THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA (C.B.N) IN AGRICULTURAL FINANCE DEVELOPMENT,
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS.
A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE COMPANY (NAIC) ENUGU –
ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

Based on historical evidence, the highest contribution to the Nigeria Economy was Agriculture at present, Agricultural Production has been deducing drastically, especially since the oil boom. This was also contributed to the neglect on this sector due to the problem the Agriculturist encountered.
Nigeria Agriculture is characterized by the pre-prudence of small scale farming which yields the bulk of the total production. The small scale farmers have been the bedrock of our Agriculture economy and is characterized by illiteracy, small size of farm holding, little capital, unclear titled to land, low productivity and little savings. The muddle class farmers has been increasing in absolute number but is significant in terms of ration. He has large capital, he is more educated and has probably succeeded in his career before retiring into farming. He has better access to credit and information and because this class of farmers were still insignificant in terms of contribution to Agricultural production. It is university and misleading to base Agriculture policy formation on it.
The government in its various tiers is another of Agriculture, in Nigeria. She gets involved into physical farming as well as provision of basic infrastructure and inputs. Examples are: Agriculture Development Project, National Accelerated Food Production Programme, Poverty Alleviation Programme, etc. The plethora of this programme is but a pointer to the confusion regarding the role of government in Agriculture.
Apparently, government has been inefficient and ineffective both in physical farming and in a way of encouraging agricultural finance appears to have increased the volume of Central Bank of Nigeria loans in this direction but it has not had a corresponding impact on the economy. A need to reappraise and indirect agricultural policies and strategy towards the small scale farmer is suggested as one of the basic solution. To achieve and fulfill the motive of this study, the researcher tried as much as she could to use both primary and secondary data.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ii
Approval Page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Table of content ix
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of problem 4
1.3 Objective of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Research Hypothesis 8
1.6 Significance of the Study 10
1.7 Scope, Limitation and Delimitations 11
1.8 Definition of Terms 13
Reference 15
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 Review Of Related Literature 16
2.1 Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Company’s
Relationship with any other Establishment 17
2.2 Accelerating with cheaper food production 18
2.3 Reasons for low agriculture output 20
2.4 Banking industry and development of agriculture 22
2.5 Role of agricultural credit 24
2.6 Reasons for low participations by
farmers in Nigerian agriculture 26
2.7 Role of agricultural insurance company 28
2.8 Insurance and Agriculture 29
2.9 Summary of the Reviewed Literature 32
Reference 34
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and methodology 35
3.1 Research design 35
3.2 Area of study 35
3.3 Population 36
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 36
3.5 Instrument of Data Collection 38
3.6 Methods of Data presentation 39
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis 39
Reference 41
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation and Analysis of data 42
4.1 Data presentation 42
4.2 Testing the Hypothesis 49
Reference 60
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Findings, Recommendation and Conclusions 61
5.1 Findings 61
5.2 Recommendations 62
5.3 Conclusions 64
Bibliography 67

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Agriculture is defined as the cultivation of land for the purpose of producing food for man, feed for animal and fiber or raw material for our industries. It is includes the processing and marketing of crops”. In order words, it embraces all activities involved in the primary and controlled production of plant and animals, such as fishing, forestry, farming, livestock, poultry and small scale industries connected with processing of agricultural products.
Agriculture is one of Nigeria’s largest industry and it does only provide the food and cash crops which are consumed locally and exported to earn foreign exchange, but also employs more than 75% of the entire population, thereby generating revenue to individuals and government.
This goes a long way to increase the ratio of our Gross National Product (GNP).
It is important to note that the present economic predicament of Nigeria could be credited to the drastic fall in the contributions of the agricultural sector. The contribution of agricultural sector to the national economy before independence and the years period after, cannot be emphasized. During this period of per-independence and shortly after words, agricultural products dominated in Nigeria export trade, but today, these products (GNP). Agriculture contribution in the early years of independence (1963 – 1964) was 61.5% throughout the 60s. In the 1970s, it declined miserably by 2.3%. The decline may be attributed to the domination of the nations exports by oil since 1970 and the oil sector accounted for 57:6% of total export income in 1970 and this share rose steadily, attaining an overwhelming proportion of 98% in 1981.
This oil lead to absolute neglect in the both GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and export earnings which has been the major factor dictating the need to reactivate out agricultural products. The need for the re-activation and in effort to revamp this sector has been the reason years to it. It rose from 6% in 1970s to 22% in 1984. This increase acts as incentive and motivation to farmers, but these farmers while engaging in these agricultural ventures are exposed to a lot of problems like disease and pest attacks, fire destructions, industries pollution, machinery breakdown and other problems.
To these problems, the farmers need some aids in solving or minimizing them.
Loan, through the Central Bank of Nigeria seems to be one of the solutions to these problems. To deal more effectively with these risks that the farmers are exposed and to encourage the growth of Agriculture Contribution towards our economy; agriculture insurance was introduced and launched in Nigeria on 15th December 1987, by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The scheme at it’s launched in Nigeria in the year has a budgetary allocation of N4.5m, N6.5m was used to set initial expenses and N35m, the initial contribution to the reserve fund. The main farming activities being covered under this scheme are crops (maize and rice) livestock (poultry and cattle). Tangible fixed assets like farm buildings and farmers, employees and dependants.
Following the formal launching, the Nigeria Agriculture insurance Company was established by the Federal Government of Nigeria (Central Bank of Nigeria i.e their agent) to enhance and oversee the operation of the scheme and to underwrite the loans given to farmers by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The scheme was designed to benefit the small, medium and large scale farmers, either in group or as individual producers.
In order to make the scheme a success, the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Central Bank of Nigeria subsidized the premium rate to 59% to enable subsistence farmers to participate in the scheme. This will definitely boost food production and surplus for exportation upon the efforts of the Central Bank of Nigeria to make this scheme a success, it has not been following effectively and efficient as expected, hence, this is an indicator that there has been some elements of problems debilitating it from functioning positively.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
It is self incident that agriculture has been losing it’s portal role in Nigeria economy irrespective of the various programmes that have been designed to resuscitated it. Finance has been traced to the major handicap to the typical Nigeria farmer, lack of modern farming storage facilities, making and distribution system.. Then the central Bank of Nigeria the apex bank has been mandated by the federal Government of Nigeria is find a solution to these problem.
Consequently, the central Bank of Nigeria through its agencies grant credit for the purpose of agriculture. But was faced with the following problems:
– Lack of general awareness.
– Inadequate public enlightment
– Mismanagement

A CRITICAL ANANLISIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL
REPORT IN ASSESSING BANK PERFORMANCE.
(A CASE STUDY UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC)

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to examine banks, on investments and performance appraisal. It was also to ascertain the problems of using financial reports to access performance of banks and finally to determine 17 there’s a relationship between financial reporting and performance evaluation of a bank.

The inductive research method was adopted and the statistical analysts, particularly the chi-square and t-distribution test were used in the analysis of the data collected from the bank.

The findings of the study were that:
1. Source financial statement contained in the financial reports influence investment remarkably in banks.
2. The annual reports do not reflect inflationary effects in the country today.
3. The financial reports were prepared adapting a general purpose nature with the assumption that different user as of the report have different information needs.
The following conclusions ere made:
Although investors and performance evaluation analyst relied on financial statement in their decisions and appraisal, the reliability of financial report especially during inflation cannot be assured owing to the historical cost convention used as a basis for asset valuation by banks. This is because; the profits of an accounting year would not usually show a true figure owing to the courage effect of inflation. Therefore, managerial decision of banks based entirely on financial reports will lend to poor and inadequate decisions.

The recommendations and suggesting made were base wholly on the out come of the study, for example, on the problem inflation, it was recommended that the bank should adopt the current cost accounting basis for its financial reporting ensure credibility and reliability of information, by the various users, given the inflationary relatives.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH QESTIONS
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED UTERATURE
HISTORICA BACKGROUND OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC
THE NEED FOR FINANCIAL REPORTS
THE COMPOSITION OF THE FINANCIAL REPORTS
THE CHIAIRMANS REPORTS
THE DIRECTORS REPROT
THE AUDITORS REPORT
THE FINANCIAL STATEMENT

2.4 VARIOUS USERS OF FINANCIAL REPORTS AND THEIR
INFORMATION NEEDS
2.4.1 SHAREHOLDERS
2.4.2 LONG-TERM CREDITORS
2.4.3 SHORT-TERM CREDITORS
2.4.4 TAX AUTHORITIES AND GOVERNMENT
2.4.5 EMPLOYEES AND TRADE UNIONS
2.4.6 MANAGEMENT
2.4.7 ANANLYSISADVISES
2.5 FINANCIAL REPORTING BY BANKS
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION
2.5.2 THE PRUDENTIAL GUIDELINES
2.6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN THE BANKING
INDUSTRY
2.6.1 EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABLITY
2.6.2 POTENCIAL AND ACTUAL GROWTH
2.6.3 LOANS AND ADVANCES
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
SOURCES OF DATA
3.2.1 PRIMARY SOURCES
3.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCES
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 MATHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION

3.5 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIGUES
TEST OF HYPOTHESISI

CHAPTE FIVE
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS ANS CONCLUSIONS FINDINGS
RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE
INTRUDUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A farmer, who plants corps, expects result, similarly to student who sits for examination expects results. The same 5 also true of an investor.
For the farmer, the result might be communicated to him in the form of a bumper harvest. It result sheet or a report card would usually sufficed for a student. However, in the of an investor, the result is communicated through the financial reports.

Financial reports are law to be prepared by every limited liability company; these limited liability companies abound in virtually all sector of the economy.

Every company shall cause accounting records to be kept. The accounting records shall be sufficient to show and explain the transactions of the company and shall be such as to disclose with reasonable accuracy, at anytime the financial position of the company.

In the banking industry, financial reports are of great interest to the general public because the banks directly or indirectly interact with people.

This public interest has caused companies (including banks) to accept social as well as economic, financial and legal responsibilities and has created a consequence, a growing need for the communication of information to account for the results which are of considerable interest a wide range of individuals and organizations.

So, it becomes very imperative for reliable information to be circulated to interested parties which can enable them to acquire an essential knowledge of the way is which companies particularly the bank are performing in relation to the public interest. This fact is further educated by the recommendation of the working party set up in Britain by the Accounting standard committee in October 1974 under the chairmanship of Derek booth man which took a study of the scope and aims of publisher financial statements.

The committee recommended that:
“The fundamental objectives of corporate report are to communicate economic measurement of the reporting entity useful to those having reasonable right to such information”

It is not an over statement when one says that the banking industry is the flume on which the national economy rotates. This mammoth, impact upon a country economy therefore makes it a public affair is everybody in the country has a right to know what such organizations are doing, more so all information, necessary to explain the organization’s activities fully should be provided in the annual reports.
One of the most significant aspects of the information system of business enterprises in an economy is that which deals with the communicate of financial data, especially in describing business profitability and financial position. This information is important because it attempts to partial the economic resources of the enterprises and the financial results, which have been achieved by its management when those resources have been put to use. It attempts to reveal how effective management has been in resources utilization as well as the financial reward available to compensate for risk taken by various suppliers of capital.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The genuineness or other wise of financial reports has attracted diverse opinions from different quarters, such opinions can come from the general public, tax authorities, shareholders, creditors with long or short term interest, financial analyst and potential investors.
They argue that the financial reports do not usually give an accurate data about the actionties of such business concerns, for example, the idea of stating assets at their historical cost do not favour most investors as they argue that inflation is not usually taken care of, though the real value of such assets might have been eroded.
Again since the financial reports prepared by managements, the shareholders and others argue that there would usually be some elements

REVIEW OF THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR 2001

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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 3
1.3 Objective of study 4
1.4 Research question 5
1.5 Purpose of the study 5
1.6 Scope of the study 6
1.7 Limitation of the study 7
1.8 Delimitation of the study 8
1.9 Significance of the study 9
1.10 Importance of benefit of study 10
1.11 Ration/justification of the study 11
1.12 Assumption of the study 11
1.13 Definition of the terms involved 12
1.14 Plan for development of the topic 13
Reference 15
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 16
2.0 An overview of the Nigerian banking system 16
2.1 Banking general environment 17
2.2 Structure of banking system in nigeria 19
2.3 A survey of the banking system in nigeria 20
2.4 Banks struggle in recent times 22
2.5 The market movers 24
2.6 The nature and forms of professional
misconduct in recent years in Nigerian bank 25
2.7 Banks threat and effect. 27
2.8 Measures for the improvement
of banking operation 28
2.9 Marketing strategy in the banking sector 29
Reference 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Sources of data 32
3.2 Location of data used 33
3.3 Method of research investigation 33
Reference 34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Findings 35
4.1 Characteristic of banking system 37
4.2 Features of banking business 37
Reference 42
CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendations and conclusion 43
5.0 Summary of findings 43
5.1 Recommendation 45
Bibliography 48
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This chapter provides the background to the Nigerian banking industry in the year 2001 with the Nigerian banks in focus.
It is indisputable that inspite of the competition going on in the already existing banks within the industry. Many new generation banks still spring up. These are as a result of several factors like nature of services rendered by the banks their expansion plans, the quest to meet up with profit margins acceptable by the body of stake holders, seeking markets for their services etc.
During this period the banking industry was misrepresented the banks who on longer consider the satisfaction needed by their consumer, but are constantly reminded of the measures of expansion and growth in line with their competitors.
The quest for opulence has crept not only into the bank, but in all the members of staff themselves and now manifesting into high rate of malpractices in the banking sector.
One important variable of the desired expansion in the banking industry is the cost of staffing, studies have shown that bankers are well paid to encourage and motivate them to their respective duties.
In order to meet up with these costs. Maximum efficiency needs to be put into avoid deficit.
As revealed by Nik Ogbulie viewing it from all indications available, the banking industry is growing in leaps and bounds. But what is yet to be fully determined is whether this growth is informed by increasing rate of efficiency in banking management or increasing demand of banking services by users of the industry. This becomes important because the perceive rate of growth is not industry-wide.
While some banks have remained big and strong still maintaining their mundane services approach. The one that pep up services are still not finding the bottom line easy and heap.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The major research problem is to investigate and identify such factor that influence proper management function of the banking industry and to focus on the nature and forms of professional misconduct in the industry. It has been confirmed in Nigerian banks that professional misconduct takes an upward trend in the sector and further discussed it on the part of senior, middle and junior management staff. These, Mr. Akintola Williams attributed to a number of lapse on the part of director and boardroom rows. He reviewed existing procedures for preventing identified misconduct and suggested modalities for dealing with the problems.

Emphasis on individual responsibility was made. The pressure occasioned by the absence of social security, the social demands of the extended family system and poverty equally provide added reasons and motivation

THE INCIDENCE OF BAD DEBTS AND CREDIT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study: = = 1
1.2 Statement of problem: = = 2
1.3 Objective of the study: = = 3
1.4 Significance of the study: = = 4
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study: = 5
1.6 Definition of terms: = = = 6
1.7 Reference: = = = 7

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 literature review: = = = 8
2.1 Government control over credit: = 9
2.2 Types of loan offered by the bank: = 10
2.3 Causes of bad debts: = = 11
2.4change of bad debt: = = 13
2.5 references: = = = 14

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and methodology: = 15
3.1 Research design: = = = 16
3.2 Populations: = = = 17
3.3 Types of data used: = = = 20
3.4 Location of data: = = = 21
3.5 Method of data collection: = = 22
3.6 References: = = = 23

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Summary of findings: = = 24

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 summary recommendation and conclusion: 25
5.2 recommendation: = = = 26
5.3 conclusion: = = = 27
5.4 Bibliography: = = = 29
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In a modern Economy, there is a distinction between surplus economics units and the deficit economics units and in a separation of the saving investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institutions whose jobs includes the transfer of funds from savers to investor. One of such institution is the commercial Bank.
The commercial Banks are regarded as banks because they create money. They do this by establishing chequing account for their customers for whom they create demand deposited and pay out cash on demand.
Traditionally, the essential features of a commercial bank lies on the service it renders to its numerous customers. These services basically includes deposite stabilization, credit management money transmission, and consultancy services etc. however their most vital function and which has a great impact on the economy as a whole is credit.
The primary function of commercial bank is the extension of credit to worthy borrowers.
Commercial bank are rendering a great financial services. Through their actions production is increased, capital investments are expanded and a higher standard of living is realized.
Additionally, this functions are very important in that they distinguish bank from all other financial institutions and very unique position to manipulate the level and volume of demand deposite by limiting borrowing.
Credit extension management is one of the most intricate function performed by banks. This is so because loan portfolio is the greatest risk in the banking activity. Hence if due care and prudence is not exercised, it might result in bad debts. Bad debts are normal business expense and must be charged as such when calculating the profit and loss for the period.
Besides, business sin the other hand cannot exist without debt. It is now impossible to achieve any thing weather as an individual or as a group of person without going into some form of debt or the other. It seen to be generally agreed that debt is essential to business.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The volume and value of bank loans which have became classified has continued to increase even a faster rate than the increase in bank lending. This has adverse effect on banks since it effects their cash flow and impairs their profitability. It is believe that most debts go bad because of the inadequacy of loan management and recovery procedure of banks.
The problem of this study is to appraise the lending and credit management policies of a typical commercial bank union bank of Nigeria Plc with a view of finding the cause and consequences of bad debts in banks.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
T

BANKS PARTICIPATION IN THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA.
(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

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ABSTRACT
This work aims at satisfy those who have interest in banks participation in the industrial development of Nigeria, especially the bankers throughout the world who are involved in financing industrialization process.
For the purpose of the study, the researcher used the following methods in collecting data to enable her carryout an effective study. Related literatures were received, Primary and Secondary data such as oral interviews, news, newspapers, Journals, CBN Bullion were used. These were not enough to supply the information needed and to that effect, the researcher made use of questionnaires, which she designed and distributed to the staff of banks that are currently participating in the industrial development of Nigeria and the general public to test hypothesis, using Chi-Square as a test techniques.
From the questionnaire collected the researcher made these major findings:
-That banks can participate extensively in financing of industria
l development in Nigeria.
– That banks participation does not have any significant impact in industrial development in Nigeria.
– That the rapid growing of banks has in some ways contributed to the industrialization process of the country.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction …………………………………………………………………..
1.1 Statement of the problem & Purpose of Study…………….
1.2 The rational of the study……………………………………………
1.3 Significant of the study……………………………………………….
1.4 Background of the study……………………………………………..
1.5 Definition of terms……………………………………………………..
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Review……………………………………………………..
2.2 Empirical Review………………………………………………………
CHAPTER THREE
Hypothesis of the study, Research Tool And Procedure, Source of data and Limitation of study…………………………
Hypothesis of the study……………………………………………..
Methodology of the study……………………………………………
Sources of data………………………………………………………..
Limitation of the study……………………………………………….
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………………
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………
5.3A Recommendation………………………………………………………..
5.3B recommendation for future Scholars

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
For any country to attain any degree of industrialization, it must have to over-come some series of obstacles and difficulties and it has to depend some how on some financial institutions to facilitate the industrialization.
This research work is then designed to investigate the banks participation in the industrial development. A country becomes famous among other countries of the world when it has been able to attain a remarkable degree of industrialization.
The aim of this study is to investigate how and the level of participation of the banks to the industrial development of Nigeria, hence to determine the impact of financial institutions on the industrial growth in the country. This study will also investigate on the gains and losses of this banks that participate in one ways or the other to industrial growth. And why some financial institution developed cold feet in participating in industrial development.
This, this is an attempt to draw the mind of every Nigeria to this question below.
– How far has our country advanced in industrial development through the assistance of bank?
1.2 THE RATIONAL OF THE STUDY
Industrialization means the development of country through industries; A developing country like Nigeria is characterized by a high degree of subsistence production. Whether a country developed or not depends on the existing level of wealth and material welfare. The measure of development of any country is based on its per capital income i.e dividing net national income by the total population to get per capital income.
The banks has a major role to play the development of any industry and the nation at large. This impact of banks to the industrial development ranges from loan assistance, financial advices and other areas which the bank may assist. That is why it is pertinent to research