IMPACT OF SINGLE PARENTING AND ITS EFFECT ON CHILD EDUCATION IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN

 EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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This study was carried out to find out An assessment of methods of Teaching English language in selected Nigerian polytechnics. There are five (5) research questions formulated to guide this study. There are eighteen (18) secondary schools in Uzo-Uwani local government area of Enugu state. Out of these secondary schools, ten (10) schools were randomly selected through ballot method. In each of the ten (10) schools selected for the study, two (2) classes of SSII were randomly selected using ballot method; this implies that 440 students were selected for the study. Also six (6) English teachers were randomly selected in each schools used for the study through ballot method, this implies that sixty (60) English teachers were used for the study. The questionnaire was used to collect and analyze the data. The instrument were validated by three (3) experienced English lecturers and two (2) experts in measurement and evaluation all from the department of science and English education of Enugu State of Science and technology (ESUT), and the test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. The data collected from the students were analyzed using the mean respondents’ scores. The result showed that the factors militating against effective teaching and learning of English in secondary schools are as follows; students have negative attitude towards the learning of English, students in English have very poor background, parents have negative attitude towards the learning of English, the learning environment are not well conducive for learning, most of the English teachers are not qualified. It also discussed the implication of the findings and finally recommendations were made to enhance students’ achievement in English.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

TITLE PAGE                                                                                             I

APPROVAL PAGE                                                                                    II

DEDICATION                                                                                           III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                                          IV

ABSTRACT                                                                                               V

TABLE OF CONTENT                                                                    VII

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                     1

Background of the Study                                                                            1

Statement of the Problem                                                                  6

Purpose of the Study                                                                        7

Significance of the Study                                                                            8

Scope of the Study                                                                                      9

Research Question                                                                                      10

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review                                                                                      11

2.1     English Education                                                                   11

2.2     Academic Performance                                                            14

2.3     Factors that Contributes to Poor Academic Performance                 15

2.4     Quality of English Teachers                                                    15

2.5     Negative Attitude of Students of English                       20

2.6     Effective Use of Instructional Materials                                  22

2.7     Provision of English Laboratory                                             23

2.8     Recruitment of Qualified English Teachers                    24

2.9     Lack of Adequate Funding from Government                         25

2.10   Poor Students’ Background in English                                             27

2.11   Parental Related Factors                                                                   29

2.12   Unconducive School Environment                                          30

2.13   English Terminology                                                                        32

 

CHAPTER THREE              

3.0     Research Method                                                                     34

3.1     Research Design                                                                      34

3.2     Area of the Study                                                                    35

3.3     Population of the Study                                                          35

3.4     Sample and Sampling Techniques                                           36

3.5     Instrument for Data Collection                                                         36

3.6     Validation of the Instrument                                                   37

3.7     Reliability of the Instrument                                                    37

3.8     Method of Data Collection                                                      38

3.9     Method of Data Analysis                                                                  38

3.10   Decision Rule                                                                          39

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Presentation and Analysis of Data                                          40

4.1     Research Question 1                                                                40

4.2     Research Question 2                                                                42

4.3     Research Question 3                                                                44

4.4     Research Question 4                                                                46

4.5     Research Question 5                                                                48

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Discussion of Findings, Conclusion, Implications

and Recommendations                                                                      50

5.1     Discussion of Findings                                                            50

5.2     Conclusion                                                                              52

5.3     Recommendations                                                                             54

5.4     Limitation of the Study                                                           55

5.5     Summary of the Study                                                            55

5.6     Suggestion for Further Study                                                  57

REFERENCES                                                                                 58

APPENDIX I                                                                                    63

APPENDIX II                                                                                   64

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                                          65

APPENDIX III                                                                                  70

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

                                         

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is an important sector which cannot be fun with any serious country, state, organization or individual and that is why an individual, organization or government uses every means to make sure a good education is provided for her citizens (Adibe, 2001).

The focus of this study is secondary school education. Secondary education is the stage following primary education. It is generally the final stage of compulsory education. In some country, it is a period of compulsory and a period of non-compulsory education. Secondary education is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory education to selective education for adult.

The content and philosophy of Nigeria education must reflect the past, present and drive into the future of Nigeria society in term of the role the individual is expected to play in the present national building process (Vision 20:2020)

Education is the best legacy given to a child; it is the producer of human capital. It is the truth of existence and centre of life. Every human-being depends on education for truthful, peaceful and wise co-existence. It has witnessed active participation by non-governmental agencies, communities and individual as well as government parastatals in order to bring education to the country. Education is an instrument for national development, it fosters on the worth and development of individual to be self-reliant, just and building egalitarian society (Federal Republic of Nigeria [FRN] 2004).

English is all embracing and all encompassing. In virtually all spheres of human endeavor, English was used as an aid in commerce farming and control of environment. English also proved it usefulness in areas of medicine, engineering, administration and aviation just mention but a few. This was when people felt incomplete without the basic knowledge of arithmetic.

English calls for adequate concentration and adequate practices. As learners are involved in these activities they develop interest and get motivated, which are well oriented, they enjoy and concentrate there on, no matter how complicated and involving activities maybe.

According to statistics, academic performance in English among secondary school students has bees on the decline since the end of civil war in 1970. The decline is mostly affecting secondary schools in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area.

The efforts of the Nigerian government in highlighting the importance of English study in schools by making it compulsory for all students and in addition to the efforts of English Association of Nigeria (MAN) towards the development of English, student still perform poorly in this subject in both internal and external examination.

Obodo (2004:18) highlighted on this by saying that “A teacher achieves this concentration by beginning the lesson in an officious manner with respect to awaking the interest of students and sustaining if through skillful instructional management. In most cases, teachers fall to observe this skillful instructional management and the obvious result is that the more the teacher teaches, the more confused the student will be and the deeper the aversion and fear for the subject”.

Children need to understand spoken and written expression which involves English and its communication means. They must be able to solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Consequently and currently in Nigeria, students are allowed to study some course on gaining admission into universities because of their poor performance in West African School Certificate Examination (WASCE) or National Examination Council (NECO). In consonance, this study will look into the lapses to the government, curriculum develops, textbooks, publisher, teachers and students, families and their members at large and others involved in the education sectors. The constraints in poor achievement in English, as an adage has it “A problem identified is halfway solved” it implies that knowing the constraints will be of immense help in solving it.

According to Leeichi (2007:41), “Learning is the human activity which least needs manipulation by others” this means that everybody is endowed with the ability to learn but an expert (a qualified teacher has to manipulate the endowment, otherwise it becomes disused). Teaching and learning of English is not exceptional.

Without effective teaching and learning of English there will be poor performance in English work. Considering the recovery and terrible failure of secondary school students in SSCE, the researcher was forced to ask; what are the factors militating against effective teaching and learning? Some of the pertinent questions often ask are: How widespread is the incident of poor external result among Nigerian students? What is the role of the notation special center in the whole problem? And to what extent have the parent and teacher contributed to the factors militating against effective teaching and learning to student in public examination especially the one being conducted by WAEC and NECO?

Obodo (2004:14) opined that “A shortage of qualified English teachers will result to poor teaching and learning of English and consequently poor achievement and performance of students, which invariably will lead to the production of another generation of poor student achievers who will eventually turn-out to teach English poorly tomorrow”.

This illustrates that any student who develops phobia for English cannot learn well. English is a language of size and order. This explains why some students develop sudden fever whenever it is time for English lesson in a school.

According to National Policy on Education, stated by Obodo (2004), the aims and objectives of secondary education should be as follows:-

1.)              To provide necessary English background for further education

2.)              To stimulate and encourage creativity

3.)              To develop the ability to recognize problems and to solve them with related English knowledge

4.)              To develop precise, logical and abstract thinking

5.)              To develop computational skill

6.)              To generates interest  in English and to provide a solid foundation for everyday living

7.)              To foster the desire and ability to be accurate to degree relevant to the problem at hand

From the above objectives of English, it became quite obvious that even the entire world

race depends on the knowledge of English to achieve it aim and objective. But with recurring and terrible failure among secondary school students in SSCE, how can this aim be achieved.

The focus of this study, the researcher wants to know the factors militating against effective teaching and learning of English in secondary schools.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Okpara (2010) stated that over the years students have shown high rate of mass failure in English. He further stated that the problem of mass failure could be attributed on the quality of teaching in schools, saying that unless there was improvement in the teaching and learning in schools, there is little the examination body could do to salvage the already bad situation.

The government, parent, policy makers, English educators, English and different professional organization are bothered about what could be responsible for this factor militating against effective teaching and learning of English.

The researcher is worried about this unfortunate development and he asked, “What are the factors militating against effective teaching and learning of English in secondary schools”?

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The general purpose of this study is to determine the factors militating against effective teaching and learning of English in secondary schools in Uzo-Uwani local government area of Enugu State.

Specifically, the study intends to find out the factors militating against effective teaching and learning of English in secondary schools from:-

1.)              The attitude of students towards English

2.)              Poor foundation from primary English as inherited, affects students’ proficiency in secondary school English

3.)              Parent attitude

4.)              Learning environment

5.)              Quality of English teachers

THE OIL SECTOR AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR; THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE ON BALANCE OF PAYMENT (1981-2007).

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims at evaluating the oil sector and the agricultural sector in Nigeria from 1981-2007. The role of agriculture in the Nigerian society has been quite significant even in the pre-colonial times. The attractiveness of the Nigerian agricultural sector to the colonialist largely formed the basis for the development of the railway system from the north to the coast through the eastern and western of the country given that there was the need to evacuate agricultural produce from the hinterland to the coasts for onward shipment to Europe as raw material to feed British industries. The agricultural sector used to be the mainstay of the Nigerian economy. It provided for the nation, generated revenue and foreign exchange earnings for the government, supplied raw materials to the industrial sector, generated employment and contributed over 50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This occurred until the 1970’s when the oil sector came in and took over from agriculture in such a way that there was a rapid decline in the agricultural sector output. Nigeria became solely dependent on the oil sector for its revenue such that policies that were formulated were usually in favor of the oil sector. This obviously has led to the neglect of the agricultural sector as all focuses are on the oil sector. This research work aims at determining the relationship between the oil sector and the agricultural sector, the impact of the oil sector and the effects of exchange rate on the agricultural sector and to find out ways to solve the problem, and make some recommendations that can bring about positive change.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION…………………………………….      1

1.1 Background of the study……………………………………………….      1

1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………      5

1.3 Objective of the study………………………………………………….      6

1.4 Research hypothesis……………………………………………………      6

1.5 Significance of the study……………………………………………….      7

1.6 Scope and limitation……………………………………………………      7

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………….      8

2.1.1 Theoretical literature…………………………………………………      8

2.1.2 Crude oil and the Nigerian Gross Domestic Product………………..      10

2.1.3 Crude oil as a source of federally collectable revenue and source of energy……………………………………………………………………..        13

2.1.4 Petroleum and Balance of Payment………………………………….      15

2.1.5 Historical development of agriculture and agricultural sector in Nigeria 17

2.1.6 The impact of petroleum production on Nigeria agricultural policy………………………………………………………………………       22

2.1.7 The effects of oil production on policy maker’s perception of the role of agriculture in Nigeria……………………………………………………..        23

2.1.8 The impact of oil revenue on the scope and character of the government’s intervention in agricultural development…………………………………………..     …..     27

2.1.9 Past effort at revamping agriculture in Nigeria…………………………  29

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………….   34

3.1 Research design………………………………………………………….   34

3.2 Research methodology…………………………………………………..    34

3.3 Model specification……………………………………………………..     35

3.4 Method of evaluation……………………………………………………    37

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS………….   40

4.1 Data presentation and analysis of result…………………………………   40

4.2 Economic A priori expectation test……………………………………..    41

4.3 Evaluation Based On Statistical Criteria (First Order Test)…………..       42

4.3.1 T- test………………………………………………………………….    42

4.3.2 F- test………………………………………………………………….     43

4.4 The coefficient of determination R²…………………………………….     44

4.5 Economic Criteria (Second Order Test)………………………………..     45

4.5.1 Autocorrelation test…………………………………………………..      45

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….      47

5.1 Summary………………………………………………………………       47

5.2 Recommendation……………………………………………………..             49

5.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….       50

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Agriculture, according to Omidigi (1993), is an applied science that deals with the preparation of land, cultivation of crops and rearing of animals.

Akinsami (1973:p1) defined agriculture as the production of plants and animals useful to man. It covers not only the cultivation of soil and the feeding and management of crops and livestock, but also the preparation of plants, and animal products for man’s use and the disposal of those products by marketing.

The role of agriculture in transforming both the social and economic framework of an economy cannot be overemphasized. It is a source of food and raw materials for the industrial sector. It is also essential for expansion of employment opportunity, for the reduction of poverty and improvement of income distribution for speeding up industrialization and easing the pressure of balance of payment. In essence, it has been the main source of gainful employment; from which the nation can feed its teeming population, a regenerative, providing the nation’s industries with local raw materials, and as s reliable source of government revenue.

The agricultural sector constitutes one of the most important sectors of the Nigerian economy. Its importance stems from the abundance of agricultural resources and the high percentage of the active population engaged in agriculture. In addition to this, is its contribution to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) as well as foreign exchange earnings.  (Moro (1995:29)). The contribution of agriculture to GDP, in 1960 was 63%while the percentage share was 74% of the total domestic exports. At this period, agriculture was the mainstay of the Nigerian economy.

Oil or petroleum, on the other hand, is a very versatile and flexible, non –reproductive, depleting natural (hydrocarbon) resource that is a fundamental input into modern economic activity, providing about 50% of the total energy demand in the world, excluding former centrally planned economies. Oil exporting countries of the developing world depend heavily on oil revenue for foreign exchange earnings and for the government budget, in most cases reaching 90% and above.

In Nigeria, the oil sector has assumed a central role in the economy in such a way that it cannot be overemphasized. In fact, Iyoha(2005) had it that between 1981 and 1999,Nigeria received over 228billion US dollars from petroleum export. The inflow of foreign exchange from petroleum export has overwhelming influence on the economy. The growth in GDP since the early 70s is largely attributable to crude oil production.

Moreover, our development plans were focused on the expected earning from crude oil export as a source of finance. More specifically, the Nigerian revenue budget since oil took a primal position in revenue attraction is directly a function of the price per barrel of crude oil and the projected total sales.

Nigeria was a predominantly agrarian economy before the discovery of oil in commercial quantity in 1956 and remained so up to the early part of the 1970s, thereafter oil exerted tremendous impact on the economy.  In Nigeria’s attempt to make oil exploration a lucrative business, there was a shift in its dependence from the agricultural sector to the oil sector, largely based on the innumerable benefits it derived from the later (oil sector). This attitude has brought about a major decline in the agricultural sector and even other sectors of the economy, thereby making the Nigerian economy a mono-economy.

Gone are the days when ships used to sail from Nigerian parts, laden with agricultural products such as cocoa, timber, groundnut, oil palm, rubber, cotton, cassava etc, when the country derived most of its revenue from the export of agricultural products, then the economy was diversified with more focus on the agricultural sector. Then Nigeria’s budget reflected that it was proud of its agricultural heritage. Then, agriculture used to be the backbone of the economy, inviting foreign investors from far and near.

Nigeria’s economy has gradually become one that is almost completely dependent on the oil sector for its sustenance, thereby causing the neglect of the agricultural sector that used to be the foremost of the Nigerian budget.

According to Moro (1995), it is believed that the problem of food crisis has its roots in the gradual transformation of the Nigerian economy accelerated with the impact of the oil price increases during the 1970s, Nigeria who could provide her own food, regardless of its population now has to import staple commodities such as rice, sugar etc.

The agricultural sector has gradually ceased to be what it used to be because of the new rave for oil. States like Delta state Rivers Bayelsa etc are worst as they all have tales of woe to tell, as the catastrophic effects of oil spillage has led to inestimable losses that has led to gradual decline of agriculture in some areas of the region.

Many financial experts are of the view that an economy that largely depends on a sector is definitely not a healthy one. A healthy economy is one that is diversified and not mainstreamed. It appears as if Nigeria has put all her eggs in one basket, standing at the risk of loosing if something should go wrong.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research work is determined to finding answers to the following problems stated below:

• The persistent decrease in agricultural production for the period under review:

          This has resulted to scarcity of food supply with increased prices for them.

• The problem of inadequate modern farm implements:

This has contributed to the decline in productivity, as the crude implements can no longer increase output to meet with the increasing population and demand for agricultural products.

• The decline in government’s revenue from the agricultural sector:

                    This trend limits various development works that should have been carried out.

• The problem of shortage or inadequate local raw material for industrial use:

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF HANDICAPS IN OUR PRIMARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE.

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 1

1.1 Background of the study    –      –      –      –      –      – 1

1.2 Statement of the problem  –      –      –      –      –      – 2

1.3 Research hypothesis  –      –      –      –      –      –      –   3

1.4 Purpose of the study  –      –      –      –      –      –      –   3

1.5 Scope of the study     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   4

1.6 Significance of the study    –      –      –      –      –      –   4

1.7 Limitation of the study       –      –      –      –      –      –   5

1.8   Delimitation of the  Study        –      –      –      –      –   5

1.9 Definition of terms     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   6

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Review of Related Literature      –      –      –      –      –   7

2.2 Concept of Handicapped    –      –      –      –      –      –   7

2.3 Types of Handicap     –      –      –      –      –      –      –   8

Deafness  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –   9

Aphasia (Several oral language)             –      –      –      –  10

Mental retardation   –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  11

Visual Defects  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  13

Orthopedic Handicap        –      –      –      –      –      –      –  14

Causes of Handicap  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  15

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology and procedure     –      –      –      –  17

Research Design      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  17

Population       –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –  17

Sample and Sampling Techniques    –      –      –      –      –  19

Development of the Questionnaire   –      –      –      –      –  19

Administration/ Reliability of questionnaire      –      –      –  19

Validation of instrument   –      –      –      –      –      –      –  20

Data Analysis Techniques –      –      –      –      –      –      –  20

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation, Analysis and  Discussion of findings   – 21

Discussion of findings      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 41

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 44     

Findings   –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 47

Conclusion       –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 48

Recommendation     –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 49

Suggestions for further research     –      –      –      –      – 51

References      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 52

Appendix  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      – 55

 

ABSTRACT

This study focused to investigate into the causes of handicapped in our primary school in Ndokwa West Local Government Area, of Delta state. To guide the study, five research questions were formulated. Relevance literature was reviewed for the study. The research method used for the study was descriptive survey. Sample size for the study was self constructed questionnaire which consist of 20 items. The researcher personally administered 200 copies of the questionnaire and had 200 percent return rate. Data generated for the study revealed that teacher for special Education are not enough to teach the handicapped are not enough in the area. Also 80% of the respondents agree that the schools in the area equipment for the teaching of the handicapped that provision of infrastructure and facilities by the ministry and other volunteers to encourage the teaching of special education. Also majority of the respondents disagreed that the handicapped are not allow to  participate in normal physical education programme. Other subject teacher should be addresses to refrain from discouraging students and personnel should display a good sense of creativity.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

It is of great interest to teacher, the  Public, Health or  Physical  Education  specialist  to investigate the  causes of handicap in our  schools with references to Ndokwa West  L.G.A  of Delta State. In every community, there are children who have some physical or other forms  of  disabilities. These disabilities may have  resulted  from many factors such as  heredity diseases, accident within the  environment or other  reasons.

These handicaps may be mild or severe, single or multiple temporary or permanent. Examples of such disabilities are mental retardation, learning difficulties, visual problems, emotional disturbance, hearing difficulties e.t.c.

All children who have one or more of these problems are referred to as Handicapped children.

 

1.2   Statement of the Problem

This research work is  to investigate  the  causes  of handicapped in  our  schools a  case study  of Ndokwa West L.G.A of  Delta State. The researcher wants to find out the  needs of the handicapped and exceptional child. The work is also designed  to find out the  types of  physical activities  provided  for the  handicapped.

 

EVALUATION OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS IN THE JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA WEST GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE.

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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This study was on the evaluation of students achievement in mathematics in the junior secondary school in Ndokwa West local government area. Eight (8) schools where selected, four from urban and four from rural area were selected. The instrument used for the study was the results of year 2011, fro the result of the study and the discussion of findings, it shows that the student academic achievement is poor and the poor is as a result of some influential factors. Such as attitude of students toward the subject mathematics and teachers personality. Then, the researcher there came up with some recommendation and suggestion which can aid the improvement of student’s academic achievement in the junior secondary school result.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Chapter One: Introduction              .       .       .       .       .

Background of the study         .       .       .       .       .       .

Statement of research problem               .       .       .       .

Research Question          .       .       .       .       .       .       .

Research hypothesis               .       .       .       .       .       .

Purpose of the study               .       .       .       .       .       .

Significance of the study         .       .       .       .       .       .

Scope delimitation of the study               .       .       .       .

Chapter Two:

2.1 Review of related literature       .       .       .       .       .

2.2 parental involvement as a correlate of pupil academic achievement in mathematics   .       .       .       .       .       .

2.3 comparative study of students attitude towards academic achievement in mathematics   .       .       .       .       .       .       .

2.4 The effect of a examination of teacher qualification and students achievement in mathematics.

1. Subject matter knowledge
2. Teacher Experience

iii.    Teacher certification

1. Teacher working condition in urban School
2. Student achievement in urban school
3. Recommendation for improving mathematics achievement

2.5   factors affecting academic achievement of students

2.6   Appraisal of the review

Chapter Three: Methodology and procedure

3.1   Introductory Statement

3.2   Design of the study

3.3   the population sample

3.4   Sampling and technique

3.5   Validation research instrument

3.6   Data collection

3.7   Statistical treatment

Chapter Four:  Analysis result and discussion

4.1   Analysis of result and discussion

4.2   discussion of findings

Chapter five: Summary, conclusion and recommendation

5.1   Summary

5.2   Conclusion

5.3   Recommendation

5.4   Suggestion of findings

Reference Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Mathematics has played an important role in the educational system of Nigeria. The scientific and technological status of the nation depends on a small; knowledge of mathematics.

In history, early measurement approaches for evaluation is based on informal and formal form. The first written best were probably the informally written examination used by Chinese at 2, 200BC.

To people into civil services the coral examination initiated by Socrates in the 5th century BC was also inform. In the informal form evaluations were value are assigned by judgment. The formal form of evaluation implies to process of testing in measuring in this examination is conducted to determined the ability of pupils/students.

The teacher have been groomed into conducting final examination, reporting the grade, and making the same available to the presents, the actual testing movement as it is known today is less than  one hundred year old. In Nigeria, there are much organization as the west Africa Examination Council and the General certificate for education (WAEC/GCE), National Examination council (NECO), the joint Admission and matriculation Board (JAMB). The WAEC was established first in the 31^st December, 1951 in Gambia and in Nigeria 1952Neco was established in 2000. JAMB which was established in changes with the responsibility of conducting university common entrance examination exercises.

Lastly the junior secondary school certificate examination has first written in the year 1987 from the year 1987 till now is about 22 years,  therefore for this reason, this research wok is carried out to evaluate students academic achievement in mathematic in the junior secondary school.

I Nigeria, there is a burning desire to make sure that every child has the slightest idea about his environment and the academic achievement of a child. According to Dartan Williams (1990) stated that there is no clear agreement in the dividing line between rural and urban schools. One might note that the term rural school has no concrete numerical limits, dhdsghd green and Sterlen (1988, 11) one certainly might “in the first place of the 69 key report only 27 mention any numbers at all in their analysis of urban versus rural schools. In the second place, the has limits for a “rural” school in  those 27 documents ranges from 200 to 100 students and other ranges from “urban”  schools is 3000 to 5000 students, William however write that:

On average, the research indicates that an effective size from an elementary school is in the range of 300-400 students and that 400-800 students is appropriate for a secondary school (7-8) while many researchers argue that no school should be large than 400-500 students. I use William’s number in this report, since my own sense of the research is very similar.

Many parents in the urban and rural areas and some students may not realized the role performance by mathematics in the present day development the fact is that most students enter secondary school without suffering the basic pre-requisite knowledge to cope with the subject mathematics, in addition these students already have their believe that mathematics deals with abstract before coming into secondary schools.

Mathematics is very useful and important subject. It is important through all aspect of life. Hence there is need to study mathematics in our schools.

Mathematics is defined by advance Learners Dictionary as a science of size and numbers of which arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statistics are components. Mathematics can also be defined as the study of logical consequence sets of axioms and postulates, it comprises of two branches. Analysis and algebra concerned respectively with continuous and discuss variation.

Mathematics is the language communication of a society; that is the society that communicates mathematics in positive direction will be a better society in all field of life. The importance of this subject is in all field of life. The importance of this subject cannot be over emphasized because mathematic is an inherentance of the race; therefore mathematic as been existing  for long before other subject come into existence in the school curriculum.

Mathematics had made it easy to the proper understanding of the formulation and structure of science  which has sensed a basic pre-requisite for curriculum planner at the national and local linfh mathematic has recently achieved along with other branches of learning, a new changes in learning have led to the recommendation of the mathematic curriculum. He following list according to Douglas and Ray (1974:349-351) summarizes these needs new skill because of urgent need to develop the natural resources of the country it was felt that emphasis should be placed on functional education that will help utilize  the elites of the nation and education that will help create things. The practical need of the nation called for functional, education that is the education in which the ability to perform productive tasks is more emphasized than he education that aim at producing PROPle with gust theoretical minds hence science, holding mathematics have been advocated in recent education expectation for schools. Mathematics is also been found extremely useful in the development scientific knowledge like the discovering of light and sound in physics, in social science, in economics and sociology and in subject related o the earth and its movement in geography. It is well known that mathematics is the language medium for teaching and learning of science an other science related subjects with these put together. It is necessary for the school to take the teaching and learning of mathematics serious with regards to the importance of mathematics above, for any country or society to be technologically self reliant, the role of mathematics cannot be over emphasized.

Educationist, past and present seems to ignore importance of mathematics which should be attach to the level of achievement of students performance in urban and rural junior secondary school mathematics examination.

Denise C. Golfrideson (1985) states that urban schools appear to promote negative teacher percentage of school administrated and low staff moral.

There is less research on school size in relation o smaller school Emberts, Kehoe, Stone (1982), Gottfredson (1985), Gregory (1992), Johnson (1990), Miller, Ellorworth and Litoral (1992), Slockard and Maybeny (1992), these researcher examined administration attitude, their work, administration, and teacher attitude toward their work,  these administration and one another as well as the incidence of co-operation.

Also, statistics show that it is evident to students school administration and parents that despites the emphasis in making mathematics a compulsory subject and daily taught subject in junior and senior secondary schools. These has been continuous poor academic achievement I mathematic in J.S.S examination take a good look at the evaluation of students is both urban and rural area in Ndokwa West local Government Area of Delta State.

Statement of Research Problem

What are the causes of good or poor academic achievement of male and female in urban and rural students in mathematics in junior secondary school?

 

TEENAGE PROSTITUTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NDOKWA EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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The project focuses on teenage prostitution in secondary school in Ndokwa east local government area of Delta state. The study was carried out in five (50 randomly selected schools call girls street walkers, brothels and some hid-out. The main instrument used for the research was the questionnaire. There hundred questionnaire were administered collected and analyzed, using T-test  analysis four research question and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study, relevant literature were reviewed. Survey research designed was employed questionnaire were the instrument used and was validated by the research supervisor the secondary school. Finally the researcher made some statement of recommendation. If implemented will review the homes, school the state the nation and the society at large.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. Background to the Study

Prostitution is an age long problem which has remained irrespective of different promulgation of law codes, decrees, etc to bring about its decay. Encyclopedia of health and education for the family has noted that right from Hammurabis code (17^th Century B.C) considered to be the most ancient legal code in recorded history, we know that prostitution existed (both religious and secular).

It could be noted that in the old testament, God asked Hosea to marry Gomer a prostitute to predict how unfaithful the Israelites were to him (Hosea 6: 1-11, 14). We could say perhaps, that prostitution has existed after the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.

In our contemporary world, prostitution has taken a new style and a new dimension, getting sophisticated as each day passes by the capitalist continue to build new infrastructure to expand their frontier and further their interest. Young graduate from the university are explored by the capitalist market mainly the financial sector to act as corporate commercial sex hawkers to their big time customer. These event are no longer news as they make headline on magazines, newspaper, radio and television.

Irrespective of the heavy campaign on sexual trafficking, a situation where Nigeria young girls especially students are transported to western world for prostitution purpose the ugly events still persist.

The Africa Journal of reproductive health in its finding on human sex trafficking in Nigeria prostitution in particular, support claim that poverty and unemployment remained the primary contributes to success of global trafficking. Prostitution is the act of indulging in sexual intercourse for payment or material needs.

According to the encyclopedia of health and education for the family, prostitution is defined for the family, prostitution is defined as the practice, on the part of an individual, of continual and repeated sexual relations kin a  random way with everyone who asks with the main goal being that of economic gain and not pleasure on the part of the one receiving payment.

Webster’s Dictionary (2003) noted that prostitution is the offering by a woman of her body for the purpose of intercourse with men her.

The encyclopedia Britiianna (2005) noted that prostitution is the offering by woman of her body for the purpose of intercourses with men for hire.

The encyclopedia Britannica (2005) sees prostitution as the practice of engaging in general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuable.

Inspite of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) such as HIV/AID, Gonorrhea, etc that have dominated the sexual world the act of prostitute still flourished in many part of the world.

We have made an attempt to look at the history of prostitution and its nature. But for the purpose of this study, prostitution shall be narrowed down to secondary school students.

Prostitution among secondary school student is in no doubt a worrisome phenomenon. It is the act engaged by student between the age bracket of 12 years to 20 years, theses student indulge themselves in prostitution for the purpose of financial benefit not purpose perse.

This phenomenon may have started out of promiscuity on the part of the student or violence which they  might have been exposed to or more peer pressure as the case may be. The parents teacher media government  and the society at large perhaps, may not be left but when pointing an accusing finger. Since the up-bringing and training of these young stars in terms of value and norms fall in the domain of each of these agent of SOCIALIZATION.

Although encyclopedia Brittannica (2005) Observes that among some people prostitution has been required of young girls as a puberty rite or as a means of acquiring a doway and some religious require prostitution of a certain class of priceless.

The society frown at this evil (prostitution) yet some  of our lawmakers and part of member of the society is promoters and perpetrator. This ugly event characterized todays home videos depicting these unfortunate student as they are being exploited sexually by these aviants of our society all in the name making quick money.

However, effort are being made to bring to an end teenage prostitution following the out-cry of meaningful citizens non-governmental organization and lawmakers in Nigeria. The truth remain that, just like any other social problem in our society and the worlds at large, prostitution wherever it occur cannot be eradicated I all its ramification. But can reduced to the bearest. Minimum it conscientious effort made on the part of government agents of socialization and the society at large.

Therefore, this research work shall focus on the causes and effects of teenage prostitution in secondary school in Ndokwa-east local government Area of Delta state. It shall examine the inherent nature causes and affect in student themselves their parent the schools in Ndokwa east local government area.

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The study intends to find out the cause and effect of teenage prostitution in secondary school in Ndokwa east local government area of Delta state