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NAIRA EXCHANGE RATE DEPRECIATION AND DOMESTIC INFLATION IN NIGERIA

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NAIRA EXCHANGE RATE DEPRECIATION AND DOMESTIC INFLATION IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

The research work critically examined the extent to which naira exchange rate depreciation had affected domestic inflationary rate in Nigeria between 1985 – 2000. Therefore, in this study, the researcher examined the trend of inflation and exchange and the relationship between the two variables.   A model was specified to show the relationship between both variables.  Also interest rate was included in the model as one of the variables that affect inflation.The model was then estimated using multiple regression method and variable statistical tests where carried out on the regression equation. The result was analyzed accordingly. Moreover, the result of the statistical test shows that exchange rate depreciation of Naira is significant in explaining variation in the rate of inflation.

Finally, the data for the project work was collected from most recent years in order to make finding, adequate in explaining the cause of inflation in recent times.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          ii

Approval page                                                                                  iii

Dedication                                                                                         iv

Certification                                                                                                v

Acknowledgement                                                                                      vi

Abstract                                                                                            vii

Table of contents                                                                              viii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

1.1            Background to the study                                                                   1

1.2            Statement of problem                                                              3

1.3            Significance of study                                                               5

1.4            Objective of the study                                                             5

1.5            Research hypothesis                                                                6

1.6            Scope of study                                                                        7

1.7            Definition of terms                                                                            7

Reference                                                                                 8

CHAPTER TWO                                     

Literature review                                                                               9

2.1            The concept of exchange rate                                                  9

2.2            Exchange rate management in Nigeria                                     19

2.3            Inflation – a concept                                                                28

2.4            Theories of inflation                                                                32

2.5            Inflation in Nigeria                                                                  37

2.6            Exchange rate depreciation and inflation in Nigeria                          41

2.7            Empirical evidence                                                                  43

Reference                                                                                 46

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      48

3.1            Method of data collection and analysis                                   48

3.2            Theoretical framework and model specification                      48

Reference                                                                                 53

CHAPTER FOUR      

Analysis of result                                                                    54

4.1            Presentation of result                                                              54

4.2            Analysis of result                                                                    55

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, conclusion and recommendation                                               57

5.1            Summary                                                                                 57

5.2            Conclusion                                                                              58

5.3            Recommendation                                                                     58

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The naira exchange rate depreciation coupled with persist increase in the inflationary rate has been a major bane on economy of Nigeria.  To a layman inflation is a phenomena to embrace as his income increases daily without knowing the harmful side of such an increase.  Whether there is anything like depreciation or an improvement in the exchange or whether is income is nominal or real the layman do not know.

But this complementary problems so to say of naira exchange rate depreciation and inflation has been a thought of obesity in the hearts of Nigerians past and present governments and many patriotic Nigerians.

The pegging of, inflation in Nigeria can be said to be a direct result of the policies of the country’s governments to stimulate a fast rate of economic growth and development, since 1951 when the ministerial government was introduced between 1984 and 1986, the naira was quoted against dollar and pounds as the only intervening currencies which was in line with the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) demand.  I.M.F had earlier complained that naira exchange rate was rising above the stipulated 2% limit.  The naira was then devalued at 1.000 4 US dollar.  The inflation rate in Nigeria was not serious problem before her independence.  But immediately after the civil war i.e. from 1970’s, the inflation rate in Nigeria took another dimension.  The value of naira as against dollar and pounds sterling started to deteriorate, in 1970, it was a naira to 1.400 dollar and 0.584 pounds sterling.  In 1971, it was 1.44 dollar and 0.582 pounds sterling to a naira.  In 1973, it was 1.519 dollar and 0.614 pounds sterling to a naira.  In 1974 it was 1.589 and 0.675 pounds sterling to naira which increased to 1.623 dollars and 0.734 pounds sterling in 1975 as a result of Udoji salary award of 1974 increased wage extensively.  Higher wages increased the purchasing power of consumers thus, leading to increase in their prices.

The introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), and second-Tier Foreign Exchange (SFEM) in 1986 on one of government’s major policy packages, was aimed at making the over, valued naira exchange rate more realistic and responsive to market forces.  Regrettably, C. Anyanwu (1989) observed, the SAP/SEFEM was a disaster that was fast destroying the foundation of Nigeria economy.  There was consequent persistence of exchange rate depreciation of the naira (from 1.5691 naira to 1.0 dollar at the end of September 1986, 7.8950 naira to 1.0 dollar by mid February 1990).  Also by August 1998, the dollar was sold for 21.9960 naira at the Foreign Exchange Market (FEM) while at parallel market it was sold for 45 naira.  The value of naira continued to depreciate to the extent that the exchange rate was less than one dollar to a naira before 1990.  It was 0.119 US dollar to a naira in 1990.  This depreciated to 115.7 to a dollar by the 12 April, 2001 (CBN) 1994.  By 2003, it has risen N130 to the US dollar.

1.2            STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The depreciation of naira persistently, has various inflationary effects on the economy of Nigeria.  The effects of this macro-economic problem can be highlighted in different stages.  In the first place, when a currency is depreciated, it is designed to reduced or discourage the excessive dependence on a particular foreign or some foreign commodities.

This will make domestic prices of such imports may be intermediate goods and as a result tends to push the cost of production of final goods up.

In another way, deteriorating exchange rate of naira could bring about inflation of increase in wage rate or demand, when the naira is devalued, the price of important raw materials increases domestic firms may be willing to increase production reduction on their competition as a result of like in prices of raw materials.

Consequently, the output of the firms will attract high prices, therefore for consumers to meet their provisions level of consumption or maintain their real income, calls for wages increase which according to Sotersten (1994) will worsen the whole situation.

Nigerians as one of the developing nations that heavily depend on imported inputs, implements and machinery, the cost of these are usually very high due to poor exchange rate of naira.

This will discourage potential investors, how investment will lead to reduced national product, which is an indicator of stagnancy or retrogression of the economy.

For this reason, Obasanjo (1999) noted that any thing could happen of regulatory authorities did not take steps to tidy up the situation, so the researcher wants to find out the problems and suggest ways of remedying the situation.

1.3            SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study, the researcher took a step further to determine the possible significances.

(i)                To give other researchers who which to write on this topic the process to follow

(ii)             To check the inflationary of deflationary gap

(iii)           To determine the cumulative impact of broad money growth and the sizeable devaluation of the naira

(iv)           To determine the fate of naira with other internal currencies.

(v)             To determine government policies.

1.4            OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study include the following

(i)                To identify the causes of inflation and exchange rate depreciation.

(ii)             Examine the extent to which naira exchange rate depreciation heed affected domestic inflationary rate in Nation.

(iii)           Assess the effectiveness of government earlier introduced policies.

(iv)           Give suggestion and recommendation on appropriate policies for the future.

1.5            RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Since the research data was mainly from secondary sources, the hypothesis used will be in two forms to determine result.

The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.  The null hypothesis (Ho) will be tested against the alternative hypothesis (Hi)

(a)     Ho:    There is no positive or significant relationship

between exchange rate depreciation and domestic inflation in Nigeria.

(b)     Hi:     There is significant or positive relationship between

exchange rate depreciation and domestic inflation in Nigeria.

1.6            SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study covers the period from 1985 to 2000.  It concentrates on the trend of exchange rate depreciation and inflation in Nigeria.  The study is limited to the period because of the problems associated with the availability and collection of secondary data needed for the research work due partly to the level of development of the Nigeria economy.

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EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS

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EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS.
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This project work was undertaken to survey the influence of socio-economic background in the academic performance of students a case study of some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo State. To find solution to the problems, which give to undertaking the survey questionnaire, were raised to check influence of socio-economic background on the academic performance of students in some selected public secondary school in Oredo local government area of Edo state. From the findings it was discovered that socio-economic performance of students in Oredo local government area of Edo state are affecting the students. Recommendation was therefore made as follows: 1. The local education Boards in Oredo should conjunction with the principals of the various school provide adequate educational facilities in schools (such as a well-stock library where the students who cannot afford the necessary textbooks and other material can borrow. 2. Guidance and counselling service should be intensified in schools so that students could be shown and taught how to succeed despite all odds. 3. Parents should be intimated with the adverse effects of having many children and also they should be encouraged to practice family planning.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Our secondary school today offer some subject like chemistry, physics, English language, mathematics, economics, commerce,, fine art, history, government, geography, home economics etc in an attempt to categorize these subject above into broader areas, we would certainly findout that fall under science, social sciences and pure arts. These subject listed above are very important for our day to day exercise and they are designed to relate them to experience in life to achieve success therefore, both side have to be very active in other words, the teachers must be dedicated towards effective teaching and the students must strictly adhere to the rules governing hard work in order to succeed in the pursuit of their academic career in life. It therefore means that poor performance of students is serious problem which demands urgent solutions.

Education is very vital in the human existence because the society and education are interrelated and inter-dependent. This can also be seen in the nature and development of a child born in a given society. The school is an umbrella governing children for different parental background and social background and as such the children learning and rate of academic development is closely related to other experience. The child’s performance in school is determined by environment which the child finds his or her self. In the socio economic different factors can be found, these include social, economic, psychological, cultural, genetic, environmental and emotional.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS 

Education has been defined as a continuous process which start from birth and ends at death, parents, teacher’s educators and researchers are aware of factors that could influence or fell on a child performance in school. This effect of education on a child’s life can either be positive or negative and it can both be emphasized based on itemizing the importance of education. The potentiality of a person can be determined by both formal educations he set or receives. Research work on study has shown that when a child is born he is a tabular raser, but both other researchers have shown that a child does not take into school bank. He or she goes into school equipped with what his home has to offer, it is therefore important to know that the research work is designed to investigate and analyze the effect of socio-economic background students performance academically at senior school certificate examination (SSCE) in some selected secondary schools in Benin City. This work hopes to finds out the different in educational performance between children whose parents are academically, socially and economically balanced and those that are not academically, socially and economically balanced.

PURPOSE OF STUDY  

The purpose of this work is to find out or show the effect of socio economic on children performance in school. It is based on selected secondary schools in Benin City. The research work will show among other things suggested or proffer solutions to some of these problems that militate against student’s performances in school. This research work will assist students in the future who want to conduct researcher on the same topic. This project work therefore intends to examine if the under factors could affect the child’s performance academically.

  1. Economic academic backgrounds
  2. Socio economic status (SES) of parents

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following hypotheses have been formulated from the above assumptions.

  1. There is no significant relationship between facilities in the school and his academic performance in school
  2. There is a relation between structure and students academic performance
  3. The academic fulfillment of parents does not affect the child’s academic performance at school
  4. Depending on how good a child academic performance is bound to be affected.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 

It has been asserted that a child performance in school is determined to a large extent by the socio-economic of the child, since social life is the primary source of letting. This work will therefore show the significance different in socio-economic of child with result to academic performance in school. This research work will assist curriculum planners in planning of school curriculum. It will help them recognize individual differences of individuals or parents.

Apart from benefits of curriculum planners works, the teachers should make sure that a classroom learning situation should enter for various categories as well adjusted pupils or students. It also help create a new method of teaching conclusively, irrespective of parents, socio-economic status (SES) parents should endeavour to encourage their wards at home and provide them with all amenities that enhance academic performance.

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PARENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE STUDY OF SEX EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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PARENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE STUDY OF SEX EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM.

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The study is aimed at analyzing the parent’s attitude towards the study of sex education into the secondary schools curriculum in Ikpoba Okha local government area of Edo state, Nigeria. The sample used consist of two hundred {200} respondents from four schools in Ikpoba Okha. A questionnaire titled “parent’s attitude towards the study of sex education in secondary school curriculum” was developed by the researcher for the collection of data. The data collected were analyzed by the use of simple percentage. The study showed that students actually want sex education in the secondary school curriculum and t was recommended that sex education should not only be introduced into the secondary school curriculum but also taught at home.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Sex education is one of the major determinants of future stability in families of the nation. Unfortunately, in Nigeria today while time and money are being spent on curriculum work and school environment, surprisingly, little time and attention are paid to the crucial issues of sex education.

Sex education is a comprehensive and systematic development program extending from infancy to maturity. It is planned and directed to produce social and moral desirable sexual attitudes practices and personal behaviour.

Sex problems have a very devastating effect on the individual in our society. Some people have wrong ideas about sex education. This is not surprising, considering the fact that many old people have their respective viewpoint about life.

With the greater freedom of discussion of sex in our society and the earlier maturity of children today, one would not consider the introduction of ex education to our teenagers too early. The introduction of proper sex education to our youths will reduce many of the societal problems now facing us.

The bringing together of boys and girls into the same schools creates problems of physical contact and emotional involvement which eventually culminate in arousing sexuality.

A majority of Nigerian parents and teachers believe that the sex education of their children is the parent’s responsibility while some others would welcome its introduction into the school curriculum. This lead to the question, ‘what are the students views towards it introduction into school curriculum?

Simply put, sex education is that dealing with the processes and problems of reproductions designed to provide the individual with understanding and control of their sex impulses and behaviour. It also deals with the principles of both individual and groups problems stemming from the biological fact that there are two basic types of human beings – males and females.

The need for the teaching of sex education in secondary schools in Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Cannot be overemphasized. This is because of the influx of people from different ethnic group into the locality. Ikpoba-Okha has not only increased in population but also in size. The need to actualize these sexual feelings became evidence when the students are among themselves. But the forceful preventives warning of the parents only serve temporary chock on sexual tendencies amongst these youth. With these children sent to secondary schools and no thorough knowledge of sex life, a lot of problems easily come into play as the student’s jumps into their game of uncontrolled emotion. As a place for the dissemination of knowledge, secondary schools become the local point fort the introduction of sex education, since present generation involve themselves in promiscuity and corruption, there is the need for them to be taught what sexual relationship is. With this, a lot of changes will occur in the life of the students, parents and the community at large.

According to Calderome (1972) the World War II marked the liberalization of many attitudes about sex as well as the beginning of changes in behaviour leading individuals all over the world to advocate for ‘telling the truth’ to children. The child study association of America in the 1920s led the way toward an open approach to all topics including sex education. Though more emphasis was placed on reproductive education, since then, the concept has enlarged considering today sex education encompasses a wide range of biological, sociological and psychological knowledge. Today there is the awareness of the need for sex education in schools, churches and other institutions of the growing concern over teenage pregnancies, abortions, venereal disease, increased promiscuity, widespread martial and sexual difficulties.

Sources of initiatives are the sex information and education council of the United State (SIECUS), which was founded in 1963, professional groups and all levels, while Calder-Wood D. D. and Sloan (1982) added the Japanese Association for sex education.

More so, the knowledge of sex education will reduce the rate of casualty, which would have resulted from illegal procurement of abortion by quack doctors or nurses. Presently sex education programmes have been integrated into several secondary school education programmes.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Ignorance of sex and its associated problems is prevalent in and among secondary school students. The life of students are shattered with the passing of incorrect information among themselves, they get misled by others.

Today, the problems resulting from the lack of sex education to our youth are numerous. They are unwanted pregnancies, increase abortion, high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and high rates of sexual promiscuity.  All these have led to inability to concentrate, poor school performance, deterioration of mental health of students, high rate of school drop outs, increase in illiteracy and over population. Consequently, the educational opportunity of Nigeria youth is greatly affected and this posses a great loss to the society. Religious bodies view sex education as premature, dangerous and likely to lead to sexual promiscuity. To behavioural scientists, the introduction of sex education is proper. However, despite the increasing sexual problems, parents and schools are still not providing teenagers with proper knowledge of sex.

Young people regard sex as fun rather than what it really is. They see it as a personal and private affair of the participants, which it is not. They take to themselves as a teacher (which is not good enough) and have been guided by mythologies and misconceptions about sex.

Many administrations have bee greatly worried about the appropriate level of which sex education can be introduced, who should teach sex education, what to teach and what not to. It should however, be realized that sex education if properly given does not arouse morbid curiosity but does exactly the opposite to young people. Whereas, the misinformation, secret, misinterpretation and fables about sex functions leads to dangerous consequences. Therefore, information about sex education gives an insight to people understanding of sex functions.

It was Liewely-Jones Derek (1978) who noted that adults complain about the irresponsibility of teenagers about their lack of respect, about their morals and promiscuity, yet it is difficult to ask teenagers to develop responsibility when adults seen to be rejecting it and when society seems to be fragmenting it is particularly difficult to ask young people to maintain sexual responsibility. He needs to be alert to talk to someone close to him and not have to talk to her parents as strangers. It parents are unable to answer her questions regarding social, moral and sexual attitudes, then they have failed as parents and should not blame their children for failing. As children grow older, their interest in sex increases.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is therefore to sample the attitude of parents on the issue of sex education in secondary school curriculum. This study is also programmed to find out how sexual problem deeply influence students in order to portray the need for schools. It would also educate the students to know what sexual relationship is and the implication of sex promiscuity.

And to make a case for the need to teach sex education in secondary schools beginning from junior secondary III. It also seeks to find out the various ways in which sex education can be taught, who to teach it and the goals to be achieved from teaching sex education.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcome of this research programme will enable the readers not only to identity the need for introducing the course sex education into secondary school curriculum, but will also assist in the enumeration of the problems occurring due to the non-introduction of sex education into secondary schools and possible solution to the elimination of such associated problems. It will also help the readers to understand that the babies got from unwanted pregnancy by school girls may be fatherless, thus they will always create problems to their parents and also the society in general.

It is hoped that through the findings, the various misconceptions on the issue of sex education will be corrected. There can be nothing more damaging to effective sex reduction than shame, embarrassment and untruthfulness on timidity about sex. It is also hoped that a solution to the problems affecting sex education will be achieved so that meaningful sex education will be taught to our youths.

Solving the issue of sex education will go far in improving on the health of every individual, school performance, population growth and therefore lighten the standard of living.

With the knowledge and not ignorance of sex education, youth will be in a better position to understand the challenges of growing up and the values of sex as well as its pit falls.
ASSUMPTIONS

1.  The teaching of sex education should be limited to female teachers.

2.  The teaching of sex education in secondary schools will reduce the rate of dropout that is caused by indiscriminate sexual activities.

3.  The knowledge of sex education can reduce the rate of deaths that occur during the procurement of abortion of unwanted pregnancies.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i.            Do parents feel that sex education will save them from certain embarrassing situations?

ii.           Do parents feel that sex education should be taught at home?

iii.         Do parents want sex education introduced into the secondary school curriculum?

Can the problems of infertility among women in the society be reduced with the knowledge of sex education

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THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE EDUCATION OF THE GIRL CHILD

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THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE EDUCATION OF THE GIRL CHILD

 

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Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 365 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
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CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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This study focuses on the influence of gender on the education of girl child in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. 100 students 60 science teacher and 140 parent participated in the study. Questionnaires, oral interview and short objective test were used to generate data for this study. Result show that the causes of backwardness of girl child in science education are poverty ignorance and illiterate of their parent, cultural and religion factor were also detected. It was also discoursed that parent tend to encourage their boy to choose science subject at their senior level and girls are advised to choose commercial effect of gender disparity was observed and method scholars collaborative strategies which can increase gender friendly environment for learning science were suggested.

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Gender party in education is a thing of concern in this era according to united conference held in Aduis Ababa (2001) show progress on girls education will account for over (10) million unnecessary child and material deaths.   Education equips girls and women with basic confidence in their abilities and right an ability to acquire and process information and increase power. Before now, female educations were not given a second thought due to the fact that most parents felt that money spent on female education is a waste. That after all, the education of female ends in the kitchen as the adage says”. In Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State, some home hardly boast of any female university graduates due to the level of Illiteracy. The wrong impression of parents on gender inequality towards female education cannot be over emphasized. Parents are also of the view that women are meant for child bearing taking care of jay to day activities of domestic works. Record has proven that women can do as well as their men counter parts.

Millions of girls around the word has been denied education due to selfish believe, all eyes and hands should be on millennium goals to eradicate gender inequality with education as instrument of propagation the values of the society and with the relative success of women in almost all procession and government post societies, vice-visa parents not completely change in granting female’s equal social and educational rights.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research work is to investigate the parents perception towards female education therefore the need to investigate the parents perception towards female education little can be taught in this sense, education is essentially a means of guiding children in securing them among and quality of experience

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of gender on the education of the girl-child it has following objectives;

1 To identify parents perception towards female education in Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State.

2 To outline various solution towards female education in Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo State.

3 To create awareness on the importance of female education Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo state

4 To eradicate illiteracy in our societies

5 To remove the problem of gender me qualities

6 To eradicate the thoughts if not training of female children

7 To educate the public on the importance of training female children.

RESEARCH QUESTION

1 Is there any discrimination among female and male in terms of education

2 Does illiteracy cause the decline of female in Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo State?

3 Has Orhiomwon Local Government ministry of women affair done enough campaign to enlighten the people of Orhiomwon?

4 Does ignorance lead to parent’s negative perception towards female education?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is importance as the understanding of female education in our societies it will go along way to connecting the bad impression towards the training of female children. Children who suffer from this stigma or the other are deprived of the benefit of leaning processes. Education is power’s they says when a child is deprived of education, such child may be nuisance to the society.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is exclusively limited to the perception of parents towards female education in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. it is not possible to cover the whole Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area consequence upon this study is limited to the following villages Otton Village, Ogan Village, Uson Village and Ohezee-Naka Village.

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A SURVEY OF THE CAUSES OF INDISCIPLINE AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC

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A SURVEY OF THE CAUSES OF INDISCIPLINE AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC.

 

 

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and effects of indiscipline among secondary school students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. to successfully carryout this project work, four research questions were raised to guide the study. The questionnaires were used for the collection of data for the study. Meaning the design of the study was survey, the sample for the study consisted of 100 respondents for the study revealed the following findings, does the parental upbringing of the child contribute to the indiscipline of the child, does the society at large encourage indiscipline of the child, does peer group influence, encourage indiscipline in school. Consequently upon the above project some recommendations were made.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Indiscipline may be said to be as old as the time when men started to organize himself into society and consequently made laws to order the affairs of men in a social set up. In the Holy Scripture Cain exhibited some form of indiscipline when he out of envy murdered his brother Abel in their abode. We have heard of people engaging in indiscipline behaviour on daily basis. Many of our students today especially those in our secondary school exhibit various forms of indiscipline in form of juvenile delinquency. This could be in the form of arson, murder and robbery etc. these acts involve both adult and youths, the rate of indiscipline tends to be on the increase in the modern world. Africa is not an exception of this general increase in the young stars, negative attitude to constituted authority. This rate of indiscipline tends to be on an increase despite the various measure taken by successive government most especially Nigeria, to curb the menace among our students so as to bring about a socially stable society.

We read our newspapers and hear from the electronic media of students in the country committing all forms of crimes raging from the violation of parental regulations to truancy, stealing, assault, robbery and other socially undesirable behaviours. Available information shows that our students are most frequently implicated in the acts of indiscipline that in every five caught for a criminal offence; there are usually young stars. These offence ranges from drugs and robbery. During the military rule, several measures were put in place to curb the trends, on its assumption to power on the 31st December 1983, the government of general Mohammuadu Buhari (Rtd) made it known that one of the causes of our problems in our country (Nigeria) was indiscipline and as such, the war against indiscipline (WAI) was introduced into all aspects of the life of the nation. Also our past head of states, General Sani Abacha (Lt) on assumption I office (1993) launched the war against indiscipline and corruption (WAIC), Presdient Olusegun Obasanjo also launched independent corrupt practices commission (ICPC) and economic financial crime commission (EFCC). This was aimed at checking the various corrupt practices in our society. Despite all these commendable effort of our youth are still very much indiscipline. The Nigeria youth is yet to embrace the principles behind the war against indiscipline and corruption programme even when he is supposed to have great roles to play in the success of the programme.

There is often the saying that our youths are the leaders of tomorrow, but from what happens on a daily basis, one is forced to wonder if actually the youths are the future leader of tomorrow, if they could actually be entrusted with the leadership roles of the futures, people from various works of life have expressed concern. Olusegun Obasanjo formal president and head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria lamented over the rate of indiscipline in the Nigeria society. He pointed accusing fingers to most youths and adults noting that they suffering from what he called social, moral, political and economic indiscipline. Also formal head of state general Ibrahim Babaginda confirmed the obvious fact that the rate of indiscipline and crime among youths was growing fast. He said.

“moral decadence is threatening the nation as evidenced by the get rich quick syndrome that pervaded all facts of the society. Crimes of violence in which our young stars are involved in indication of the malaise which affects most of our communities”. (daily Times 26th December, 1985. pp 1). The problems of indiscipline among students is fast becoming a canker worm that is eaten deeper and deeper in to the fabric of our society and thereby constituting a greater threaten to the stability of the nation. Indiscipline of various types has eaten deep into the fabric of the social system, it is a problem that is increasing at a fast rate and needs prompt attention. We have come to notice that hardly any family exists without a child possessing one trait of indiscipline or the other. It is either the child steals, is rude, not well mannered, runs away from classes, and or at time if the child is a female, it may be that she posses indulgent illiant sexual acts which may create great concerns for the parents. It is also possible that the child is one way or the other drug addict. In whatever way it is viewed whether the child exhibits any of these features or many others, which are socially undesirable, such a child is certainly a problem to the family and the society at large.

It is also sad, to note that student’s indiscipline has had a lot of negative effects on the school system and learning, many academic calendar are being disrupted as a result of this indiscipline many students now form themselves into gangs, they threaten the life of fellow students and even teachers. It is as a result of this indiscipline that we now have secreted societies or secrete cults even in our primary and secondary schools. is is necessary for the nation to pay attention to the frequent indiscpline among our students, if she is to achieve fame and progress in all field of human endeavour,. This is because the fate of any nation depends on the youths she breeds, as they are the leaders of tomorrow.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of student’s indiscipline is to be well attended to by parents, teachers/school administrators and all these involved in the upbringing of the students in the country, if lasting solutions are to be found in it, all hands must be on deck to stop this ugly and evil playing the existence of our nation, institution of learning. The parents, schools, churches, and even the larger society have a role to play in this direction. The problems of this study is to investigate the causes and effect in our secondary schools, a case study of Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This research is aimed at investigating the causes and effects of student’s indiscipline in our school system. This is due to the ever-increasing rate of indiscipline in these schools nationwide. Some variables of this study include societal influence, parental influence/upbringing and socio-economic attainment of parents. There are many factors usually responsible for indiscipline of students in the society. This work therefore, aimed at determine the

1. Factors responsible for indiscipline in our secondary schools.

2. It will try to make suggestions to the possible solutions which may help to being an end to the problem of indiscipline in our secondary schools: a case study of Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To guide this study, the following hypotheses are necessary:

1. Does the parental upbringing of the child contribute to the indiscipline of the child?

2. Does the society at large encourage indiscipline among students through its customs ways of life?

3. Has the socio-economic attainment of a child’s parent got anything to do with indiscipline of the child?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is expected that the result of this study would be useful to parents and the society. School administrators, teachers, government and policy makers in their effort to put an end to the problem of students indiscipline specifically the out-come of this work would assist parents and society in monitoring the activities of their children through the results of this study, school heads, will discover what negative role they play and which in turn affect events that can lead to indiscipline in school. They will then adjust their administrative loopholes and forge ahead for a well-disciplined schools system. Teachers are expected to know from this study how students indiscipline is being carried out around them and employ means of eradicating the trend. The study would also be useful to the government and policy makers in formulating policies that will ensure a disciplined and patriotic behaviour on the part of the students. The overall aim of this study is the complete wiping out of indiscipline among out students so that teaching learning atmosphere will be conducive and free dangers. In such an environment, there will be better enhancement of knowledge.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research work is limited in scope to secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Due to the large size of the local government areas and problems that may be encountered in the process of covering the local government, the numbers of schools were reduced to five to enhance adequate coverage. These schools were selected randomly from the local government.