A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL EARLY LEARNING CENTER/DOROTHY INTERNATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL, ABA. 

 

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The age of digitalization and globalization has given unprecedented impetus to the development audio-visual technology. Audio-visual instructions in schools have therefore continued to accelerate students’ understanding and appreciation of learning. The value of audio- visual media is further underscored by their positive impact in school libraries, the libraries positive influence of the academic performance of students and the enhancement of teacher’s performance. Libraries are no doubt veritable instruments in a nation’s educational development.

The work therefore focuses on the use of audio-visual technology in school libraries, evaluated the effects of the use of audio-visual technology on the academic performance of students, and proffers solutions to problems hampering the effective application of audio-visual technology in our educational process.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                            1

1.1            Background of the Study                                                        4

1.2            Profile of IELC/DISS                                                     5

1.3            Purpose of the study                                                      6

1.4            Significance of Study                                                     7

1.5            Scope of the Study                                                        8

1.6            Research Questions                                                       8

1.7            Hypotheses                                                                             9

1.8            Definition of Terms                                                       10

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review                                                                              14

2.1            Development and trends in Audio-Visual Technology 14

2.2            Relevance / Value of Audio-Visual technology              20

2.3            Impact of Audio-Visual Instructions on students                    24

2.4            Factors Affecting Audio-Visual Material and Equipment       30

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology                                                            36

3.1            Area of the Study                                                                    36

3.1.1                Population of the Study                                            37

3.2            Sample Plan                                                                   37

3.3            Data Collection Techniques                                           38

3.4            Data Analysis techniques                                              38

CHAPTER FOUR       

Presentation and Analysis of Data                                          39

4.2            Discussions and Findings                                              50

CHAPTER FIVE:    

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations                        56

5.1            Summary of Findings                                                    56

5.2            Recommendations                                                                   58

References                                                                               60

Appendix                                                                                63

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

          The global wave in the use of educational technology and its revolutionary effects is a major attraction to the choice of this topic for study. This project examined systematically the effects of the use of students in developing nation like Nigeria taking the case of a private primary cum secondary school library. The choice of private school is pertinent, as most government schools have no functional libraries. There is a growing consciousness among some private school owners on the relevance of functional school libraries.

This project identified that an ideal library exists in International  Early Learning Centre / Dority International  Secondary School Aba in Abia State. A wide range of audio-visual materials and their equipment for operation abound in the library.

However,  many a time materials and  equipment are not used in the library. Similarly, the students are unable to use the materials and equipment themselves. There is no convenient time for them to use the audio-visual materials and equipment.

Despite all these constraints, audiovisual technology is adequately used in the school in teaching and learning.

The results gathered indicated that students’ academic performances are significantly improved after being taught using audiovisual technology.

Nowadays, knowledge is recorded in many physical forms. Before printing was invented, the papyrus, vellum, codex etc were used in recording human knowledge. With the invention of printing came books and other printing forms.

Recently, another form of media has come into prominence and that is the audio-visual media. Audio-visual may include graphic materials such as pictures, maps charts, sides etc, and finally multimedia packages such as motion pictures, video recording etc. There are  also information-bearing items like microforms,  computer readable data files and three- dimensional objects e.g. botanical specimens.

Audio-visuals have a variety of definitions. It is derived from a latin work meaning, “I hear”. In library and information science, it is replay of sound which we hear. This covers microforms, disc recorders, amplifiers, loud-speakers and their enclosures and any other techniques which are used to record or replay sound waves (Sincher, 1977).

Audio-visuals mean something related to sound and visual or light. They include printed materials and their equipment.

Audio-visual materials can be categorized into audio materials  and visual materials – Audio include Radio, lecture/talk, Audio tapes/cassette compact Disc, Telephone, etc. Visual materials can be identified by grouping than into two ways-2 dimensional and 3 dimensional; projectiles and Non projectuals. Visual materials can also be classified under graphics/photographic.

Audiovisuals are a combination of audio and visuals. They include TV programmes, multi-media packages, VCR, and even computer programmes. Some cannot be treated without the equipment for using them as progectors, TV receiver, microreader, Record player, photocopying machine, VTR laminating, 35mm camera with accessories etc. they can also exist in some other forms as slides of  computer screens, down loading of computer screens to create a simulation of a computer search, interactive video disc which requires the image storage medium, a TV monitor or computer screen, appropriate software, and a means of receiving inputs.

They are usually not in book and so are not easily available. They are usually expensive because some of them require projectors, moreso, they are usually hard to process because they lack some of the normal bibliographic details. They, however, can be catalogued using the territorial areas. Finally, they are of easily accessible to users. They   are used mainly as reference materials, and user are encouraged to borrow them.

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research work titled.  “The use of Audio – visual Technology in school libraries and students Academic performance” is informed by the prevalent global wave in the use of educational Technology Vis the – a vis the situation of nursery, primary and secondary schools in Nigeria. Being an experimental research, the study investigated the use of audio-visual material and equipment in a typical school library (International Early Learning Center/Dority International Secondary School Aba) and evaluated the impacts of the use of such technology on the academic performance of students.

1.2            BRIEF PROFILE OF INTERNATIONAL EARLY LEARNING CENTER/DORITY INTERNATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL

IELC / DISS is a private nursery, primary and secondary school. IELC is for the secondary division. The school is owned by Mrs. Zovannah Onuma; an American woman married to Eng. E. Onumah from Abia State, Nigeria.

The nursery section was established in 1984 along faulks Road Aba while the primary section was opened in 1986. However, owing to rapid increase in population of school children, the school relocated to its permanent site in 1992 and it was in the same year that the DISS was opened.

The school is situated at no. 19-21 Umuodu Avenue Abayi Osisiona L. G. A,Abia State. It has a population of over 5,700 and more than 500 workforce including the non-teaching staff.

The school is aimed at graduationg students who are academically competent, constructively self-directed and who are oriented towards being positive, intelligent, sensitive and mature citizens of this country. The school vigorously pursues the attainment of these heart warming objectives.

The school has a library with a strong collection of both print and non-print materials. The library is headed by a professional librarian; a HND graduate in library science and assisted by a professional librarian also, there is also library security.

However, with the exponential increase in materials owing to the new policy of the school to purchase of daily basis a copy of daily newspaper and regular acquisition a of new materials, accommodation for the materials has become a problem. The library also needs more personnel to help in rendering effective service to users and to maintain orderliness and absolute quietude especially when students are using the library.

 

1.3            PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This research work although is carried out primarily to fulfill the basic school requirement for the award of Technical  Teacher Certificate (TTC) is also essentially set to achieve the following objectives:

a.       Identifying the various kinds of audio-visual learning aid used in school libraries and in IELC/DISS in particular.

b.       Examining the use of audio-visual materials and their media in the school

c.       Evaluating the impacts of the use or otherwise of the A/V materials on the academic performance of the students in the school under study.

d.       Discovering the constraints inherent in the use of A/V material and their equipment in school library and suggesting ways of redeeming them.

THE PROBLEM OF CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
(A Study of Rimi College, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT
The study examines the role of the teacher in classroom management. The population of the study consist of the entire teachers of Rimi College Kaduna. Out of 52 staff, 27 were selected as the sample size. Questionnaire constituted the instrument of data collection. The mean (x) was used to analyze the five liker questionnaires based on the research questions. The analysis indicated that the function of the teacher in classroom management if basically planning of lesson, inculcating discipline, delegating responsibility and ensuring decorum that will make such class conducive for teaching and learning. Classroom management is effective on students achievement because help to create a conducive environment that is conducive for learning and also facilitate lesson planning and class administration enhances teaching and learning.

 

Classroom management influence the academic and moral development of student positively. But inspite of the positive effect and role of teachers in classroom management, it is constraint with challenges arising from lack of proper research in classroom management as well as lack of training of teachers on modern techniques of classroom management. As such, it is recommended that teachers should be trained and retrained through on-the-job training on classroom management techniques and approaches.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem – – – – – – 2
1.3 Objective of the Study – – – – – – – 3
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – – 4
1.5 Research Questions – – – – – – – 5
1.6 Scope of the Study – – – – – – – 5
1.7 Definition of Terms – – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 8
2.1 The Role of Teacher in Classroom Management – – 8
2.2 Effects of Classroom Management – – – – 9
2.3 The Characteristics of Classroom Manager – – – 11
2.4 The Role of the Teacher in Classroom Management – 12
2.5 The Impact of Teacher on Classroom Management – 15
2.6 Challenges of Classroom Management – – – – 19
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 22
3.2 Research Design – – – – – – – 22
3.3 Area of the Study – – – – – – – 23
3.4 Population of the Study – – – – – – 23
3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure – – – – – 23
3.5 Research Instrumentation – – – – – – 24
3.5.1 Validity – – – – – – – – – 25
3.5.2 Reliability – – – – – – – – – 25
3.6 Procedure for the Administration of the Instrument – 26
3.7 Method of Data Presentation and Analysis – – – 26
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 28
4.2 Analysis of Respondents Demography – – – – 28
4.3 Data Analysis – – – – – – – – 30
4.4 Summary of Findings – – – – – – – 38
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 40
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 41
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 42
5.4 Suggestion for Further Studies – – – – – 43
References – – – – – – – – – – 44
Appendix – – – – – – – – – – 47

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Classroom Management is about creation of positive learning environments. But the concept of positive learning environment is both broad and vague.
Despite educator’s concerns with the nature of classroom learning environments, few recent studies have investigated either teachers’ knowledge or practices of classroom management in positive learning environments. As such there is inadequate understanding of how teachers support both engaged learning and positive social interaction (Oakes, 2009).
In this regard, so many writers and researchers have urged educators to move toward broader and more comprehensive positions on issues of classroom management in (Jones, 2006). As Jones advocates, “at its best, classroom management is not only a means to effective instruction, it has also becomes a vehicle for providing students with a sense of community and increased skills in interpersonal communication, conflict management and self control.

Nevertheless, lack of recent empirical evidence has left educators without clear direction and understandings of what knowledge and practices teachers utilize in creating and managing socially complex learning environments. It is as if educators understand the blueprints for a house, but not the tools with which to construct it. As such educators are hampered in their efforts to provide prospective teachers with the appropriate tools to implement their visions for establishing positive learning environment. It is against this background the researchers sees the subject matter of this research as an empirical issue worthy of investigation.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The difficulty of novices in dealing with the complexities of teaching and the social immediacy of the classroom is no small issue. This is so because most teachers are constraint by classroom management because of the dynamic nature of teaching. On the other hand, the complexity of classroom setting also impede teaching sequel to the perception by beginning teachers that classroom management is complex. This is an obstacle to effective planning for positive learning environment. As such the subject matter: The role of teachers in classroom management is seen as an empirical issue worthy of investigation.

1.3 Objective of the Study
The central objective of this research is to examine the role of the teacher in classroom management, the specific objectives are:
i. To examine the function of teacher in classroom management.
ii. To identify the effectiveness of classroom management on student achievement in Rimi College, Kaduna.
iii. To find out how classroom management influence development setting in Rimi College, Kaduna.
iv. To identify the problem militating against classroom management in Rimi College, Kaduna.

1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of a study of this magnitude cannot be overemphasized, local government education department, state and federal ministries of Education involved in policy formulation and implementation, school management, incoming students and above all teachers as well as researchers will find this really significant especially as they utilize the findings.
To the local government departments as well as state and federal ministries of education engage in policy formulation and implementation, the finding of this study can be used as a basis for enacting policies that will effectively improve the quality of classroom management and standard of education.
School management can also use the result of this study as an insight in formulating strategies to effectively run their schools.
It should be noted that this study is of scholarly importance. As such teachers as well as students undertaking research work similar to the present study and other scholars alike who may wish to use this work as a reference material or a springboard for their own research, will find this study useful.
1.5 Research Questions

THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING PHYSICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL (A Study Of Federal Government College Malali Kaduna, Kaduna State)

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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ABSTRACT
The study examines problems and prospect of teaching and learning physics in secondary school level with reference to federal government college Malali Kaduna. A survey method was used for the study, the population consisted of all the male and female teacher of federal government college Malali Kaduna out of 65 academic staff, 35 were involved in the study. A questionnaire developed by the researchers based on likert 5 –point scale was used for the study mean scores and frequencies were used to analyze the data based on the research questions. Research result show that the prospect of teaching and learning physics lies on the modification and improvement of the traditional lecture method used in teaching.

 

The study also identified negative attitude of students in secondary school level towards learning physics as a factor that affect their ability to learn the subject furthermore, the teaching techniques applicable in teaching physics is secondary school are the traditional lecture method used from time-immemorial, lecture-demonstration technique and cooperative group teaching technique, the problem militating against teaching and learning of physics in secondary school level include unavailability of qualified teachers, teachers lack of competencies, constraint of complex scientific language used in teaching physics in secondary school level, lack of modern laboratory apparatus as well as lack of effective teaching techniques and inconsistency in government policies.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The attitude towards physics in secondary schools in Nigeria is unsatisfactory sequel to the wrong perception that the subject is difficult to assimilate, inspite of the benefit student stand to gain by learning physics most student nonchalantly chose to study other subjects in place of physic (Okoh, 2002).
Students attitude towards physics to a large extent have an impact on their interest in leaning physics. As such Cupdag(1989) opined that the attitude of students reveals their level of learning toward a particular subject, thus, makes them enthusiastic to learn than those who have unfavorable
attitude towards its.

 

In this regard, Cheng (2004), in a study conducted regarding students learning in physics, found out that in the students evaluation, consistent with their notion that physics is complex to learn have unfavorable attitude towards learning it. This also have a negative consequence on teaching the subject, because the negative perception of students becomes a barrier to teaching and learning.

 

Furthermore, Edward (2006) asserts that research in a similar area which was targeted at assessing students’ beliefs and perception about the nature of physics learning and evaluation of teaching practices that would help students develop more expert-like beliefs and positive attitude; observed that inspite of the benefit the student would derive from learning physics their perception about physics being a difficult subject cannot be easily changed thus affecting the teaching and learning of the subject in secondary schools in Nigeria.

 

However, Torres (1997) opined that in present time, the emphasis on science teaching has shifted from teaching of science as a body of established knowledge towards science as a human activity. Instead of teaching students to think critically and independently; science teaching to a large extent, has taught students to accept scientific knowledge without questions, learn existing theories and present alternative explanations.

As such, physics as a dynamic branch of science is difficult to describe, thus, in learning physics, this should not be taught as a series of formulas to be memorized and applied just for “cultural” purposes but be taught as a dynamic branch of science which should provide questions and explanations on how the world works (Jense, 1995).

It is against this background that the researchers sees the subject matter of this research “problem and prospect of teaching and learning physics in secondary school level” as an issue worthy of investigation.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A lot of studies shows the poor performance of students in physics this is attributed to the notion that physics is complex to learn thus making students to develop an unfavorable altitude towards learning the subject. On the part of teachers, physics is taught as a series of formulas to be memorized and applied just for the sake of learning as against teaching students to think critically and independently instead of accepting such knowledge without questions. This issue has become a serious concern to education planners and policy makers in Nigeria. As such the subject matter of this research is considered an empirical problem worthy of investigation.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The present study is to determine the problem and prospect of teaching and learning physics in secondary school level, with a searchlight at federal government college Malali Kaduna, Kaduna state.

AN ASSESSMENT OF METHODS TEACHING COMPUTER COURSES TO COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS.

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0            Introduction                                                                   1

1.1     Background of the study                                                         1

1.2            Aims and Objectives                                                      4

1.3            Statement of problems                                                   5

1.4            Purpose of the study                                                      6

1.5            Research Question                                                         6

1.6            Significance of the study                                                         7

1.7            Scope of the study                                                                   8

1.8            Limitations of the study                                                 8

1.9            Definitions of terms                                                       9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0              Literature Review                                                        12

2.1       Historical background                                                 12

2.2              Literature Review of teaching methods                        24

2.3            Methods of teaching computer

courses to computer science major                                38

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Methodology                                                                 44

3.1     Research design                                                             44

3.2            Size of sample and ample selection                                44

3.3            Data collection instrument and procedures                             45

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Data Presentation and Analysis                                              47

4.1     Introduction                                                                   47

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation                58

5.1     Summary of Findings                                                    58

5.2            Conclusion and Recommendation                                 60

References                                                                      62

Appendix 1

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The study focuses on the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigeria polytechnics.

It examines the background, methods of teaching, tools and equipments use in teaching computer courses to computer science major. The primary data for the study were generated from well structured question broadcasted to random samples of 70 out of 200 NDII students from federal polytechnic Nekede and Abia State Polytechnic and supported with interviews. Frequency labels, simple proportion percentage ratios, average, ranking, and chi-square (test for goodness of fit) for validation of the some of the some of the findings as distributed.

From the data presented and analyzed textbook is the mostly used tool for  teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Followed by the computer but 20% students said that textbooks, chalkboard and computer are the tools used.

It was also established from the study that lecture method, lecture with discussion practical  assignment, and class discussions are the  methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Therefore the researcher summarized and recommend that the NBTE (National Biand for Technical Education) should improve on the  teaching tools by providing enough computers for teaching and learning and the  methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major should be maintained and if  possible across other departments.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is an important sector which cannot be fun with any serious country, state, organization or individual and that is why an individual, organization or government uses every means to make sure a good education is provided for her citizens (Adibe, 2001).

One of the means of this provision is the introduction of computer science in polytechnics, as a course of study.

Computer science is the study of the design and use of computer systems. One goal of the computer science department is to provide  the student with the tools to identify those problem that are best solved by means of a computer and to design and implement effective, economical, and creative solutions.

Computer science as an academic discipline systematically includes three domains: Theory, and abstraction, and design.

The curriculum’s required courses give the  students a strong foundation in both the software and hardware aspects of computing, as well as the mathematics and science that underline the discipline. The electives in the later years allow the student to study more deeply some particular area of computer science. The department courses and programmes  continue to respond to changing g requirements for professional employment in computer science.

It is the responsibility of the student to understand and fulfill polytechnic, and  Department requirements. These requirements are described is the polytechnic has gone a ling way to keep those individuals (computer operators) in various way:

i.        To acquire formal education in computer                      science

ii        To register fully as members in Nigeria                                   computer society.

Iii      to reduce non-professionals in the field.

Computer is an electronic device, which is capable of receiving, sorting and retrieving information with tremendous speed, if computer is effectively used, it can help teachers teach computer science students visually in all the computer courses.

This study based  on the  assessment of the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigerian Polytechnics is trying  to find out those teaching methods use in teaching computers courses.

According to McCathy (1989) common teaching methods are lecture method, lecture with Discussion, panel of experts, Brainstorming, video tapes, class Discussion, case studies, Role playing, Report-Back sessions, worksheets/surveys, index card exercise, Guest speaker, values clarification exercise.

IPSJ Journal (2001), state that the method of teaching computer science in a department of liberal Art is from technique (concretion) to theory (abstraction), of from practices to lecture.

In a physical classroom these is a standard, set of equipment and tools, this usually includes audio-visual equipment such as textbook, a chalkboard, video-visual  video player and tape recorder.

 

1.2            AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aims and objectives of the study are to assess the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigeria polytechnics.

1.       It investigated whether textbooks and chalkboard the   only teaching and learning tools in teaching computer     courses.

2.       It investigated whether multimedia instructional aids    are used for both teaching and learning in computer      science courses.

3.       It investigated whether E-learning is used in teaching    introduction to computers.

4.       To investigate the most common teaching methods       for computer courses to computer science majors.

 

1.3     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The objective of teaching computer courses in Nigeria Polytechnics include to equip students with the necessary knowledge that will aid them to identify those problems that can be solved by means of computer system, and to design and implement effectively.

Another objective of the study is to provide the intellectual foundation for future professional development. A cornerstone in this study is ability fro student to reason logical. It is essential that student should be familiar with basic concepts in many computer courses.

Although, there are some other problems such as:

–                     Lack of lecturers to teach computer courses.

–                     Lack of teaching tools

–                     Lack of application of computer to real world situation in their programme of study.

–                     Extreme abnormal dislike or fear and dread of mathematics (one of the  credit required for one to study  computer science).

 

1.4     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to the methods of  teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Also to educate student to succeed in his/her professional career, which takes place in the context of rapidly changing technology. In order to succeed in this area, the student must have certain knowledge, skills and attitudes.

 

1.5            RESEARCH QUESTION

The objective of the research is to determine those tools/ methods that are used in teaching computer science major in Federal Polytechnic Nekede and Abia State  Polytechnic.

In order to conduct an effective study on the central theme of this work, the following critical questions have been addressed namely:

(a)              What are the tools used in teaching computer courses?

(b)              Is your polytechnic connected via Internet?

(c)              How effective is the use of computer on the teaching and

(d)             What are the most common teaching methods of computer courses e.g. Introduction to computer, computer packages, Computer Programming, and, Computer Hardware maintenance.

EFFECT OF SCHOOL LOCATION AND SEX DIFFERENTIALS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN ECONOMICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS ( A CASE STUDY OF UGHELLI-NORTH DELTA STATE)

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   1

1.1   Background of the study          –       –       –               –   1

1.2   Statement of the problem –       –       –       –       –       –   5

1.3   Purpose of study      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   8

1.4   Research Question   –       –       –       –       –       –       –   9

1.5   Hypothesis       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

1.6   Significance of study        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  11

1.7   Scope/Delimitation of the study      –       –       –       –  12

1.8   Limitation of the study     –       –       –       –       –       –  13

1.9   Definition of terms   –       –       –       –       –       –       –  13

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE       –       –       –       –  15

2.1   Performance of male and female students       –       –       –  22

2.2   School location and Environmental factors

and their effects on the performance of students    –

in economics   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  25

2.3   Summary of the review of related literature     –       –  30

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Research Design and Methodology  –       –       –       –  32

3.2   Research Design      –       –       –       –       –       –       –  33

3.3   Population of the study    –       –       –       –       –       –  33

3.4   Sample and sampling technique      –       –       –       –  33

3.5   Research instrument       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  34

3.6   Validity of the instrument        –       –       –       –       –       –  34

3.7   Reliability of the instrument    –       –       –       –       –  35

3.8   Method of Data Collection       –       –       –       –       –  35

3.9   Method of Data Analysis –       –       –       –       –       –  36

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF        FINDINGS        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  37

4.1   Introduction     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  37

4.2   Analysis of Research Questionnaire –       –       –       –  40

4.3   Discussion       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  46

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  47

5.1   Summary of findings       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  48

5.2   Conclusion      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

5.3   Recommendation     –       –       –       –       –       –       –  51

5.4   Recommendation for further studies       –       –       –  52

References       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  53

Appendix         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  55

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to find out the effects of school location and sex differentials on students’ achievement in economics in secondary school. It was aimed at finding out the factors responsible for the disparity if any in the performance male and female students in economics, to also find out how the education institution at different location attended by the students influence their performance in economics and to provide solutions. Research questions were formulated. To collect the data for the study, questionnaires were administered to 100 students selected from different secondary school in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. The simple percentage was used to analyze data collected. The results were showed and recommendations were made. The following recommendation were made, the approval for establishment of new secondary schools should take into consideration, the maximum distance of one (1) kilometer between school and residence of majority of students. More schools should be established in areas where students’ population is above the minimum. Moreover, Government should come to the aid of schools mostly in rural areas with necessary teaching materials to facilitate the teaching and learning activities.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

Economics is the corner stone or the breath of social science and technological development.

It is regarded as the bedrock of all social sciences subjects that could cut across the school curriculum and it is necessary in the study of social science whether theoretical or empirical. The desire of many countries particularly Nigeria to develop her human and material resource s in this direction has made it possible for the study and teaching of economics very imperative.

Economic as well as most other sciences its frontiers are constantly changing commonly used as the study of the use of limited resources for the achievement of alternative ends. Theories employ abstract deductive reasoning whereby conclusions are drawn and purely empirical studies are inductive in nature. It is of records that the proper teaching and learning of economics is one of the most complex problems facing the Nigeria (Nig) educational system today.

The location of nay school most time or case does follow some laid down guidelines. This is so because school should not be located close to any railway roads, factory and risky areas. Like river bank and high tension lines to mention a few. The  distance  to school in educational planning is seen  as  a rough indication to the schools densities consequently when schools are densely populated, the solution is either  running the  shifty system or  establishing another  school within the  locality. Distance travelled to schools by students also has some relationship to school attendance punctuality to school and absenteeism. When the distance travelled to school is too far from residence of majority of the students, there is the reluctance for students to attend class or school. This is so because majority of the students in Delta state and indeed all over the country walk to and fro from school. It was this reason that make the definite government of Delta state in its free education programme stipulated that schools should not be established more than one kilometer (k/m)  from the residence of  majority of the  students. Attendance in schools is a crucial factor in the case in which some students travel more than five kilometer (k/m) to get to their various schools. Some students are over populated because of their location while some others are spatially polluted. No doubt that several problems are associated in the location of schools without taking into consideration some of the parameters for location enumerated above.

The patterns of gender role development vary with gender achievement is a relatively stable characteristics in children. Boys and girls who possess the attributes associated with achievement. Some experiment being carried out shows middle childhood and adolescence. Some experiment being carried out shows that the motivational base for achievement may differ between the two genders. Girls frequently appear to engage in achievement behaviour as a means of gaining approval from adults and peers while bys are more often motivated by the intrinsic challenge of the task. In many research studies carried out, boys appears to manifest higher level of achievement behaviour when the difference actually involves factors of achievement motivation. The elements of parental behaviour are mostly closely related to early achievement include encouragement of independency.

Hence the term achievement refers to the child’s attempts to attain some standard and to acquire the skills necessary for dealing effecting with his environment. It is so because of the problems associated with that we see to investigate the distance travelled to schools by the students in secondary schools. The study also looked into the effect of gender differential on students’ achievement.

1.2   Statement of Problem

        Since the general assumption is that school location and gender differentials have  effects on students achievement, the  problems of this study is to ascertain what effect a school location has on students achievement in economics. What effect does a gender differential have on student’s achievement in economics?