business under the corporate name of the bank for British west African (BBWA) with a paid- up capital of 12,000 pounds sterling after absorbing its predecessor, the African Banking Corporation, which was established in 1892. due to the impressive growth they worked closely with the colonial government in performing the tradition function of a central bank such as issue of species in the west African sub- region.

To justify its west African coverage, a branch was opened in Accra, Gold Coat Ghana in 1896 and another in free town, sierra-Leone in 1899. These mark the Genesis of the bank’s operations. The second branch of the Bank in Nigeria in was in the old calabar of cross – river State in 1990 and two years later, services were extended to Nigeria, with a network of 315 branches opened throughout the branch network in the industry.

To satisfy the needs and services of its customers, first Bank of Nigeria has diversified into a wide range of banking activities and services. These include corporate and retail banking, Registration trusteeship and insurance brokerage. To take advantage on several restructuring initiatives. In 1957, it changed its name from bank of British west Africa to bank of West Africa.

In 1964, the bank was incorporated locally as the standard bank of Nigeria limited in line with the companies decree of 1968. changes in the name of the bank also occurred in 1979 and 1991, to first Bank of Nigeria limited and first Bank of Nigeria PLC respectively. In 1985, the bank introduced a decentralized structure with five regional administrations.

This was reconfigured in 1992 to enhance the bank’s operational efficiency in 1996, the bank introduced the FBN century II project to revolutionary its operations in line with the dynamic of the environment. The bank has continued to be leader in financing long term investments in the economy, which was demonstrated in 1947, when the first long- time loan was advanced to the colonial government . To demonstrate its commitment to its customers and the development of the Nigeria economy, the bank has since broadcast its loan and credit portfolios to various sectors of the economy.

The bank has tremendously judging from a number of parameters including number of branches, growth in deposit base, asset size and size of loans and advances.

BACKGROUND OF ADVERTISING

Advertising is not a new activity of modern industrialism but an ancient practices that goes back to the very beginning of recorded history. The diggings of a choreologists in the countries rimming the mediate area sea have turned up evidence of the use of sign to announce various events and offers. The Romans painted walls to announce forth coming gladiatorial contests and Phoenicians painted murals on prominent rocks along trade routes extolling the wares they sold, a precursor of modern out door advertising . In pomepeil, w wall has been found praising a politician and asking for the people’s vote.

Another early form of the people’s advertising was the use of town cries . In Greece during the  Golden age, town criers were paid to circulate messages through the streets of Athens announcing the sales of stores, cattle’s and other goods as well as making public announcements.

An early singing commercials used in ancient Athens went as follows “for eyes that shinning, for checks like the dawn, beauty that last after girl hood is gone, for prices in reason, the woman who knows will buy her cosmetics of Aschypothes”. These town criers were the forerunner of radio as an advertising medium and the car louder speakers used by the modern political candidates.

The third early form of advertising was the mark placed by artisans on their individuals good such as pottery. As the reputation of particular artisan spread through word of mouth, buyers began to look for his distinctive mark just as trade marks and brand names are used today. They would pay a premium, for example, Osnabruck linen was carefully controlled for quality and commanded a price 20 percent higher than that of other westphalian linens, as production became more centralized and markets became more distant the mark or identifying name took on more significance.

The turning point in the history of advertising was in 1450, the year counter berry invented the printing press. No longer did advertisers have to produce extra copies of sign by hand. The first know printed advertisement in the English language appeared in 1478. starting in 1622, an important new medium gave advertising a substantial forward push namely the first English newspaper, the weekly news. Later, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele published the tellers and become devotes of advertising, Addison included this advice to copywriters.

The art of writing advertising is the finding out the method to catch the reader, without when a good thing may pass unobserved or be lost among commissions of bankrupts “ the September 14, 1710, issue of the tatter contained competitive advert for razor stops and patent medicine attempting to convince the readers of the products super entry over competing products.

Advertising had its greatest growth in the united states rather than English, Benjamin Franklin is often called the father of American becoming the cradle of advertising . first America industry led in the mechanization of production, which created surpluses and the need to convince the consumers to buy more. Second the development of fine network of water ways, highways and roads made the transportation of goods and advertising media to the countryside feasible.

Third, the establishment in 1813 of compulsory public education led to the decline of illiteracy and the growth of newspaper and magazine. The invention of radio and later television created two more amazing media for the dissemination of advertising.

 

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE FRCN AND THE ESBS RADIOS ENUGU AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES OF SHEEP AND GOAT KEEPING PRACTICE ON THE AMECHI AND UGWUAJI SHEEP AND GOAT KEEPERS IN ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Sheep and goat are ruminant animals that bring back food from their stomachs and chew them again. The rearing of sheep and goat is called sheep and goat keeping. The rearing of sheep and goat can be discussed on their purposes, the breeds and the origin, the management system, the feeds and feeding, the breeding system up to the time of kidding, healthcare in addition to control and prevention of diseases . The main purposes of rearing sheep and goat are either for the meat or income or religious ceremonies and festivities or getting their droppings to serve as a farm yard manure for the plants, or hides and skins for leather works, wool or even for gifts or milk production. Anyanwu et al (1998:168, and 169) therefore emphasized that

 

Goat and [sheep] are mainly kept in the tropics for meat production… few breeds have a fairly good ability for milk production. In the temperate zones… goats and [sheep] are kept mainly for milk production…meat, hair, and skin production are secondary to milk production.

Reasoning along the same line of Anyanwu et al, Carles (1983:56) maintained, “there are a total of five major products from sheep-meat, wool, milk, skins and manure”.

        There are many breeds of sheep and goat that thrive effectively in all parts of the world. We have the American breed, the Arabian breed, the European breed, and the African breeds. In Nigeria, we have the sheep and goat that can thrive effectively

either in the forest region or the swampy forest region or the savannah region of the country.

In Enugu state and other forest belt, the West African dwarf breed is common among goats. They are short-legged, very hardy with good meat quality. Such breeds are resistant to trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. They are relatively small in size and can produce twins and tripplings.  

        In the North, we have the Sokoto Red, Kano Brown, Bornu white while for the sheep, we have the long-legged black sheep that have little resistance to trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. They are the Uda, the Balami, the Yankasa that are relatively large in size, long-legged.

Anyanwu (pp. 170-171), however, subdivided all [sheep] and goat into two: the breeds found in the tropics to include- the West African Dwarf…the Hejazi of Arabic and the Moxoto of Pernambuco… the Cutch… the Sapel…the Jumnapari and Surti.

 the temperate breeds to include-the Anglo Nubian…the British Saanen…the Toggen-burg…the Angora and the Kashmeri

 The sheep and goat breeds existing in communities are the West African dwarf goat while that of sheep are the long-legged huge ones. Anyanwu (p.169) revealed that the

         …Domestic goat started life at the Asian mountain…but

have undergone changes depending on the environment

and the purpose to which improvement is directed.

       

For Carles (p.6), the origin and the likely area of large scale sheep production is in the “subtropical area… of Middle East (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syrian)”

        The management system of sheep and goat could be the free range or the extensive system whereby the animals are left to roam about and feed themselves. In this system, the rearer does not care for adequate feed, housing among others. This system is, however, practised where there are abundant grazing land or pastures for the animals. During farming season, this practice is not advisable since the farmers whose crops were destroyed may kill the goat and sheep. Moreover, this system may be open to thieves or wild carnivorous animals, like lions, pythons and hyenas among others.

        There is also the tethering or the semi-intensive management system whereby sheep and goat are tied with long ropes to poles or pegs in the bush to graze on the pastures. Some supplemental feedings such as kitchen wastes, peeled human food or meals can be given to the animals. It is advisable to hide them in the homes in the night or during rainfall. This is practised where there is much pressure on the land or during the planting season.

        The intensive system of management is where the sheep and goat are usually confined in houses or pens. Such houses are built with roof, dwarf walls, sand or concrete floors. In a better built houses, it is good to keep the animals on a raised slated platform with crossbars so that they can be lying on them free from their droppings or dung and urines after feeding on the feeds on the bare concrete or earthen floor. The feeds may be tied on a rope or put in a manger while water will be kept away from the pens to prevent the animals from excreting on them. This system facilitates the easy cleaning of the pen. However, the rearer provides all the feeding requirements to the animals. Anyanwu (p.173) had aptly summarised these three systems of management of keeping sheep and goat to be “(a) tethering (b) semi-stall feeding (c) herding or fencing”.

        The feeds and feedings of sheep and goat are comparably inexpensive to other ruminant animals. The animals feed on roughages such as legumes, crop residues, grasses, kitchen wastes, peels and chaffs of human foods.  Supplements such as groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, cotton seed cake, cotton seed and growers’ dried grains are necessary for the provision of both proteins, energy and vitamins to the animals. Some commercially prepared ruminant supplements are marketed within Enugu state and environs which the UGWUAJI and AMECHI sheep and goat rearers can buy at a cheap price. Pregnant and nursing ewe (female sheep) and doe (female goat) need adequate and balanced roughages as well as supplements. Water, more especially clean water is desirable at all seasons. The lamb of the female sheep or the kid of the female goat may not be fed with the roughages, concentrates or supplements immediately. They are usually given the mothers’ milk until at a particular age, they are fed with a particular quantity and quality of feeds and feeding hence Anyanwu (p.174) stressed, “the art and practice of feeding animals take into consideration the age and the type of animals fed”.

        Goat and sheep breed throughout the year. The lambs and the kids mature between 6-10 months for both sexes.  Some of the animals mature within 8-10 months but breeding that are allowed from 8-12 months before mating or crossbreeding usually develop fully, more especially the females.  In choosing the breed to rear, people do that based on the physical appearance of the group, birth weight, the rate of the animals’ growth, the multiple birthing ability of the pedigree or the parent stock.  The doe (female goat) or the ewe (female sheep) are mated when they are on heat period or need mating which lasts from1-2 days.  It comes again after three (3) weeks.  The signs of being on heat are restlessness, mounting of other animals, standing still when mounted by the males.

        Successful coition results in pregnancy or gestation that lasts from 145-153 days depending on the stock. Signs of gestation are the enlargements of the udder (breast), refusal to be mounted by the male animals, the enlargement of the vulva (vaginal opening).  During the pregnancy period, adequate feeding is required.  As soon as parturition or labour or the female animals are about to deliver their young, adequate cleaning of the pens and disinfecting the pens are necessary.  The lamb (young sheep) or the kidding (young goat) are weaned at 4-6 months when the ewe or the doe stop given their young their milk.  Young males are castrated at 1-4 weeks where necessary to control sex ratio and check indiscriminate mating of the females.  The female goat or doe usually kid three or more times in two (2) years with either one or two or three young per birth depending on the breeding stock. The female sheep or ewe lambs accordingly like the female goat or doe.

        The common diseases of sheep and goat are diarrhoea, sleeping sickness, worms, pneumonia and body parasites. The signs of illness are loss of appetite, abnormal pulse, rise in temperature, constipation or too much hard excreta, diarrhoea, difficulty or noisy breathing or coughing, dull looking, starring look, standing apart from others, foreign eyes or discharges, loss of age or weight, emaciation.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE