ISREAL MAIN BODY NETWORK SECURITY AND ROUTING ANALYSIS TOOLS

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The widespread proliferation of computer networks has resulted in the increase of attacks on information systems. These attacks are used for illegally gaining access to unauthorized information, misuse of information or to reduce the availability of the information to authorized users. This results in huge financial losses to companies besides losing their goodwill to customers as their informative services are several disrupted. These attacks are increasing at a staggering rate and so is their complicity. Thus there is a need for complete protection of organizational computing resources which is deriving the attention of people towards network based security system.
We can effectively protect the computer system, if we use three fundamental techniques against intrusion: prevention, detection and response. Earlier, intrusion prevention was widely considered as a complete and sufficient protection against the intrusions. Such preventive measures include user authentication (using password or biometrics), fencing around the network using firewalls, very tight access control mechanisms, avoiding programming errors, etc. But, unfortunately these measures are not sufficient in adequately protecting the computer system due to many reasons. There would always be un-know programming flaws, design and architectural weaknesses in application programs, protocols and operating systems which can always be exploited by the attacker. The abuse of privileges by insiders (usually disgruntled employees) to gain unauthorized access, the failure of firewall to prevent many attacks such as dictionary attacks and probes, the cracking of passwords are some of the other reasons that make preventive measures insufficient to protect computer systems. Hence, intrusion prevention is not a complete solution. If there are inevitable attacks on the system, we would like to detect them as soon as possible to trace an attack to its source, and assess the extent of damage. The capability that provides these special features is known as intrusion detection. Intrusion detection tools are not preventive devices but they should be used as a second line of defense. Hence they complement the protective mechanism to improve network based security system.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
Information dissemination is through a network system. The security of the packets transferred through the network is of great concern to most firms that engage in online transfer of packets. The abuse of privileges by insiders to gain unauthorized access, the failure of firewall to prevent many attacks from the network, the cracking of passwords are some of the other reasons that make network based system stand the risk of being attacked. If there are inevitable attacks on the system, we would like to detect them as soon as possible to trace an attack to its source, and assess the extent of damage. Therefore, administrators are seeking ways to:
• Be sure that the packets transferred from the network are secured
• Keep track of user’s access date, time and activities on the network
• Security of the network by detecting intruders on the network
• The possibility of maintaining a secured network system for an organization.

1.3 Motivation
The high rate of data loss in a communication network, and the attacks suffered by these networks as a result of hacker’s activities on the network propelled the researcher to find solutions to network

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR A HUMAN RIGHT BASED ORGANISATION

ABSTRACT

The clamor for justice and rights of man is an age long affair. Social crusaders, philosophers, non governmental organization (NGOs) and thinkers of various persuasions, have devoted most of their effects to the promotion of monitoring and re-affirmation of faith in fundamental human right in the dignity and worth of the human person in equal right of nations large and small, and in fundamentals freedoms for all without distraction as to religious crisis, terrorisms, civil war etc. In Nigeria today, all of use belong to one family mankind. Everyone is born free. Each of us is entitled to have rights, freedom and duties of different kinds, not withstanding. Each of its has as responsibility to acknowledge, respect, promote, and protect6 those fundamental rights and freedoms for all others as justice demands infact human beings are endored wit h the faculty of convince and inner sense of right and wrong. Thus the need for justice is man’s quest for happiness and good harmonious living. A human who is deprived of any of these fundamental need is faced to live a sub-human existence, hence this work is a web-site designed to outline the information on human rights and people’s right as well as the abuses of there right between government and the populace in Nigeria. A case study of National Human Right Development Commission (NHRDC).
ORGANIZATION OF WORK
For the purpose of camp. Perception, this work is arranged in seven chapters. Chapter one is all about the introduction on human right and different kind of right we have. Chapter two received the literature that already exist about this topic “human right in Nigeria”. Chapter three described the analyzed listing system and its information flow. Chapter four after studying the old system a new system is designed to work hand – in – hand with the old system. how this new system should be implemented. Chapter five are the documentation recommendation and reference.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The word “right” is derived from the Latin word sector which in the noun form means that to which “person has just and valid claims, whether it be land, a thing or privilege of doing something or saving something. We have what is called a legal right, which is either the liberty 9protected by law) of acting or abstaining from acting in a specific manner or the power (enforced by law) of compelling a specific person to do or abstain from doing a particular thing. A legal right is thus the capacity sending in one man or a group of man or controlling with the assert and the assistance of the state the actions of others. “Human” has been defined as pertaining to characteristics of or having the nature of mankind.
Morals and interest in any human being is simply because of his/her humanity. The birth right of all mankind. The expression “human right” in its wildest connotation embarrasses those civil, political, economic, social, cultural, group, solidarity and developmental right which we considered indispensable to meaningful human existence.
The Nigeria National Human Right Development Commission was created by a military decree promulgated by the Military Government of General Sani Abacha with the announcement of the latrest in a socials of programs for transaction from military to civilian rule (replacing the transition aborted by the annulment of June 12 1993 election) and was clearly designed as an attempt to head of off international critism of continued military rule in general and repressive policies of the Abacha’s government in particular.
Following the death of general Abacha in June 1998 his successor General Abdusalami Abubakar scrapped the General Abacha transition program and instituted a new one under condition of operation openness. As a part of the program a new constitution was drafted by a panel set by General Abubakar with new limited public consultation. Although the organisation had lobbied for its status to be entrenched in the constitution, this did not take place. The new constitution came in existence on May 20, 1999. following election late 1991 and early 1999, According to the military decree, establishing the human right commission is deemed like similar decrease to be an act of the new national assembly.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The issues of human right in Nigeria have been a hidden matter right from the first republic. People in the country do not know their right because these right are outlined in a very voluminous document hence, populace cannot reach them. The task is too manual and tedious to cover. The tedious nature and the

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC DICE DISPLAY WITH AUDIO UNIT.

ABSTRACT
This work deals extensively with the design and construction of an electronic dice display (EOD) with audio unit. The device displays the of a hudo dice in numberical form and also produces sound as it displays the number.
The device works with principle of chance employee by ludo game players. The output of the display is usually very rapid that the player does actually sex the number when the device is switched on so that it will purely be a game of chance. When the off key is pressed, a patellar number is displayed and this number is the number, the player got.
The operation of the device starts by the generation of a pulse frequency. The pulse frequency (square wave signal) generated by times (555 times) by connecting in an instable multibibrator. The output from this timer is used in clocking the binary counter (mod to counter) but this counter is biased to count just from zero through six (0-6) as we have in a lodo game dice. To achieve this bias in the mod 10 counter, the output from Qo, Q1 and Q2 were connected to the riset prins so that once the counter finishes the count of six or goes back to zero.
The result from the binary counter is then fed to the decoder driver before connecting it to seven segment so that the decoder will be able to covert the binary values to the decinal values that are being used in the ludo game dice. The seven segment then displays the numbers by lighting the diodes that make up that particular value.
This device is being regulated by a latch (4-edge triggered flipflope) which has two switches, one is used for putting the power supply and the other two push switches for the working of the dice display.

ORGANISATION OF WORK
The organization of this work is in seven chapters: the first on the introducing; the second is on the literature review; the thiod on the design of the system; the fourth deals with the construction (implementation); fifth on the testing and result (documentation); sixth on packaging and the seventh on the recommendation and conclusion.
The first chapter: introduction give a general view of what the electronic dice display (EDD) with audio unit is all about, it lists the components required, its aims and objectives, scope, limitations, problems and purpose of study.
The second chapter: literature review explains the different component, that make up the system, their makeup and how they operate.
The third deals on the design of the system, descrises vividly each component of the system, their operating modes, specifications and applications, schematic diagram of the system showing independent modules which function together to make up the system.

Construction, the fourth chapter deals with the actual construction of the system, the design requirement, theory of functioning of each module system, breakdown of the module specification and construction. Calculations and careful selection of the component values of each module are detailed in this chapter.
The fifth chapter which is on the documentation deals on the general description of the work, provides ease of maintenance and usage of the system.
Packaging, the sixth chapter lists the factors that were taken into consideration in the design and construction of the package.
The seventh and the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion gives a general view of what is conversed and the importance of this device. It also suggested certain areas for further studies.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Statement of problem 1
1.1 purpose of study 2
1.2 Aims and objectives 2
1.3 Scope 3
1.4 Limitations 3
1.5 Definitions of terms 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 9
CHAPTER THREE
Description and Analysis of the Existing System 15
Organization structure 16
Objectives of the existing system 17
CHAPTER FOUR
Design of the New System 18
Output specification and design 20
Input specification and design 29
File design 38
Procedure chart 39
System flow chart 41
System requirement 42
CHAPTER FIVE
Implementation 47
Program flowchart 49
CHAPTER SIX
Documentation 51
CHAPTER SEVEN
Recommendation and Conclusion 53
7.1 Recommendation 53
7.2 Conclusion 53
Reference 55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation engineering has advanced widely with the introduction of medium scale integration (MSI), large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale intergration (VLSI). For purpose of accuracy and reliability, analogue instruments are being replaced by the digital ones. The electronic dice display (DD) with audio unit is among this new bread of instruments.

1.0 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The design of an electronic dice display is invented because of the quest for reducing strenuous activities encountered by man, especially in the area of its recreational activities. This device is used in indo game. The indo game in its manual operation can be manipulated by the experts so that it can no longer be a game of chance. Sometimes players can employ tricks on their opponents when playing the game, for example, of the both players are not vigilant, one of them can event thoart the dice and claimed that nothing happened. The players too may get tired after playing two or three times because of the stress in shaking and playing the dice, the frequent hitting of the dice’s can on the ludo board can even give cracks in the glass covering the ludo board. One can even experience the dice getting cost in the game because the dice is very small so if care is not taken it can fall out from the board. All these problems were taken into consideration before constructing the

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM OF COURT PROCEEDINGS
(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL HIGH COURT ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

As the complexity and degress of crimes widen, system using new technology will have to be utilized to aid lawyers etc to fight this tends.
Justice is to deal with somebody properly in an appropriate manner, fair and right treatment. Everybody earnestly desires it in all cases, court proceedings pertaining justice requires almost accuracy.
The aim behind the design of this software it to model a computerized documentation system of court proceedings in handling cases.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Statement of problem
Purpose of the study
Aims and objectives
Scope
Limitation
Definition of review

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE
Description and analysis of the existing system
Fact finding methods used
Organisational structure
Objective of the existing system
Input, process, output analysis
Information flow diagram
Problem of the existing system
Justification for the new system

CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM
Output specification and design
Input specification and design
File design
System flowchart
System requirement
Procedure chart

CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION
Program design
Program flowchart
Pseudocodes
Source program
Test run

CHAPTER SIX: DOCUMENTATION

CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
In a bid to solve their problems and make life less cumbersome have been evolving from one idea to another. They have tried many way to actualize their dreams. But unfortunately, there are little or no progress because they did not hav the technologies to carry them through for technologically and scientifically they were but full of crude ideas.
Technological developments penetrates through the century and enable man to do many things without much problem. Suffice it to say that it is the quest to make life better and less cumbersome that the Almighty technological too – computer ever know and seen by man enters. It is reshaping our world and will go on reshaping it.
The history of computer and computing may said to begin with the abacus, a machine that aid humans in calculation more than 5,000 years ago. Down the evolutionary trend, names of people like John Napier, Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Wilhelm, Charles babbage etc. cannot be left out. It is the difficulties and weak points of manual operations in our works that let to the development of this powerful tool.
What computer can do in all aspect of human endeavours computer can be seen as the most effective tool in 1982, a land mark was created in history when a paraplegic Nandaris with the aid of computer walk for the first time after a job. That is computer in son field of medicine.
Engineering and science, computer can be use to stimulate, create, and design complex industry equipment in manufacturing industries.
In hostile environment – computer controlled robots can be used to explore places that ate harmful to human beings and can work in areas like nuclear plant where human beings cannot
Investigation and crime detection, computer programs can be used to search and locate missing people and things wherever they may be at any point in time.
Computer and law service, the wonder of computer is not very far from the court proceedings and all other court activities due to it can be used to store some criminal five and retrieve if need be at any given time.
The introduction of computer in court proceeding will enhance the speedy and accurate efficiency and effective attendance of each and every clients in the court.
If computer is applied in design and implementation of documentation system of court proceedings. It will help to improve the judiciary of the nation to attain maximum utility.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There are many methods that being used in law court proceeding system.
(1) Lack of computer for storage of court proceedings. There is tendency of Federal court Enugu to loose some files which will bring distrust to them.
(2) There are not many personnel, that are trained as computer operator and computer analsist.
(3) Due to the computer is not appropriately applied in court proceeding the people that handle the case can falsty some documents and

IMPACT OF I.T ON HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT  .

This study examines the impact of information technology on health care system in Nigeria. An electronic health record is a record in digital format that is capable of being shared across different health care settings, by being embedded in network-connected enterprise-wide information systems. Such records may include a whole range of data in comprehensive or summary form, including demographics, medical history, medication and allergies, immunization status, laboratory test results, radiology images, vital signs, personal stats like age and weight, and billing information. Its purpose can be understood as a complete record of patient encounters that allows the automation and streamlining of the workflow in health care settings and increases safety through evidence-based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting

With many writers decrying how patients queue up for hours in order to receive medical treatment, and some end-up being attended to as ‘spillover’, the analyst investigated the manual system in detail with a view to finding out the need to automate the system.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the Study

Health is generally said to be wealth.  It takes healthy people to generate the wealth the nation requires for the general well being of its people.  There is therefore the need for adequate Medicare especially in the area of diagnosis and treatment of diseases.  Since there is a good relationship between the job output and health of the workers, a good Medicare is vital.

Unfortunately, in most developing nation (including Nigeria), this adequate Medicare is lacking due to how standard of technological know-how and manual handling of most medical problems.  As observed by Lyiama H.C. and D.C. Chukwu, “very often, people in developing countries who are critically ill are rushed abroad for special treatment because it is felt that Medicare facilities at home are inadequate.   This is partly because computer – aided Medicare has become a reality in many developed countries”.  It is also a known fact that the production of qualified medical doctors and other medical personnel and consultants in on the increase, but his is not enough to meet the health needs of the increasing population.  The ratio of patients to a doctor is still high.

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This situation creates problems, because proper and adequate medical attention of patients is far fetched.  Nowadays, the low-income class is mostly affected.  Doctors hurry over their duties in order to attend to all the patients.  At the end of the day, they are tired and over worked.

Considering the rate of population growth the medical care and facilities available, and the health needs of the people, computer-aided Medicare is in evitable for more accurate.  Furthermore with the present shift to an information society, it is necessary to anticipate the future use of a sophisticated electronic machine the computer.  This is necessary because the computer is rapidly finding its way into every field of human endeavour, including medicine.  Its application includes patient care and protection, clinical administration, intensive monitoring during emergencies, surgical operations, diagnosis and automation of medical records.  For instance, during a complex surgical operation as exemplified by Iyiama and Chukwu, “the computer monitors person being operated on, revealing all vital sings (pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) of interest to the doctors in the theatre, thus helping them to be more accurate and effective in what they are doing.  Such a patient monitoring system can be with a video Display Unit (VDU), a keyboard for interactive inputs and an alarm”.

The wide rang of the use of computer is due to its versatility as a data processing machine and its ability to do things including complicated tasks faster, better and more accurately than human beings would.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in most of our hospitals, the patients queue up for several hours from one unit of the hospital to another starting from obtaining a new hospital folder, or retrieving an old one before consulting a doctor, to the laboratory unit for lab test then to the pharmacy to get the prescribed drugs and so on.  With the manual processes involved in handling the patient most of them waste the whole day in the hospital.  Very often, patients leave their homes very early in the morning in order to be among the first group to see the doctor.  Otherwise, they may end up wasting the whole day without due attention.

This situation is discouraging to most patients and sometimes forces them to turn to non-professionals or even resort to self-medication for quick recovery.

Moreover, the volume of work for the hospital personnel is much.  Patients out number the doctors, nurses and other medical personnel, that too much are required from them.  In this regard, to examine all his patients for the day the doctor hurries over his work without adequate attention and expertise to his clients.  Still, at the end of the day he is exhausted.

In addition to this, the diagnosis and prescription depend on the doctor’s memory and drug of choice.    Their brains are often loaded with different diseases, signs and symptoms, complications and various drugs for their treatment and so on.  Some of which are very similar.  To remember and process these huge information in his clinical work is very tasking.  For this reason accurate diagnosis and prescription may not always be obtained.

The keeping and retrieval of accurate records on patients are poorly carried out in most of our hospitals.  Files may be misplaced; the record in them may be wrongly filled.  Hence, it is not easy to obtain accurate and timely information or data.

This is also the case with obtaining other medical information and data especially when new folders and numbers are obtained each year.

Finally, the keeping of folder for each patient manually takes a lot of time and money and some of the information are redundant.  All these have net effect of loss of lives and inefficiency on the part of management.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

This study is centered on the following objectives.

1. To examine the current procedures employed in our hospitals with regards to patients admission, diagnosis and treatment.
2. To examine the associated problem(s) or flaws in the current system.
3. To improve on the already existing system by designing an efficient patient health care system.

1.4    Scope of the Study

This research work is limited to patient’s admission information system including treatments, bills and payments. The software developed will be carried out using Visual Basic to manage the database.

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