THE PROBLEM OF FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT
This research work tries to give an insight into the issue of the problems of financing international trade in Nigeria from the period (`1990-1995).
This study is aimed at analyzing Nigeria’s foreign transactions during and after (SAP) periods.
The work is organized into chapters to easy comprehension and deduction.
Chapter one deals with the introduction, Background, statement of problems, purpose / objective of the study, significance of the study, limitations of the study and the definition of terms.
Chapter two involves a review of related literature, international cash flow in trade, roles, risk factor in international cash flow in trade, major problems, trade restriction major and cash flow problems.
This chapter also treat, the important of international trade, and some underline issues towards the cash flow problem in Nigeria, through spanning through structural Adjustment programmer (SAP).
Chapter three deals with research design and methodology, source of data, location of data method of data collection.
Chapter four involves summary of finding where I summarize everything in this project.
Chapter five involves recommendation, conclusion and Bibliography.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 13
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 13
1.1 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 17
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY 17
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 18
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 19
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS 20
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 24
2.1 INTERNATIONAL CASH FLOW IN TRADE 24
2.2 ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASH FLOW IN TRADE 25
2.3 RISK FACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 26
2.4 MAJOR PROBLEM OF FINANCIAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE 27
2.5 TRADE RESTRICTION AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES 29
2.6 IMPORTANT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 32
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 36
3.2 SOURCE OF DATA 36
3.3 LOCATION OF DATA 36
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SUMMARY 40
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 RECOMMENDATION 44
5.2 CONCLUSION 46
5.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Nigeria economy has since the early 1990s been faced with adverse financial constrains especially in its international trade.
This can be traced to the responsible fiscal policies enacted during the oil boom period. The sought increase in the volume and value especially in 1990 / 91 placed the oil sector as the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, not only in terms of foreign exchange earnings but also as the source of government revenue and domestic liquidity.
The huge revenue from oil stimulated a phenomenal increase in government spending spilled into the rest of the economic sector and generated an unsustainable growth in the economic activities.
In particular, the patter of investment shifted mainly to construction and services sectors to the detriment of productive sector that is industrial and Agricultural sector which had been the sole earner and should provide the basis of economic growth.
The stump in oil market from the early to mid “goes”.
This phenomenon, exacerbated the problem already existing from the tuba lance experience in the proceeding decade following the glut in the market, oil price dropped from $40 to $35.5 per barrel and continued to slide thereafter till it reached to wightly $12 per barrel.
Consequently oil export revenue which had accounted for about 96% of Nigeria’s exchange earning dropped sharply.
Moreover, the glut also forced production down by 0.4 million barrel per day, as at the middle of 1991, and dropped further to o.6 million barrel per day, during the first quarter of 1992 the oil glut and the attendant low unit price of oil signed the beginning of economic recession from Nigeria.
As a result of these economic recession, the country ability to meet its trade. Obligations become necessary for trade partners to request new terms of trade and re-negotiation of existing loan and credit, subsequently, the country external payment position was adversely affected.
A good example of this was manifested in the export value which declined from the peak of N14.2 billion in 1990 t0 N8.6 billion in 1992 but the total import expenditure rose from N 9.1 billion in 1990 and N12.6 billion in 1992.
With a deficit of approximately N 4 billion. The ripples of the oil glut was also fect on the domestic front as was observed on the sharp decline in both state and federal government’s allocation in real monetary terms.
Secondly, the declining oil earning for the government to resort to alternative means of finance for its numerous projects.
In most cases, both private and public banks at home and abroad were approached to provide such needed funds in the form of loans and advance.
Consequently, Nigeria’s external debt rose to nearly billion in 1993.
Thirdly, the light of mounting foreign debt and with the reluctance of the much needed finance, the government was forced into counter trade arrangements as a means of making payment on goods purchased, several attempt were made to stem the declining economic fortunes of the country.
First, it was the general Ibrahim Babangida’s SAP measure that was signed to restrict imports to a manageable level.
This witnessed the advent of the import license, which rather than curtailing the foreign expenditure, increased it.
A more constructive approach was adopted in 1991 by the Babangida’s administration under the structural adjustment programmer (SAP) and re-aliging aggregate domestic expenditure and production pattern in order to minimize dependence on imports. The objectives of the programmer are this.
1. To restructure and diversity the production base of the economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and import of finished goods.
2. To achieve a viable fiscal balance of payment over the medium term.
3. To lay the basis for a sustainable non-inflationary growth over the medium and long-term by insisting on a workable balance budget.
However, substantial improvement were recorded with these adjustments instance, Nigeria’s balance of payment showed on overall surplus of N1, 946.3 million in 1993. This continued to decline even to a deficit.
Despite the measure introduced by (SAP), aggregate in flow of foreign exchange continued to decline by 7.1 percent from $ 12,353.9 million in 1992 to & 3,567.1 million in1993.
Total foreign exchange out flow also decline by about 20.8 percent.
More so, as foreign exchange cash flow problem intensified, Nigeria importers found it increasing difficult to secure confirmed lines of creasing difficult to confirmed lines of credit overseas.
Although the foreign countries portray (SAP) in a negative light, economic expects who made it their duty to monitor the economic performance of the country, held the view that some sanity had been brought back into the economic system of the country.
The problem of the world’s economic recessional has affected considerably the issue of international cash flow. It becomes more difficult for the less developed countries who are non-cultural and have little or nothing to export to gain foreign exchange.
It was even worse when the strictly import oriented. In such cases, the little reserve would be very much in sufficient and inadvertently lead to economic manipulation by the creditors. Nigeria happens to fall within this group and it was in respect of the above problems that the government had introduced a lot of measure ranging from trade restriction to out right ban of most commodities. Most foreign-based institutions had over the years refused to honor most of Nigeria letter of credit L.D.C.S. suffers from this problems.
This project is going to analyze issue further. The scope, however, covers the years between 1990 and 1995. The focus is on the cash flow issue and the problem of financing international trade with this period in Nigeria.
1.2 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of

SAVINGS MOBILIZATION FAR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA BANKING INDUSTRY (1990 – 2004)
CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT
The research was based on the topic “mobilizing Domestics savings for economic growth and development in the banking industry. (A case study of Union Bank of Nig PLC 1999 – 2000. In carrying out this research, I examined thoroughly. The various factors, which militates severely against the effective and efficient mobilization of domestic savings these factors were identified to range from the level of income earned of the saver. The interest rate that the bank pays on depots of customers, to the effect of bank distress syndrome in the banking industry.
Efforts were geared towards recommending various measures the bank can use to improve greater mobilization of domestic resources in our bank. The various ways through which an increase in domestic savings mobilization can also effect on increase in economic growth and development were also identified. These include granting of loans and overdraft of to deficit customer, assisting in the provision of amenities to the host community generating employment and affirming of scholarship and promotional programmes. The research was accomplished through the use of questionnaires and secondary data. The testing and analysis of relevant data obtained were done through the use of chi – square statistical test techniques.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ii
Dedication iii
Approval page iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Purpose / Objective of Study 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Research Hypothesis 7
1.6 Significance of the Study 9
1.7 Scope , Limitations and Delimitation 10
1.8 Definitions of terms 11
Reference 13
CHAPTER TWO
Review of related literature 14
2.1 Domestic Financial Resource Mobilization
Efforts of the Nigeria Financial System 15
2.2 Principal Sources of Savings 17
2.3 Constraints to Effective Mobilization of
Savings for Economic Growth and Development 19
2.4 Effect of Bank Distress in Mobilization of Savings.
2.5 Effects Of Income Earned To Savings Mobilization 25
2.6 Effect Of Interest Rate In Mobilization
Of Domestic Savings 29
2.7 Strategies for Improving Mobilization Or
Savings in Union Bank of Nigeria Plc 31
Reference 37
CHAPTER THREE
Research Design and Methodology 38
3.1 Research design 38
3.2 Area of Study 38
3.3 Population 39
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 39
3.5 Instruments of data collection 40
3.6 Methods of Data Analysis 42
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation and analysis 44
4.1 Data Presentation 44
4.2 Test of hypothesis 52
CHAPTER FIVE
Findings Recommendations and conclusion 63
5.1 Summary of Findings 63
5.2 Conclusion 65
5.3 Recommendation 66
Bibliography 69
Appendix 71

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is universally acknowledged that the banking including play a catalytic role in t he process of economic growth and development. This acknowledgement is reinforced by contemporary conceptualism to the effect that banks are a veritable vehicle for mobilizing resources from su7plus units and tempting same to deficit unit. Banks constitute perhaps the most important segment of the financial market and played and a dominate vote in not mobilizing savings, but also allocating them for investment purposes.
In Nigeria, domestic savings rate is relatively low compared to most other developing counties with the same for capital income level. In the past, investment rates were high and hence there was no problem for raising funds.
Under the present economic dispensation, the companions or the drive for savings deposit has been stepped up by banks and non- bank financial institutions. It is Hoover not sufficient because the range and type of financial assets available are equally important. There is a wide range of saving instruments offered banks and non – bank financial institutions in Nigeria today.
However, most of the voluntary and non – contractual financial savings consist of savings and time deposit. Although other types of deposit such as savings certificate, premium savings bonds play any a miner rate, banks and non – bank (Moncial Institutions are today competing strongly among them instruments including additional frame benefits almost banks are now offering contractual forms of savings aimed at persuading depositors to invest in long term deposits.
Another area some banks are foreseeing to mobilize funds today is the montage saving: because large number of Nigerians need accommodation of their own but fund it difficult with their meager income. Interest payment a demand deposits accounts has also some positive impact on the propensity to save. Bank have also been allowed by the government to open domaliary account for Nigerian exporters in which proceed of experts can be paid or saved until when they are needed. Transaction costs related to operating a new accounts and making deposits and withdrawals are now be coming relatively easier particularly for small savers. There is also the pension scheme which seeks to induce depositors to invest small sums of money over a specified period of time in the hope of receiving a stream of benefits upon reacting the age of retirement.
Conversely the crisis of confidence in our banks is a great set bank for the banking system. In the past the majority of those who patronized the banks did so in order to find safer place for their money. And for many years bank in the country were the character of currency store house. But because of the lack of confidence in banks today s sizeable amount of Nigerians keep their currency or cash at home and this marks of most of cash unpaired by the banks. According to withstanding et al (1996:133), this one depositors resulting to cash drains. In the broadcast sense a cash drain refers to any kind of cash loss suffered by a bank.
This winders the financial intermediaries function of intermediation. Most of our industries depend on commercial bank assistance in form of overdraft short term and long loans for effective operation.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Income posses the greatest constraint to savings mobilization. The generally low level of income among the people in Nigeria is a limiting factor to savings mobilization. The inadequate banking facilities in the economy in general and the rural areas in particular also constitute on obstacle to wide savings mobilization.
Growing frequency of incidences of found, insider abuses and malpractice which all combine in on unholy alliance to erode public confidence in financial institutions and do painful damage to whatever level of banking habit has been developed.
Another factor that may affect savings mobilization is the absence of affective a realistic interest rate policy that rewards savers with adequate return on their savings. It is argued that in as mush as the rate of interested adjusted for inflation various negative. Savings are likely to remain low. Perhaps the greatest problem in this country is that we run a cash economy. T

NATURE OF BANKING SERVICES IN NIGERIA

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose and objective of the study
1.4 Significant of the study
1.5 Limitation of the study
References

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of related literature
2.1 Bank services nature
Reference

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and methodology
3.1 Sources of data (Secondary source only)
3.2 Location of data
3.3 Method of data collection
Reference

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Findings

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion

ABSTRACT

This is a research into the nature of banking services to find out the reason and suggest toward the performance creditably in banking services.
Having carried out an intensive research I cam to the following recommendations/conclusion.
The customers can do without the banks but the banks cannot do without the customers. Therefore the bank staff should be polite and honest enough to the customers, attending to them promptly and not regarding services rendered as favours done to them.
Bank services must be sold like any other product, and product life cycle evident in other industries must be allowed its rightful place in the banking industry as well.
Therefore, unlike one predecessors who confined themselves to the branch, we must have to put on the apron of salesmen to give our services the advertisement it required, adjusting to changing environment customers demands. And above all, the customer is always right.

PREFACE

To keep pace with the ever-increasing demand of business for diverse bank services there have been over the pas few years, a continuous and general modernizing of approaches to the nature of bank services.
In the past few years there has been evidence the appearance and acceptance of recently produced write up to review and up-date the changes that has taken place in the nature of bank services.
The point is that the traditional or so-called old approaches no longer have a place on this subject. Nature of banking services. How ever, my idea is that there has been an in balance between the old approaches of banker themselves they render and the modernized approach where the banker assumes more of the role of a salesman as required by the changing business environment.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCAION

The nature of banking services in the last few decades has made itself felt in almost every phase of human activity. The changes which have occurred in recent years in the environment respecting demands of customers for bank services in enough justification for reviews and changes in the method of banking procedures. I must first of all like its to realize that a new era has been born in the role of banking services in Nigeria.

1.1     BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY

Sometimes in the past, it was fashionable for bankers to confine themselves to the fore walls of the bank expectation business to come to them. No wonder then the traditional view as summed up along ago by George Rare had this to say: “…….it is for its customers to come to the bank, and not for the bank to go to them…. The Manager has to be so much a fixture in the office, during the business desks or the bank counter, we as banker, must be sensitive to changing public demand and aspiration whether they are desire to obtain improved services or new ones.

The concept of product life cycle, evident in other industries should be allowed is pride of place in banking industry as well. Fresh and tempting products must be introduced, but equally, it must be expected that service will be removed form the range from time to time as and when the situation warrants. The fact remains that bank services nature must be sold just like any other nature product.

It is the view of some people and correctly too that the introduction of the word nature changes the operational zone of the banker just as every other natural thing takes up a metamorphose changes. We need to bring to light the differences between the modern bank manager status in the apron of a salesman and the old fashioned transfer who are yet to realize that the nature of bank services is now a case of the buyer’s own lot and not the seller, who only sells out when business only comes to him in the office. Thus, whatever, services and special skills or strengths a bank possesses there is needed to advertise the name of the bank and the services it can render to the public.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The efficient nature of bank services is indispensable if economic development becomes a must. This work is therefore aimed at studying the staff – client relationship with special emphasis on how this relationship affects their performance in such areas as courtesy, prompt attention to clients, professional guidance and communication.

(a)      COURTESY: This is the act of being polite and accommodating in all dealing of staff with customers. The staff should render to use the right choice of words, as carelessness and uncooperative attitude will leave the customer unsatisfied.

(b)     PROMPT ATTENTION TO CLIENTS: Bankers should attend to their customers with minimum delay. Long queues in banks are not ideal to the nature of our banking services and should be curbed.

(c)      COMMUNICATION: The need for an efficient communication system for easy transfer of money, clearing of cheques and contact with customers when desired etc cannot be over emphasized

PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE: This is the area the banker are expected to exhibit their professional competence. For a banker to be able to advice competently, on whether to invest or not the should not limit his appraisal of the customers performance to an – examination of the historical balance

FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN SOURCE COMMERCIAL BANK REASONS, CONSEQUENCES AND SOLUTION

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

A descriptive study was made about financial distress in some commercial banks using secondary statistics.
This research work designed to describe the financial distress in some Commercial Bank in Nigeria.
The study also took at the follow objective such as; nature and types of financial distress facing source commercial banks, the banks involved.
It was also discovered that distress is caused is a result of poor management, insolvency, low asset base inadequacy of capital e.t.c.
Therefore, commendation such as: Inadequate, Funding, Increased assets base, provisions for adequate liquidity.
Also such research should be done to other non-financial banking institution and other West African Country.

CHAPTER ONE
Background of the Study
Statement of Problem
Objective of the Study
Significant of the Study
Delimitation/Limitation of the Study
Delimitation of Terms

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
Research Design/Methodology
Sources of Data, Primary and Secondary Location Data.

CHAPTER FOUR
Summary and findings

CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendation
Conclusion
Biography

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In Nigerian Banking system considering the last decade the Commercial Banking to be praise had undergone a rapid expansion both in terms of the number of Institution and the scope of financial services rendered.
As bank increasing was liberalized so was the scared of instability sown in these banking system at the sometime.
As these expansion trend continuous, a sign of lacked vision among the investors and the directs motive of quick return to satisfy liquidity operation. The word distress had been in assistance but increased promptly as these institution increased due to acute shortage of resources and the massive withdrawal of deposits by government agencies and other public sectors from these banks.
The development trend the financial structure, exposed and undermine the economic system which impact development of the economy. Therefore, distress places a great burden on regulation, authority, depress the economy undermine the payment system and discourage savings.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Some Commercial banks have been divided to assist in loans and advance to various sectors of the economy.
And the Commercial banking is know as retail banking which accept deposit and makes payment to his customers.
But the financial condition of source of these Commercial Banking due to the political instablility/lactory campaign that wad on. Political analyst describes the allocation to be one of the brutal crises that was to come. Therefore, there was price withdrawal of fund by these bank customers. These Institutes is now bogged down by distress, insolvency, poor liquidity due to deadline in deposit and the confidence. The crisis has been averted and the urgency prompted the study. This research work is disquiet to describe the financial distress in some Commercial Banking System in Nigeria.