ADEQUACY OR INADEQUACY OF WORKING CAPITAL: ITS IMPORTANCE AND IMPLICATION.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The primary aim of establishing or going into business is to optimize profit and as well as to ensure continuity of that business concern. When one person (sole trader ) of group of person (partnership of companies limited by shares or guarantee) intends forming a business entity he will need both fixed and current assets to facilitate a smooth take off, these fixed and current assets will by funded from both long term liabilities and current liabilities (or capital) as the case may be.

On formation, the business as an entity will be provided with fixed assets, such as building and premises, plant and machinery. Equipments, motor van etc. But form all indication we know and we see that these fixed assets itemized above cannot achieve the aforesaid aims of establishing the business. This is so because the fixed assets where not bought for the purpose of resale as a result any project cannot be directly accruable from its continuous stay.

From the foregoing, it is easily deduceable from it that the business as a going concern need some indispensable items or factors that will determine its profitability and its ability to withstand the test of time in a prevalent competitive environment

These indispensable items are operational and resolving in contrast with fixed capital and this is what we termed as the “”working capital”.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The need for working capital would not have been necessary or relevant if not its inherent problems.

In the light or this I wish to state a modern approach in discussing this topic in bits so as a voice in this course or profession of this presentation.

The need for cash tentention or holding cannot be over emphasized because it goes a long way in tackling problems resulting from inflation and it’s like.

Therefore, attempts wanted be made to discuss the problems, prospectus of this topic for the benefits of those who care to read of go through the content of this piece of work.  

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

For many years, they are some historical cause of adequacy or inadequacy of working capital.

          What other likely causes are and knowing the cause and also findings remedies to them. Knowing all these problems does the government, financial institutions and private individual and role in the cause and remedies.

As a result of this problems firms easily find themselves go or walk the path of liquidation because they failed to make provisions for the rainy day”.

This piece of work is an attempt in providing last solution to these problems and ways of curbing these problems forever.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The project is hopefully aimed at

the prospect of Accounting as a profession, implication to accounting student

TABLE OF CONTENT

Topics                                                                                          Pages

Chapter 1:    Introduction

• Background of the Problem
• Statement of the Problem
• Objectives of the Research
• Research Questions
• Statement of Hypothesis
• Scope of the study and Its Delimitation
• Organization of the Report

Chapter 2:    Literature Review

• Evolution of the Nigeria Capital Market.
• Major Participation’s in the Nigerian Capital Market
  • The Central Bank of Nigeria
  • Development Finance Institutions
  • Issuing Houses
  • Stockbroking firms
  • Securities and Exchange Commission
  • Stock Exchange
  • Share Registrars
  • Commercial Banks
  • Insurance companies and Pensims / Provident funds
• Dividend
  • Forms of Dividend
  • Factors influencing Dividend Policy
  • Stability of Dividend
  • Relationship between Dividend and Share prices
  • Information content of Dividends
  • Random Walk Theory of Share Price Movements
  • Random Walk and an Efficient Stock Market
  • Varying Degrees Efficiency
  • Week form Tests or Weak form of Efficiency
  • Semi-strong form Tests and semi-strong Efficiency
  • Strong form Tests and Strong Form Efficiency
  • Implications of Efficient Market Hypothesis
  • Empirical Studies of Capital Market Efficiency in Nigeria
  • Dividend Announcement and Capital Market Efficiency.

Chapter 3:    Research Methodology

• research Design
• Sources of Primary & Secondary Data
• Population & Sample
• Data Collection Techniques
• Data Analysis Technique
• Hypothesis Test Statistic
• Limitation of Research Methodology

Chapter 4:    Analysis and Presentation of Data.

• Presentation of Primary Data
• Analysis and Presentation of Data According to Research Questions
• Analysis and Presentation of Data According to hypothesis.

Chapter 5

• Summary of Findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• Suggested Research Work

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Many people think of accounting as a highly technical field which can be understood only by professional accountants.  Actually, nearly everyone practices accounting in one form or another on an almost daily basis

We live in an era of accountability.  Although, accounting has made sits most dramatic progress in the field of business, the accounting function is vital to every unit of our society.  An individual must account for his or her income,  and must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home to qualify for a college scholarships to secure a credit card, or to obtain a bank loan.  Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to government agencies, and to the public.  The federal government, the states, the cities, the school district: all must use accounting as a basis for controlling their resources and measuring their accomplishments. Accounting is equally essential to the  successful operation of a business, a university, a polytechnic and a social program.

• DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING:

Okechukwu (1999), defined accounting as, “the art of recording, classifying and summarizing, analyzing, interpreting and reporting on the financial transactions and position of an organization to interested persons or bodies.”  He gave this definition because whenever two or more persons comes together to form a union or an organization, the next thing is that money must be involved. Also, the accurate recording of the financial dealings of the companies, as well as the  correct reporting of the financial results of the union’s activities for a period to the members of that union, and to outsiders become of paramount importance.

Amachina and Ezeh (1996), defined accounting as, “a profession that co-ordinates the functions of financials accounting which is concerned with the recording, analyzing, summarizing and interpretation of business and other entities”.

Okafor (1996), defined accounting as “a systematic means of writing of economic history and plans of an organization in both quantitative and financial manner so that facts can be revealed, and properly analysing such fact for the purpose of advising management.

• OTHER AREAS OF ACCOUNTING INCLUDES

1. MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

Osuagwu (1998), defined management accounting as, “ the application of accounting knowledge, technique and skills to the provision of information designed to assist all levels of management in planning and controlling the activities of a business enterprise.”

Moreover, the chartered institute of management accountant (CIMA) defines management accounting as, “ an integral part of management concerned with identifying, presenting, and  interpreting information used for formulating strategy, planning and controlling activities, decisions taking optimizing the use of resources, disclosure to shareholders and other external to the entity, disclosure to employees and safeguarding assets.

1. COST ACCOUNTING:

Onovo et al (2002), defined cost accounting and costing principles, methods and techniques in the ascertainment of costs and the analysis of savings and excesses as compared with previous experience with standards.

Nze (1998), defined cost accounting as, “The accounting of the cost of production of goods or services or both of them”.

The institute of cost and management accountants defines costing as “a management information system which analysis parts, present, and indeed, future data to fit the variety of different problems confronting managers. In order to carryout their responsibilities for planning and controlling the resources of a business, managers must be properly informed’.

1. PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOPUNTING:

Ani  (2001), defined public sector accounting as, “the composite activity of collecting, analysing, recording, summarizing, reporting and interpreting the financial – transactions of government units.

The various government units includes:

1. The federal government (it ministries, departments and agencies).
2. The state governments represented by it ministries and department.

• The local governments

1. The government parastatals partly or completely financial by the government.

Some of the nature of government entities are:

1. They are established by the citizenry through the constitutional and charter process
2. They do not seek for profit from the activities in which they are engage
3. They depends on the legislative authorities
4. They owe responsibility to the citizens

From the various definitions of accounting mentioned above, we can see obviously that whether the accounting is concerned with financial accounting or management accounting or cost accounting, that all of them is geared towards provision of vital information that will aid the management in attainment of the objective f the organization.

Moreover, accounting aids to check fraud and make corrections ins the records of transactions kept by an organization through the services rendered by professional accountants.  In the case of private sector, the auditors checks the accounts and records of the company, in order to ensure that to the accounts are prepared in accordance of the laid down rules ins the companies and allied matters error in the financial statement of the company, where there is an error or fraud in the financial statement, the auditor is supposed to specify it in its’ report, finally, he will express his opinion on whether the financial statement of the company shows a true and faire view of the financial state of that company at the given date.

While  in the public sector, in sector 85 subsection (2) of the 1999 constitution of the Federal republic of Nigeria, the auditor-General is author

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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