AN EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL IN THE LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

(A CASE STUDY OF OANDO PLC)

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ABSTRACT
This research was motivated to appraise the evaluation of distribution channel in the logistics management of petroleum product using Oando plc as the case study. There was a problem of the tendency of distribution of those petroleum products to the Northern & Southern which effect to a scarcity of the product in other areas of the country. On the contrary to the problems of this research work, an objective came to be as to ascertain whether there is an effective and efficient distribution of petroleum products, all round the country. In the process of solving and pursuance on the problems and the objectives, both primary and secondary data were sourced. The targeted respondents were mainly the managers, staffs and customers were statistically determined for the purpose of both questionnaires administration and personal interview. In organizing and presentation of data collected, tables and percentages were used and various hypothesis were tested using chi-square. The tests of the hypothesis made the researcher to concluded that Oando plc cannot improve on the distribution channel in the logistics management of petroleum product in our country, as the critical value was greater than the expected value on both tests.
5-99 > 1.2481 & 1.8838 < 5.99 The study reviews some finds which made the researcher to recommended that government should set some security agencies that can militate against perpetrator that vandalize the pipeline and other unscrupulous person (s) that engaged in similar act he believes if carefully implemented will go a long way to shortening the various problems CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statements of the problem 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Research questions 1.6 Formulation of hypothesis 1.7 Scope and limitation of the study 1.8 Definition of basic terms CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of channel system 2.2 Management of logistics/channel system 2.3 Conflict in channel management 2.4 Co-operation by channel participants 2.5 Channels of distribution in petroleum products 2.6 Factors affecting petroleum products 2.7 Managing marketing channels of petroleum products 2.8 The benefits of using efficient channel System as a Means of Distributing Petroleum Products References CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design 3.2 Area of study 3.3 Population of the study and sample size 3.4 Instrument used 3.5 Validity of the instrument 3.6 Reliability of the instrument 3.7 Method of data collection 3.8 Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA. 4.1 Summary of the results and findings 4.2 Testing of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Discussion of the result 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendation, suggestion for further research bibliography Appendices CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: This chapter consists of details of the topic under research. Here the background of the study statement of the problem, objectives and significance of the study will be revealed along with research question so as to enable the researcher know what the research work is all about. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As a result of petroleum products being the major exporting product among others, of our country. Our country solely depends on it as the highest percentage revenue on the overall percentage of the total exportation products or items. In the 1979s after the civil war, Nigerians have Agricultural products as the dependent product in both domestic and international uses. But today due to greater lucrative of this product all over the world, abandoned the former for the latter. As the uses is universal, the extractive regions which are at South east and South west encountered a difficult impact to be supplied or distribute to various areas of other regions of the country, due to mainly mismanagement and other opposing factors. The transportation of this extracting products from the originated area to the refinery was a great problem in the country, because of its form bulky and channel of distribution. The government then employed foreign bodies to refine this product in order to reach to the hook and of the country. The refinery built and managed by government admitted a foreign firm to have a part in the refinery for the bases of their services as regards to importation. Still not adequate as the dealers divert this product to their own perspective regions where they expect to dispose it in a high value. At times, this petroleum products i.e. fuel, kerosene, diesel, bitumen to mention but few do change totally the generic colour used to it to another unpredicted colour thereby caused a harm to human body. These dealers were formerly the staffs of one firm and another for years, left their various perspective offices for the marketing of these products thereby formed one organization and another to impose the prices on this products. The region that is basically not interested in the use of this product by their majority because of their belief or customs has low cost and optimal quantities than other regions. From the facts, it becomes clear that if the left cream of the nation is to be feasible accordingly, a great percentage or rate of the standard of living would have been a something if smile to the populace. HISTORY AND BUSINESS OF THE COMPANY (OANDO) The company commenced business operations as a petroleum marketing company in Nigeria in 1956 under the name of “ESSO West Africa Incorporated” a subsidiary of Exxon Corporation of the United States of America. In 1969, the company was incorporated as ESSO Standard Nigeria Limited, and in 1976, the Nigerian Government acquired all of ESSO’ s shareholding interest, thereby fully indigemising the company whose name was subsequently changed to Unipetrol Nigeria Limited. It became a public limited liability company in 1991, when the federal government divested 60% of its shareholding to the general public, and was quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in February 1992. In 2000, the Federal Government divested its remaining 40% shareholding in the company, 30% of which was acquired by ocean and oil investment limited whilst the balance of 10% was taking by the Nigerian Public. In 2002, the company acquired Agip Petroli International BV’s 60% shareholding in Agip Nigeria Plc (Agip) and subsequently merged with Agip to become the second largest player in the downstream petroleum marketing industry. In December 2003, the company announced the launch of “Oando PLC” its new corporate identity to signify the creation of a proudly West Africa brand. The new corporate identify and branding exercise portrays the values and brand essence of the company service excellence, performance – driven, dynamic and progressive, consistent quality experience and proudly West African. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Petroleum products have a numerous problems on logistics management on its distribution, it is the only and major exporting product of our country, which is disposed in a high rate to another country thereby expect the citizening to do the same the tendency of distribution channel to the Northern and Southern regions of the country is much more sufficient than other regions, which causes scarcity of the product in these areas. Some quantities of these products are being diversified to other different stations for a tremendous income, impact on hoarding which reveals the control is not effective. Many of the distribution channels are being vandalized by unscrupulous individuals in the area which stagnantly affects its distribution and transportation. Moreover, there is weights and measures on the quantities of this petroleum products making the dealers to have different prices of disposing this product in their various areas. Finally, the Boards that deals on the marketing of this petroleum products (NUPENG, PENGASIN, etc) do impose some requisitions from the federal government which may not come forth, affect its distributions. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study are; 1. To ascertain whether there is an effective and efficient distribution of petroleum products, all round the country. 2. To determine if sufficient production of petroleum products are sold at a cheaper rate and curls the trend of scarcity on the country as the sixth oil producing ration of the world, and the first in Africa. 3. To find out whether the various refineries of the country are put in shape thereby limiting the services of other countries in refining our own petroleum products in terms of trade. 4. To ascertain whether what we produce is satisfying the citizen 5. To identify a post – mortem to the present situation, and that of the future, and many years to come.. 6. To determine how the supervision of distribution of petroleum product is done to curls fore outbreak, and the cost of resuscitating the damages. 7. Moreover, to identify the availability of petroleum product to minimize traffic hold – ups, queuing for a long time, unavailable means of transportation, wastage of hire in transporting one self, and its high cost. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYAN EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL IN THE LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY.

(A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIG. LTD)

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ABSTRACT
Business organization in Nigeria have failed to realize the role a good corporate image policy has in business dealings. This is probably because they do not understand the concept of corporate image and necessary toold for promoting them. Corporate image, in fact goes beyond attractive products or reminding quality service, advertising paying good salary and so on. It pervades every aspect of a business concern from the least workers personality to the dialing within the organization and with larger society.
In the fact of the dynamics of our society, especially in the business world, brought about by technology, companies are faced with stiff competition that maintaining a competitive edge requires aggressive strategies. One of such strategies is efficient corporate image management and promotion.
The focus on this research work was to determine the strategies that could be employed to build and promote corporate image efficiently and enhance profit margins of an organization. A case study of Phinomar Nigeria Limited, Ngwo was therefore undertaken.
The finding revealed that:
a. Phinomar Nigeria Limited has a lay down corporate image policy though not effectively managed.
b. Strategies employed to promote corporate image are limited.
c. Response to Phinomar products is fairly high, hence it can be said to be profitable.
d. Employee welfare and work environment need improvement.
e. Phinomar needs to increase the scope of its social responsibility.
f. Phinomar need a well managed corporate image which should be reviewed periodically for improvement.
g. Customers’ response to Phinomar product is high.
h. Communication among workers in Phinomar Nigeria Limited is not adequate.
i. Phinomar Nigeria Limited lays emphasis on public relations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – –
1.2 Statement of the study – – – – – –
1.3 Purpose of the study – – – – – –
1.4 Scope of the study – – – – – – –
1.5 Significance of the study – – – – – –
1.6 Limitations of the study – – – – – –
1.7 Research question – – – – – – –
1.8 Research hypothesis – – – – – –
1.9 Definition of terms – – – – – – –
Reference – – – – – – – –

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Meaning and history of corporate image management –
2.2 Different views and opinions about corporate image management
and organization profitability – – – – –
2.3 Different approach to corporate image management –
2.4 Corporate image management at Phinomar Nigeria ltd –
References – – – – – – – –

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design – – – – – – –
3.2 Area of the study – – – – – – –
3.3 Population of the study – – – – – –
3.4 Sample and sampling procedures / techniques – –
3.5 Instrument for data collection – – – – –
3.6 Validation of the instrument – – – – –
3.7 Reliability of the instrument – – – – –
3.8 Methods of data collection – – – – –
3.9 Methods of data analysis – – – – – –
Reference – – – – – – – –

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation and analysis of data – – – –
4.2 Testing of hypothesis – – – – – –
4.3 Summary of results – – – – – –

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Discussion of result findings – – – – –
5.2 Conclusions – – – – – – –
5.3 Implication of the research findings – – – –
5.4 Recommendations – – – – – – –
5.5 Suggestions for further research – – – –
BIBLIOGRAPHY – – – – – – – –
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II

LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Whether importance is attached to corporate image – –
4.2 Contribution of image to the organisational profitability –
4.3 Method used in maintaining goods corporate image –
4.4 Whether there are departments responsible for creation of image
4.5 Measures used in customers satisfaction – – –
4.6 Observed frequency – – – – – –
4.7 Observed and expected frequency – – – –
4.8 Observed frequency – – – – – –
4.9 Observed and expected frequency – – – –
4.10 Observed frequency – – – – – –
4.11 Observed and expected frequency – – – –

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A company’s product as such is no longer the chief media projecting its image. Count more today is the public posture of management, its concern for consumer welfare and its visible response to imperative social and economic needs. In short, management must concern itself as much with protection as it does with profit (Harold H. Margins: 1970).
Every aspect of business and industry is undergoing rapid change in terms of philosophy and technology and there is more rapidly changing function of corporate management to public attitudes and reaction. In the same vein, the corporate image of any organisation has to be steer to change to correspond in response to the demands of its ever changing business public, marketing them aggressively, paying fair wages to the employees, and even paying taxes, etc. is not just enough to maintain to competitive edge. There is now economic and social responsibility that faces every business.
Perhaps it would be necessary to ask; is there any need to engage in corporate image promotion? Does promotion have effect on the returns of an organisation? Are there right and wrong ways to project a corporate image? What is the place of employee motivation, communication, customer relations, social responsibility etc. in the whole role of image promotion programme?
Margins, H. Harold (1979.7) stated, “Mass merchandising, new method of advertising, increased competition, and government regulation have brought corporate reputations into public view and cause executive to seek more favourable reactions”. However, many hard headed business men do have an uneasy feeling that promoting the corporate image is little more than a perceived gesture of public good will. The critical importance of corporate image becomes apparent when consumers protest provokes, from large organization series of explanations and apologies for the faults they are accused companies must therefore give to finance. Marketing and research in the table of rapid, social and technological change. Other wise, it cannot expect the command public respect and support in the market place.
To live and grow, the command respect and regard, the corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. Therefore, corporate image promotion should not be left in the hands of the public relations men, but should be the responsibility of top management and every member of staff. This implies that the image programme should be part of the over all planning for the company’s future. No matter how impressive a firm’s achievements are, they must be properly presented in the public, for them to be acknowledged. Thus corporate planning is an integral part of policy decisions. For some companies, image programmes is part of board planning for greater sales and profits. This is one of the fundamental objectives of management and all its activities will be programmed to that end.
Staged that, “It is not an exaggeration to say that a good image is fundamental to the existence of any business enterprise. The concept of image is often considered to be an important determination of long term sales and profits. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the use of image as an objective not only for an advertising programme but for marketing programme and an organization as a whole”. When a new product is introduced in the market, a respected corporate name often benefits from the unknown product. People are more likely to buy a new product if they know and like its manufacturer. Furthermore, the quality image of a company’s product may have considerable influence on the kind of new product the company can market successfully. They identified four types of resources available to companies, system resources and intangible resources.
Explaining the intangibles, Scholes and Klem observed that “many organization have significant strength in intangible assets such as, image or brand name. The value of intangible resources should not be under rated. Infact, in many service companies, these intangible can be the key asset of the company. Potential purchase of money for this “goodwill” underlying their real value. Finally, order to gain the support of its publics, the corporate image must show that management is progressing, mobile, open to innovation, fair to all and free of dogma and convention. Creating and promoting corporate personality efficiently is mainly communicating company’s objectives, beliefs, reputation and achievements to its public in order to gain their goodwill.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
Adequate emphasis have not been laid by firms in terms of promoting a favourable corporate image and this attitude has affected their performance in the market. More so, in the face of the prevailing stiff competition among firms.
The environment in which business operate is in constant change and it constitutes an important factor in that, it affects management decisions and actions. For any business, two types of environment exist. The operating environment, which may be classified with comprises economic, social, political cultural, government, technological, while internal forces comprises the top management employee, task forces and public environment which is made up of the firms several public.
For an organization to remain in business, it has to help to shape its environment because of the rapid change that the organisation’s operating environment undergoes.
Apart from the influence of the environment, the image of the firm is another factor that requires consideration. The type of image, which an organization projects is an important determinant of its long run existence and performance. There are strategies that have to be developed and adapted creatively to achieve organizational goals. From management’s point of view. Without a good image, an organization is not guaranteed of long life, the profit objective of the organization will not be achieved, the market share will be affected resulting to decreased sales volume, there will be employee dissatisfaction; co-ordination of work will be un-impressible and there by the organization will collapse.
The correction of the above management problems requires the application of the management’s functions of planning which involves selecting objectives and formulating strategies, policies programmes and procedures to achieve organization goals.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDYEFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY.

EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

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ABSTRACT With the current trend in Nigeria micro and macro-economics policies towards a dynamic private sector led economy. The indispensability of entrepreneurial development thus becomes of paramount importance. This study assesses the contribution of entrepreneurial activities to the growth and development of the Nigerian Economy. Questionnaires and ministration and interviews have been carried out on entrepreneurs to obtain primary data and related literatures have also been used. Data have been analyses using tables and percentages and hypothesis have been tested using chi-square. Based on the findings, entrepreneurs were found to be innovative but still find the growth of their company difficult to handle because of inadequate capital, high costs of input and government policies. To this end the study recommended that Government should establish specialise banks that will offer loan to entrepreneurs, develop industrial estate with adequate and reliable infrastructure and provide subsidy on vital raw materials for industrial growth which inturn develops the economy.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The word entrepreneur was first used in the early 18th century by an Irish man named Cantillon who was then living in France. The word therefore originated from the French word, entrepreneur, which means to start a business. It was used broadly in connection with the innovative modern individual business leaders. The entrepreneur has been described as the person who perceives business opportunities and takes advantage of the scarce resources to use them. He bears the non-insurable risk in his enterprise and directs human business. According to Ndechukwu (2001), an entrepreneur is an individual who takes upon him-self the risk of going into business with the expectation of earning all the profits or losses. He is, in economics, regarded as a special type of labour that assembles all the other factors of production namely, capital, land and labour and endeavor to ensure optimal combination of these resources to maximize profit. The world as we know is becoming a global village; great forces are pursuing the nations to have a dynamic and sound economy. Economic competition and intimidation has become the era of the day, so one is justified if one becomes interested in one of the important factors of a strong and virile economy, the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurship. Many societies placed great values on the entrepreneur. To encourage their activity, they may be offered access to in-expensive capital, tax exception and management advice. An entrepreneur has the greatest chance of success by focusing on a market niche either too small or too new to have been noticed by established business.

The practice of entrepreneurship promotes self-reliance. Entrepreneurial skills are translated into practical business activities in the form of both small and medium scale enterprises in private and public enterprises. With this close relationship, entrepreneurial development relates to and also embraces the activities and role of small and medium scale entreprises particularly in the area of reducing the level of unemployment, provision of goods and services and their combination of national economic welfare. The dynamic role of private and public enterprises in Nigerian economy as a mechanism for growth has recognized its effect in achieving macro economic objective such as full employment, income distribution, development of local technology as well as diffusion of management skills and stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship cannot be over emphasized. At the emerging of a modern day Nigeria in the early 60’s and 70’s, white collar jobs were at the disposal of every fresh graduate, with this idea in mind, the issue of self resourcefulness tending towards entrepreneurial development was at the ebb. The introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986 has a lot of effects in the private and public enterprises of the Nigerian economy which lay off a large number of their work force. This consequently led to economic hardship coupled with unemployment. For this reason, the need for self reliance and resourcefulness and development of new initiative for economic survival has led individuals to set up enterprises of various sizes and structure to meet up with the trend in the economy and to earn a living. This has indeed led to entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. To qualify as an entrepreneur, it is not sufficient to be just managing an enterprise; one has to be an originator of profitable business ideas. According to Schumpeter (1911), the single function, which constitute entrepreneurship is innovation and indeed it creates a resource (the business entrepreneur). It should be noted that, nothing should be considered as resource until man finds a use for it. These resources must be combined, recognized and efficiently utilized by entrepreneurship to achieve a desirable satisfaction for human needs which entrepreneurship readily provides. Entrepreneurial development hold a lot for economic growth and development. A typical example of what it has to offer is seen in the case of Dangote Group of Companies, which grew from a small enterprise into a large conglomerate.

Today, it is with several lines of business and diverse product, it is making a tremendous contribution to the development and growth of the Nigerian economy. For a nation to say it is independent, it must be economically independent and these is based upon the development of entrepreneurship spirit. The establishment of a new business involves a thorough understanding of entrepreneurial process. This process does not just involve problem solving but also an entrepreneur must find, evaluate and develop opportunity by overcoming the strong forces that every new ventures faces. Entrepreneurial process has four distinct phases which include ability to identify business opportunities, ability to be able to harness the necessary resources to utilize opportunities identified, ability and the willingness to initiate and sustain appropriate actions towards the actualization of business objectives and managing the resulting enterprise. Some useful sources of business opportunity are consumers existing companies, distribution channels, research and development, as well as the Federal government involvement in promoting entrepreneurship.

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY:

A STUDY OF NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES INSTITUTE KADUNA, NIGERIA .

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ABSTRACT

This research as presented is designed to cover aspects of Human Resource Planning in relation to productivity in the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna and as a Human Resource Manager, it is pertinent to focus on the concept and relevance of the function in the noble profession of human resource planning and management. The research is divided into five chapters, with a view to work more. From the various literatures and views expressed by writers on Human Resource Planning and Productivity, comparative to the background of the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI) Kaduna. The study used survey design to collect data which are analyzed with frequency counts, percentages, means score and table where necessary. The study reviewed that NWRI which is a government institution need to expand its human development potentials in line with global human resource planning practice strategies and to further set up specific goals for the overall productivity of the institution. It is therefore, recommended that adequate skilled manpower and advanced technology should be made available to the institute to enhance its productivity drive in research and staff development in general. Summery of findings, conclusion and recommendations on how to improve human resource planning on the productivity in (NWRI) Kaduna, has been treated. It also provides basis for those who may wish to investigate further on the subject.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study
The concept of Human Resource Planning in any organization is an issue which deserves attention because it constitutes a major focus on the objective of an organization which is meant to foster effectiveness in the collective use of human talents for the overall benefit and interest of the employee and the organization . Consequently, for any organization to survive the changing needs in manpower utilization acquisition from excessive labor turnover low productivity, it has become paramount to imbibe a vibrant Human Resource Planning strategy by closely forecasting the present and future levels of employees required for its sustainability in the rapid changing society.

Human resource planning is defined as the process of assessing an organizational human resources needs in the light of organizational goals and changing conditions and making plans to ensure that a competent stable work force is employed and retained. However the actual planning process will vary a great deal from one organization to another. Even though various definitions of human resource planning have been given by some schools of thought such as James Walker, Pattern, and Fayana ( 2002 ) , however, it is a broad process addressing multiple levels of increasing organization effectiveness on the management of Human Resources and people management.
The term people management embraces the two related concepts of human resource management (HRM) and human capital management (HCM). HRM aims to ensure that the organization obtains and retains the skilled, committed and well- motivated work force it needs. This means taking steps to access and satisfy future people needs and to develop their inherent capacities, potentials and employability.
The process of HCM is closely associated with human resource management. However the focus is more on the use of metrics (measurements of HR and people performance) as a means of providing guidance on people management, strategy and practice.

Consequently against this background, this project is determined to further expose you to those aspects of human resource planning especially as it relates to a Research and Academic Institution such as the National Water Resources Institute in Kaduna, Nigeria. This project seek to deal specially with the meaning, need, importance and process of human resource planning.

1.1 Statement of the Research Problem
This study is concerned with the human resource planning and productivity issue in an institution and to further identify how human resource planning effectively contributes to the attainment of its objectives in the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna. It is worthy of note that research activities, periodic scientific journals or publications of the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna have not rendered much impact over the years on the overall abundant water resources of the nation Nigeria which could be attributed to constrains in the aspect of a vibrant personnel management policy or deficiency of a sound human resource planning programme which might have been contributory to the resultant consequential effects on the overall targeted performance of the organization. Hopefully, it is the desire of this study to investigate the immediate and long time problems which could have militated on the low output in the institute and to further make a positive impact on the attainment of higher productivity in consolidating its human resource planning.