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THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION

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THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION

 (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED BANKS IN)

 

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

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MAKE  PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

 

CALL Customer care on :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE.

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CHAPTER ONE

 

Introduction                                                                                      1

Background of the study                                                         1

1.1            Statement of problem                                                    5

1.2            Purpose of the Study                                                     6

1.3            Research Questions                                                       7

1.4            Significance of the study                                                         8

1.5            Delimitation of the study                                                         9

1.6            Definition of terms                                                                  10

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                     12

2.1            Perspective on Computer                                                        12

2.2            Computer and organizational output/productivity                  18

2.3            Computer and workload                                                         25

2.4            Computer and workers health                                       29

2.5            Computer and redundancy                                            30

2.6            Synthesis of literature                                                    39

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                            40

3.1            Area of Study                                                                40

3.2            Research design                                                             41

3.3            Population                                                                     41

3.4            Sample and sampling technique                                              42

3.5            Instrument for data collection                                        43

3.6            Method of gathering and Administering of data            43

3.7            Validation of research                                                    43

3.8            Method of data analysis                                                43

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation                                                                    44

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, conclusion,

And recommendation                                                              51

5.1            Summary of findings                                                     51

5.2            Conclusion                                                                     52

5.3            Recommendations                                                                   52

5.4            Suggestion topics for further research                                     54

5.5            Limitation                                                                      54

Bibliography                                                                           55

Questionnaire

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

The degree to which computer is used in offices has been of serious concern to secretarial profession. This study investigated the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretarial profession and how the secretarial react to the introduction of computer.

In order to arrive at a conclusive decision on the above objective, the researcher carried out a library research, interviews and questionnaires.

The populations of this study consisted of hundred secretaries in some selected banking institutions namely; First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Okpara Avenue, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Uwani and Abakpa Nike  Community Banking Limited. Questionnaire and Oral interview were used to collect data.

The statistical tools used are average and percentage. When the data was analyzed, it was found that secretaries do not react adversely to the introduction of computer in their offices, computer have created new skills for the secretary and have added some spices to their work. With the acquisition of such skills, secretaries are now seen as indispensable tool in the office, thus giving them good professional status. And it was recommended that secretaries should develop attitudes and learning skills that would enable them to take advantage of new opportunity.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

Today, the business world  is  undergoing  far-reaching

Technological revolution due to  the  advancement  in  science. For all types of organizations to  succeed  in  today’s  rapidly  changing environment, they  need  to  be  able  to  be  process  data   and information  effectively.

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In conducting them  day  to day  operations  organization  use  information  for  functions  such  as  planning, controlling, directing,  organizing  and  diction  making.   Information therefore  is  unique actionably  a critical  resources  in  the  operations  of  all  organization  the  business men,  secretaries, students and  in  fact  everybody, would now readily see the indelible impact of modern technology on people lives.

 

In an organization, information moves from person, forms are completed, filed and received and individuals communicate variety of both simple and complex concepts. At the turn of the century most written information were complied by hand in pen and ink copies were made by hand and communicated was by letter, telegraph or in person.  Today most of the tedious functions related to information handling and processing are done through the computer.

For the secretaries, not only have their equipment changed, but also their administrative processes office routine management systems are similarly evolving into new forms.  Computers have replaced manual typewriters and electric typewriter while for machines replaced telex machines.  There are also different type of advanced communication gadget such as cellular phones, pager etc.  With this radical change, the secretaries are expected to change and be able to keep up with all these professional changes around them.  In accordance with the law of motion CHANGE is a constant phenomena.  If we look at the beginning of man to the present day, we would see that there had been tremendous change. If there had not occurred, man would have remained primitive hill today.  Change is a challenge and if we abide by change, it brings out the best in us thereby leading to erroneous progress.

The first office automatic machine were introduced 1930 and used paper rolls later paper tape as a form of memory.  BY the 1960s the international business machine (IBM) had introduced the selective go If ball typewriter which allows the typist to change the print element, the go If – ball to provide a different type font (character design and sign) another break through was the introduction of IBM’s magnetic tape selective typewriter.  This was followed by the introduction of a visual display unit (VDU) this allows the typist to see what I happening to the text as if being tyed amended and stored, but before it I being committed to paper or printed out.  In fact, electronic systems are now possible that they can sense absorbs store, categorize ponder, very high quantity.  Yet with greater accuracy, speed and reliability.  Coventry, (1981) indicated that Recent development of the micro processor, founded on the silicon chips has potentials likely to have a vast social repercussion through out financial industry, for a simple chip take over a high proportion of today’s office job P.21.  When we refer to computer system, we refer to information and communication system which are necessary for the functioning of the office.  We assume that data processing and word-processing play a large role and also that human system under lie these technical systems.  In an ideal situation therefore, the technology and the people function together harmoniously.

It is important to recognize that development and implementation of the computer is moving through several overlapping phases, each affecting differently.

In general, a distinction can be made between two classes of office workers.  The first are the information worker they are those who are involved in the routine entry, recording, storage and transmission of information, those who fall under this group of worker include – Typist, secretaries, clerks and data entry personal.

 

The second group are the knowledge works-this group aconite of those worker who create, interpret, analyze and utilize this information these knowledge worker can be divided into two (2) groups professional/technical employees and managers.

The main impact of the computer is simply to facilitate office operation as they are now being carried out.  For example the word professor replace the secretary’s type writers, the mini-computer replaces the clerk’s filing cabinets etc.  More recently professionals and secretaries have begun using personal computers and sophisticated calculators to speed up their work.  The timing of there development has largely been dictated by the emergence of the technology starting with the widespread introduction of word processor’s in the 1970’s, and it in the late 1970s and its legitimating as a business tool in 1981, with the introduction of the IBM P.C.

 

1.2            STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Up to the 190’s the use of the computer in this country was limited to very few multinational companies.  The secretary then had to contend with using manual and electric typewriters in performing her word processing function.

Furthermore storage and retrieval of information was by use of files, filing cabinets, index cards etc.  Accessing of other information had to be through telephone directories and other relevant specialized text meant for such purpose.

Many of the secretaries of the 80’s are still in employment. With the advent and widespread use of the computer are then wonders how these secretaries are adjusting to be new devices now prevalent in modern offices are they finding it easy or difficult?  Is the profession generally under threat by the introduction of the computer and the Internet?  What can be done to keep the secretary still relevant in to day’s modern business setting?  These and many more are what this research aims to find solutions for.

 

1.3            PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate on the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretaries.

  1. How secretaries react or the attitude of secretaries towards the introduction of computers.
  2. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has in any way improve the secretary’s work.
  3. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has made it easy or difficult to adjust (especially the secretaries of the bank under investigation).
  4. To determine the problems encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
  5. To find out whether or not secretaries are involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

 

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research provided answers to the following research questions;

  1. How do secretaries react to the introduction of computer
  2. What problems are encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
  3. Are there orientation programmes in facilitating the adaptation to new changes of work
  4. Are secretaries involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

 

1.5            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The investigation of the impact of the introduction of the computer on secretaries in some selected banks in Enugu Metropolis.  Would give some insight in the performance of secretaries on the advert of computers.

Many of the major problems that organizations have faced in the past have been that they are in awe of technology, they failed to recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon against their rivals, they expected technology to be difficult to use and also the unwillingness to address the compelling human issues which has been the major cause of low productivity.  This study will help secretaries to full understand how their career will change as a result of the introduction of computers in their offices.

From this study, banks will now recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon.  Winning a competitive edge has become of fundamental importance within national and international Banking, institutions.  The prime emphasis of activity now rests on providing an ever improving levels of services to existing clients and customers and winning new business through the sheer quality of service provided and the ingenuity of marketing activity.  Ultimately, it is only through establishing a competitive advantage over rival institutions that an institution can hope to maximize profitability.

In Banking sector where establishing a competitive advantage has become so important, it is necessary for them to pay particular attention to the role which technology plays in offering them an opportunity to gain this advantage.  The main function of technological deployment is to assist an institution to gain a competitive advantage.

Finally, this research work will be of significance to the society at large because if the computer is well utilized, productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) would be enhanced, there by leading to a higher standard of ling for the society.

 

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FINE AND APPLIED ART PROJECT MATERIAL SAMPLES

MOBILE PUBLICITY USING WIND VANE

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MOBILE PUBLICITY USING WIND VANE

USING A VANE ON A MECHANISM WITH FOUR CARDINAL POINTS FOR THE USE OF WIND VANE TO SHOW WHICH WAY THE WIND IS BLOWING, ALSO TO PUBLICIZE SCULPTURE GARDEN.

 

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

A FRESH TOPICS NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE  COST 50,000 NAIRA OR $115.  ( UNDERGRADUATE ), 100,000 NAIRA FOR SECOND DEGREE

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MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 1 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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PREFACE

 

           The main purpose of executing this project – The Wind Vane is to combine the scientific and Artistic approach in the construction/installation of the vane. The Artists should not get confused for executing a weather instruments which the mythologists and Geographic’s use in study weather wind.

The project is significantly designed in a modified way to perform beyond its normal function which is for the detection or wind direction such as sign post (campaign) for easy geographical locations within the I.M.T Campus 11. This will help the foreigners to locate certain places of great important within Campus 11.

However, the mythologists and the Cerographists use the wind vane for wind detection only, but now, the Artist is using it not only to study the wind direction, they use it as sign-post (campaign) and as bearing capes.

Perhaps, I am or the opinion and that this particular project may be modified further with a new approach by students of Fine and Applied Arts since the modern art embraces the scientific inventions and discoveries. In addition, write up is aimed at being a source of information for any person who may want to know the detailed idea or the project itself. It will be of immense help for the researchers and critical writers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     1ntroduction

1.2     History of wind vane

1.3     Statement of the problem

1.4     Aims and objective

1.5     Research scope

1.6     Delimitation

1.7     Limitation

1.8     Implication of the project

1.9     Definition of Terminologies

CHAPTER TWO:

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE:

3.1     Project Execution

3.2     Medium / media Description

3.3     Application of the medium / media

3.4     Project Development

CHAPTER FOUR

Project Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Conclusion

5.2     Achievement and Recommendation

 

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

 

The general term wind is air in motion. It’s speed measured by an instrument know as an Anemometer. The direction of the wind is measure by a windvane or a wind Cock.

Wind vane is an instrument used for detecting the direction of the wind. It is functional where there is presence of the four cardinal points, east, west North and South. The wind vane consists of a pole, fixed frame works indicating the four cardinal points with the use of different sections in fine and Applied Arts also publicity campaign on it.

Wind vane usually erected in an exposes place free from tree and tall house / buildings. At the wind blows, the arrow or vane rotates freely and indicates the direction of the wind. The compass points are fixed and stationary. The arrow or vane points to the east, west north south depending on the direction of the prevailing wind.

 

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRODUCING WIND VANE:

It was invented in other to detect the wind direction so that one could easily have the knowledge when weather is changing to dry seasons. It is noted that the arrow in the wind vane points to the direction or the winds when the wind blows from south to west or north to East, there I a tendency that rainy or dry season is coming respectively.

1.1 HISTORY OF WIND VANE

 

Wind is air in motion. It’s speed or velocity is measured by an instrument know as an anemometer. The direction of the wind is measured by a wind vane or a weathercock. He wind is not seen out felt especially when threes swings, dust particles moves, and when curtain and flags moves. Wind varies from alight breeze to advantaging hurricane, it has both direction and speed.

A wind vane consists of a horizontal-rotating arm pivoted on a vertical shaft, a pole, fixed framework indicating the four cardinal points.

It is functional where there is presence of the four cardinal points.

It is functional where there is presence of the four cardinal points: East, West, North and South. It is usually erected in an exposed place free from tree and tall house / buildings /. Functioning: – when the blows, aim swings / rotates until the pointer faces is the direction of wind at that particular time.

 

One may ask how wind vane came about. It is necessary for one to discuss about the origin of wind vane and brief history to back it up. It was reckoned that in 19th century, a great – scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, who was under serious study of motion paved way for him to arrive at point that every goes up must eventually come down on he earth surface. He herefore propounded the gravitational law. The law according to Newton states that every object that goes up must be pulled down by a force. One may also ask why law of gravity first rather than dwelling in the wind – vane origin.

Perhaps, 4241B. C during the early Egyptian, they managed to come out with the first calendar on earth, and is the first event in the history of the world that can be giving a definite method of days and seasons, that is the rainy or dry season.

The Egyptians hrught that it takes the earth 365 days to complete one revolution of the earth round the sun, and after it is finished the season begin all over again. Thoughts hey were unable to detect the specific date by which a season begins.

After all series of scientific discoveries and studies, it was observed that warm air is denser than coil air in the atmosphere. When air in the atmosphere becomes as a result of gravitational force hot, it will sink down while the cold air will rise up in to the atmosphere thereby causing air to

There is serious study about the weather which Sir Stephenson were the great intellectuals. Sir Stephenson Later invented the wind vane in order to the knowledge when weather is changing from dry to rainy seasons. It is noted that the arrow in the wind vane points to direction of the wind.

1.2    STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

The Artists should not get confuse for executing a weather instrument which the Metrologiests and Geographists use in study of weather.

The project is significantly designed in a modified way to perform beyond its normal functions. And at the same time, to publics the FAA / sculpture garden.

I am of the opinion that this particular project may be modified further with a new approach by the students of fine and Applied Arts the modern art embraces the scientific inventions and discoveries.

 

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main aims and objective is to detect the wind direction so that one could easily have the knowledge when weather is changing from dry or Harmathan to rainy seasons. It is noted that the arrow in the wind vane points to the direction of the wind, when the wind blow from south – west or North – East, there is a tendency that rainy or dry season is approaching.

This work is further aimed at serving as a guide to other students that may want to writer or research on related topic.

It help to educate the masses.

1.4 RESEARCH SCOPE

FINE AND APPLIED ART PROJECT MATERIAL SAMPLES

PUBLICITY DESIGN COMPANY ON BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION

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(USING GRAPHICS MEDIUM)

PREFACE

      This project on publicity design on “Bribery and corruption in Nigeria” was chosen to create awareness to how pubic on the scourge of Bribery and corruption and how to prevent and fight it.

My approach is purely based on visual aids for an easy illustration.

Some describe corruption as an act of stealing, cheating, telling lies. – Different people hold different view on corruption.    There are those who believe it is purely – social affair and there are other who say it is spiritual and that it comes from an instinct.

However, corruption is defined as an inducement to wrong by bribery or other unlawful or improper means – a departure from what is pure and correct. It also means – a departure from a sound to unsound and provident state, make is an evil influence.

Corruption is one of the infamous twin evils Bribery and corruption. There are different features of corruption depending on the every day activities of the individual. A person is said to be corrupt when he secure material advantage or if a public official is induced to act otherwise he would not.   One can also define corruption as improper or selfish exercise of power and influence by a public officer.

We can note that different definitions have been given for corruption and hardly can find one that is complete – It is because corruption is multi – faceted with numerous forms and dimensions. In Nigeria, some say that it has become a convention. A tradition, a psychological need, a necessity, and a way of Life.

This write –up is made up of three chapters.

In chapter one, is an introduction where I highlighted the background history, statement of problem, the aims and objectives, the scope of the project, Limitations and Delimitation and definition of terminologies

Chapter two of this work comprises of the Literature review.

Chapter three is about the techniques, material and tools used in the work.

After the chapters comes conclusion and then Bibliography.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1    Statement of Problem

1.2     Aims and Objectives

1.3      Scope of the Delimitations

1.4      Definition of Terminologies

CHAPTER TWO

2.1    Literature Review

2.2    Causes of Bribery and Corruption

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     Methods and Materials

Conclusion

Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

For a very long time, corruption has become recognized as a major problem in Nigeria, where it has become reaching the dimension of an epidemic, in our body politics, government after government, and continually expressed alarm at the situation and has reported declare their respective intentions to control corruption, It is recognized that corruption is a most perverting of (crime which) acts as a catalyst to all ……………… other (crimes). Let it is restricted to the improper giving and the receiving of gratification to and by a public officer of various categories in older to do or to refrain from doing certain acts in the cause of his official duties, excepting the extension of the office to business.

This emphasis on public sector probity appears not to recognized the complementarily of both public and private sectors of the same integral society, in the light of which we should know that the “ attitude and habits” in one sector are bound to affect and enforce attitude and habits in other sector. Therefore, if we attempt to clean up the public sector, with cankerworm will continuously be contaminating the public sector with attendant continuation of corruption habit, in as much as it is impossible to insulate the must be cleaned together. This prophecy was amply fulfilled by various civilian Administrations of 1979 – 83 in the country, which were respectively characterized by graft and endemic corruption. Federal Government failed to enact the necessary enabling Law then to establish code of conduct Tribunal and Bureau, as provided for in 79 constitutions. It is therefore clear that we must define the offence of corruption to cover behavior in both private and public sectors in as much as probity in both sectors is essential to a health society. In this regard, we must cover all the categories of person medium or low in status.

Also in the line with dynamic activism of Brairaiman J. in the case of “ Biokaku v. police where his Lordship defined the word corruption” as receiving or offering of same benefit as a reward or inducement to sway or deflect the receiver from the honest and impartial discharge of his duties, we should defined the offence beyond mere financial consideration to cover such areas as sexual favors, conferment of titles or appointment (including promotions) to office, admission into clubs or societies.

1.1    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problem of “Bribery and corruption” in Nigeria cannot be over – emphasized. This problem therefore is a public enlightenment campaign against “Bribery and corruption:

The problem that normally arise between the policemen and the drivers is a times, if the policeman is trying to stop the driver, because of the token sum of “Mustafa” they used to offer the policemen, out of annoyance the police may open fire on the driver thereby killing him and wounding other passengers.

So also where the 20 is not provided in time, the policeman may request for the particulars of the vehicle which must be complete and in absence of anyone, they will drag the driver to the station where they will ensure that a heavy amount is exploited from the driver.

I strongly believe that the problem of collecting money along a highway which is rampant in Nigeria highways is from the top echelon. I also believe that they are equally aware, as they are given account of the money collected every month thereby amassing wealth for them.

1.2    AIMS  AND OBJECTIVES:

Aim of carrying out this research and this project is to contribute my quota as an artist in combating the wild and overwhelming circulation of Bribery and corruption in Nigeria. Things have really fallen apart and nothing I at ease anyone, society is corrupt. Both the upper and the

Lower class of people. Everybody wants to suffer in order to earn a Living. Even though it is not the proper way.

I therefore intend that after executing this project, Both the    upper and the lower class of will begin to see “Bribery and corruption” as a cankerworm eaten through the fabric of our nation and should we should try our best to desist from the act. My aim is to imbibe in everybody that looks at the billboard that we should desist from bribery, Nigeria would be better for all of us.

  1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

The project involves both practical aspects. The theories like I earlier mentioned is a three chapter work including conclusion and bibliography while the practical part is rendered on a bill board with the dimension of “4” by “3” ply wood board. I used oil paints, colour such as white, black, blue, and cream, yellow. It is the graphic illustration of a police man that stops a bus driver, trying to collect a token sum of “mortal” from the motorist with their slang “make you rojah me or else we go to station and the bold lettering, drawing the public attending that “Bribery and corruption” is a cankerworm eating through the fabric of our nation and should desist from it.

1.3    LIMITATION AND DELIMITATIONS:

Banking And Finance Project MateriaLS PREVIEW

THE NATIONAL EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN DEBT SERVICE IN NIGERIA

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THE NATIONAL EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN DEBT SERVICE IN NIGERIA

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10 , WITH THE SOFTWARE 30,000 NAIRA

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

 

This Project is on the national effects of Exchange Rate changes on foreign debt services on Nigeria. It run over a time series of nine years and examines how fluctuations on exchange rate has made it difficult for the country’s debt services.

The method use in dreaming these affects is the ordinary least square method of regression Technique. The work shows critically the effects of exchange rate changes on debt services in Nigeria. Through the method used above, the reason for the increase in external debt over the years was discovered. Among them were fared imbalances, fund of Projects that are not feasible, fund of Projects that are not feasible et.

At the end, these factors were analyzed using the ordinary least square (OLS) regressing techniques whereby a linear model was formulated to analyze individual influences of exchange rate changes on some variables such as the debts service payment etc.

After these studies, the researcher recommends that a committee be set up to check excessive borrowings and ensure that borrowed funds are used for projects that initiated the borrowing only investments (project) that are capable of yielding more fund to the government should be pursed.

Also, the improve debt services in the country.

The amount of borrowing form outside country should be reduced and the government should learn to use its own resources i.e. borrow from wealthy individuals and private organs within the country.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTNRODUCTION

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of problem
  • Objective of the study
  • Research questions
  • Formulation of hypotheses
  • Scope band limitations of the study
  • Definition of terms

References

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature review
  • Evolution of Nigeria’s exchange rate policy
  • Exchange rate regimes
  • Commerce of Nigeria’s external borrowing
  • Nigeria’s external debt servicing
  • Foreign debt management
  • Evidence

References

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHOLOLOGY

  • Research design
  • Source of data
  • Selection of variables
  • Estimation procedure
  • Methods for evaluation of results

Reference

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Presentation of data
  • Data evaluation estimation and testing of hypotheses
  • Interpretation of data

References

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     major findings summary and conclusions

  • Major findings
  • Recommendations
  • Summary
  • Conclusions

Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

By the year 1970’s and early 1980’s external debt obligation of Nigeria was very significant, but assumed crisis and disagreement in the late 1990’s.

However, external debt or internal debt obligations results from disagreements between the Fiscal operations of the government when the total expenditure exceeds current revenue for a govern fiscal year. Whenever a county witnesses a budgetary gap, the nation can employ domestic or external borrowing to breach the budgetary gap.

Borrowing from external sources by the government constituted the external debt of the public sector and the government owned the obligation of debt servings through series of periodic repayment of interest and capital repayment of the debt.

From the proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP), the external debt outstanding rose, from and average of 7.5 between 1971 and1985 to 91.6 between 1986 and 1994 and it has continues to rise by heaps and bounds every year. The foreign exchange market to ensure

 

 

reasonable stability. The major element of the deregulation was the re-introduction of the Autonomous foreign exchange market (AFEM). The AFEM is a channel for funding end- users requests for foreign exchange at market-determined rates. The CBN monitors development in the AFEM and take decisions when necessary to keep exchange rates within desired or targeted levels.

Originally, the Fixed exchange rate of $1.00 = N22.00 was retained for eligible public sector transactions including debt services payment and national priority projects.

The are-introduction of the usual exchange rate policy is 1995 brought about by the dismal performance of the 1994 re-regulation policy, especially as it regulated to non-oil exports. This new policy was aimed addressing the substantial depreciation of the Naira exchange rate in the parallel market and achieving rate in the parallel market and achieving efficient allocation and utilization of resources. The dual exchange rate was still obtainable until the end of 1998. While the official rate remained fixed at N21.996 to us $ 1.00 and earmarked for selected necessary government transactions The AFEM exchange rate was largely market – determined and the AFEM rate averaged about N83.80 to us $ 1.00 and latter showed a significant depreciation of about 3.1% to N85.54 to Us $ 1.00.

Since 1998 till date, there has been tremendous changes and fluctuations in the exchange rate of Naira to the Dollar. This has dealt a great blow to the debt service payment of Nigeria go about pleading for debt conciliation and debt forgiveness from the international bodies

 

  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This research is designed on the national effect exchange rate in Nigeria became an external debtor in 1958 when Us $ 28 million was contracted for railway construction. This debt however has fully been repaid.

From 1978 onwards, due to the oil glut, which exerted considerable pressure on government finances, it became expedient to borrow for balance of payments and support of project Financing in Nigeria.

This necessity led to the formulation of degree no. 30 of 1978 authorizing the federal government to raise external federal government to raise external loans up to maximum of N5billion.

Consequently, the First major borrowing of US $ 1 billion referred to as the “JUMBO LOAN” was borrowed from the international capital market (1cm) in 1978, increasing the total external debt stock to us $ 2. 2 billion By 1982, the total external debt stock was US 8 13. 1 billion in 1988 and by December 1991 it amounted to US 833.4 billion.

 

Consequently, these drastic since 1978 from concessionary loans from the intentional capital market and the decline in export earnings

 

made debt servicing burdensome from the 1980’s. The collapse et oil price in 1981 have companioned the problems et an economy that had lost its edibility and led to serious external payments problems, other problems are domestic policy lapses which include

The unstable and unrealistic exchange rate policies have had serious effects on debt servicing, investment and international trade decisions. Thus, the problem of exchange rate policy to debt services payment is that it increases the debt service payment in arrears, and this results in foreign exchange outflow.

In 1992, 30% of the country’s annual foreign earnings was used to service the debt the cost of servicing the debt in 1993 was N94.57 billion which represents 84.36% of total expenditure outlay of the government of N112.1 billion (Guardian, Feb 3. 1993). In 1999, $ 1.5 billion was budgeted for external debt service.

 

2.2     EVOLUTION OF NIGERIAN’S EXCHANGE RARTE POLICY          Exchange rate policy because necessary when it was discovered

 

 

that it is a very significant instrument for the Management of macro-economic problems in Nigeria. Frequently, it has been applied in the past to pressure the value of the Naira, maintain a comfortable external reserve position and ensure prices stability and above all determined the price of one currency to another.

The use of exchange rate is determined by the prevailing condition of the economy at any given period and sometimes, in response to the changing exchange rate polices to the rest of the world. To reduce the looming problems of high incidences of foreign currency to the naira exchange quotations, it was agreed in 1985 that a one-currency intervention system be adopted. In this system, the naira exchange rate was quoted against a single intervention currency, the US Dollar. Although this policy worked to some extent during the period but it had the disadvantages of making the Naira to be tied to the fortunes of the dollar i.e. to sink with the dollar in the international foreign Exchange market (IFEM).

Due to fluctuations in the exchange rate, the central Bank had to deregulate the naira exchange system

Banking And Finance Project MateriaLS PREVIEW

A NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT IN MINISTRIES A CASE STUDY OF KOGI STATE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE

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A NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT IN MINISTRIES

A CASE STUDY OF KOGI STATE MINISTRIES OF FINANCE

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction General Description of Study
    • Statement of Problems
    • Purpose
    • Significance of study
    • Choice of Study
    • Research Methodology
    • Scope of Study
    • Working Hypothesis
    • Data Analysis
    • Brief History of Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • The Need for Professional Accounting in Ministries
    • Public Sector Accounting System
    • Accounting Process in the Ministry
    • Public Finance and the Professional Accountant in the Civil Service
    • The Difference Between Private and Public Finance
    • The Objective of Public Finance
    • The need for Adequate Training Towards Professionalism in the Ministries
    • Accountability in the Civil Service

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

  • Research Methodology
    • Research design and procedures
    • Identification of Publication
    • Sample size

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data Analysis Research Finding
    • Question Analysis
    • Testing of Hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary
    • Summary
    • Conclusion
    • Recommendation
    • Suggestion for further research

 

 

 

 

PROPOSAL

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the need for professional Accountant I the Civil Service with particular reference to the ministries.

To identify the roles of accountants in the ministries using the Kogi State ministries of finance as a case study.

To determine the need for adequate training towards professionalism in the Ministries, reasons for increase in labour turnover in the Ministries and suggested ways of reducing this.

The study covered six divisions of Kogi State Ministries if finance and made use of some accounting staff who performs direct accounting functions. Validated questionnaires were used in collecting data from respondents.

It was gathered that most people work in the finance division are people with little or no accounting, the few that are available are already making plans to leave for greener pasture to the private sectors.

The study also highlight the need for adequate training of accounting staff since training was considered inadequate, from the survey carried out, training was actually confirm to be inadequate.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Accounting is needed as a language of business be it international or locally, and it is present both with the public sector and the private individual sectors. Accounting does not only involve in the recording of transaction alone but also spread the analysis and interpretation of the results, it is also use for record and planing, control and decision making. Accounting has gone through many phases over the years, simple double entry method of bookkeeping, and government, costing and management accounting it has also recently spread its winds toward social accounting.

The public sector is made up of the government agencies, parastatals and various institutions owned by government. Public sector accounting could be defined as the process of recording, communicating, summarizing, analyzing and also interpreting government funds, financial statement in aggregate and in details. Reflecting all level of transaction involving the receipt, custody and disbursement of government funds financial operation in the public sector are generally not directed towards raising sufficient revenue to meet the cost of the service that the government unit are called upon to render.

Thus making profit may not be incidental to the operations it is not their main objectives. The financial activities of any government unit are usually regulated and controlled and also directed by law and is armed at determining the raising and allocation of their revenue as well as the specific purpose for which the revenue may be spent.

Standard and procedures for handling receipt and disbursement and reporting for the government must confirm with the law. For instance the government accounting is governed by the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended in 1989 and 1999, the finance (control and management) act of 1958 section 3 the act also stated that “the Minister of finance shall supervise expenditure and finance of the federation as to ensure its finance control is maintained” the purpose for this is to provide information about an economic entity whether private and pubic firms.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          the oil born has really transformed Nigeria finance expanded its economic opportunity and created needs and one of those needs is for the government to maintain up to date accounts.

I wish to state here without prejudice that the roles allocated to Nigeria government accountant have been too narrow and that there are lack of finishing managers and professional accountants both in numbers and quality in the public sector.

over the years the activities of government have been greatly expanded hence the need for professional accountant that will act as visit for the strengthening of the economy by way of proper keeping of records. Trained accountant are in short supply in the public sector since the government have not been able to train and even the trained ones are not retrained because of poor remuneration. Even the deputy accountant general of the federation admitted that there absence of professional accountants in the public sector.

There is the urgent need to interest heavily in manpower development. The belief that money spent on training is wasted and time consuming is gone, because there is obvious call for professionals to take over the accounting record keeping of various department in the public sector.

 

  • PURPOSE OF STUDY

Problem face by the public sector as regards the accounting recording keeping has been enumerated in the statement of problem. The purpose is to truly identify these problems and provide suggestion on how these problems could be solved. The overall objective of this study is to determine the need for professional accountant in the public sector especially in the ministry through the identification and description of the staff in account department in the ministry of finance, using Kogi State Ministry of  finance as a case study. Determine the need for adequate training toward professionalism in the ministry, the reasons for the increase in labour turnover in the ministries and ways of reducing it.

Again the research will focus on accountability in the civil service and factor that militate against accountability in the public sector.

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Despite its problem, the result of this study will be beneficial to all state ministries, top government administration and the general public at large. A study of this will prepare a comprehensive list of the ministry of finance. This hopefully will be of help to accountant having the intention of taking up appointment in the pre-service and in – service training needs of the accountants and the financial administrator in the civil service.

 

 

 

  • CHOICE OF STUDY

This topic is turn out of the fact that accounting records are not kept in the public service and the desire to identify the roles expected of accountants in the ministries. The knowledge of accounting acquired as an accounting student has actually informed this topic.

 

  • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research proposes the use of both primary and secondary approaches to carry out this project in order to obtain detected and comprehensive research. Personal approval or all interview will be conducted, carrying out of personal observation and make use of questionnaire needed will be directed to the following categories of people.

  1. Accountant in the ministry of finance
  2. Senior officer of the ministry
  3. Accountant
  4. Other personnel in the finance department of the same ministry, for secondary approach, the research intend to make use of some relevance books, journals, and official gazette and government publication.

 

  • SCOPES AND LIMITATION.

The research will be carried out within the Kogi State Ministry of finance. the research paper will be limited to the same ministry due to time constraint and cost involves.

 

  • WORKING HYPOTHESIS
  1. That there is inadequate and incapable accounting manpower such as professional accountants in the ministries.
  2. That if qualifies accountant are in the civil service it would enhance accountability and efficient management of public fund.
  3. That there is lack of manpower training in the civil service and where training exists, it is inadequate.
  4. That there is a problem of recruiting and retaining professional accountant in the ministry.

 

  • DATA ANALYSIS

Data collected from questionnaire would be coded and summarized in Master table. There would be presented in the report using appropriate frequencies distribution and contingency tables.

TYPES OF DATA USED

Primary data collection

Secondary data collection.

 

 

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

Methods of collecting data directly from the organization of case study e.g. Kogi State Ministry of Finance (KMF) under this primary investigation, I was able to get all the necessary facts and figure from (KMF) before this project could be put together.

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

Methods of collecting data or fact from financial books, financial managemental tax.  

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

  1. BEFACTO METHOD: this involves face to face interview between the interviewer and interview.

HISTORY OF THE CASE STUDY .

The Kogi State Ministry of Finance is a Department made of six main divisions.

  1. Administration
  2. Finance
  3. Treasury
  4. Internal revenue
  5. Internal audit
  6. Computer center

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The Administrative division headed by the principal secretary.
  2. The finance division is headed by the Accountant General
  3. The Treasury Division is headed by the Accountant General who is the Chief Accounting officer of the Ministry of the State Government.
  4. The Internal Revenue Division is headed by the Director of Internal Revenue.
  5. The internal Audit.
  6. The Computer Center headed by a Principal Secretary of finance.

There two deputy Accountant General in the Finance Division one for the accounts and the other for Administration who assist the accountant General. Next is the Deputy Accountant and principal Executive officer (PEO). One is responsible for the main Accounts and the other is responsible for final accounts and the last for foreign exchange account. Below each of the three principal :

Exchange office (PEO) are other senior

Executive officer (SEO) and higher

Executive officer (HEO) and Assistant

Executive officer. A close study of the Ministry of financial organization structure will disclose their hierarchinal order.

The account officer in the accountants in so far as they carry out statutory functions of the ministry by collecting revenue and preparing payment voucher.

 

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