A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU)
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ABSTRACT
This project work is a statistical analysis of rate of industrial accidents in Emenite limited Emene- Enugu for the period of 1995 to 2004.
The analytic tools used for the analysis are bar chart, percentage distribution, chi-square. The bar chart shows that art by sharp objects is the commonest causes of industrial accident that occurs for the period 1995-2004. From the analysis of chi-square test of independence, we found out that causes of industrial accidents are independent over the years of study.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction
- Background of the study
- Statement of the problem
- Aims and objective of the study
- Significance of the study
- Scope and limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
- Research methodology
- Data collection
- Problem encountered during data collection
- Method of analysis
- Bar chart
CHAPTER FOUR
- Introduction
- Percentage distribution
- To determine whether the causes of industrial accident is independent of years of occurrence using one way classification (CRD)
CHAPTER FIVE
- Summary, conclusion and recommendation
- Summary and conclusion
- Recommendation
Reference
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
Accident, literally, a befalling, an event that takes place without out’s foresight or expectation; an undersigned, sudden and unexpected event, chance, contingency; character, a casualty; a mishap; as, to diesis an accident. When an event is indesigned, it means that the event happens surprising or without pre-knowledge, by chance means an “Act of God” stuff.
Accident could result to damage, to plants, products, buildings, pollution of the environment, injury to people, and death to people. There are different types of accidents such as industrial accidents, road accidents, five accidents etc. But, due to the purpose of this project, we will be interested in discussing industrial accident.
Industrial accident, are those accidents that occur in factories where human beings are working. Everyday, worldwide thousands of accidents occur in factories and happens in different ways, depending on the area it occurs in the factory. It can result from collusion with poisonous chemicals, inefficient operations of the machines, hit by a moving object or falling objects, electrical shock from a naked wire, bursa from acid, slide due to greasy floors etc. Any of the above accidents can cause deep scars or permanent disabilities depending on the degree of which it occurs.
Several costs may be involved in one or more of these causes of accidents mentioned above. But, we shall consider the cost at it affects the victim the firm and the manager.
COST TO THE VICTIM
- Pain and suffering.
- Loss of income
- Social embarrassment
- Liability to others.
COST TO THE FIRM
- Loss of production
- Damage to equipment
- Medical expenses and compensation
- Loss of moral among workers.
- Bad corporate image.
COST TO THE MANAGER
- Loss of prestige
- Loss of skilled worker
- Time loss in training a substitute.
EMENITE LIMITED, a member of the Brlgian Etex group started operation in 1963 under the name ‘TURNERS ASBESTOS CEMENT COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED’. The company was incorporated in 1961 with registration member RC2712 and the shareholding was as follows:
Turner and Newall ltd – 80%
Government of Eastern Nigeria – 20%
As a result of the indigenization decree of 1973, the shareholders of the company changed as follows:
Turners and Newell ltd – 60%
Government of Eastern Nigeria – 40%
With the name of the company changing to Turners building products (Emene) limited. Due to clumdling fortunes of the company, in March 24. 1988, Turners and Newall limited. divested its interest in the company and transferred 51% of its shareholding to Eterutremer society Anonym of Belgium (now Eterx group S.A) and the balance of 49% went to the then Anambra and Imo states, now Anambra, Enugu, Imo, Abia and Ebonyi states. As a result of the new shareholding arrangement, the company changed its name to Emenite limited as is presently known.
PROGRESS OF THE COMPANY
Emenite has made considerable progress in terms of product development and market. They operate in the roofing and ceiling market. There range of products includes.
- ROOFING PRODUCTS
- Bigsix corrugated sheets
- Bigsix corrugated sheets
- Standard corrugated sheets
- Ultimate corrugated sheets
- Prestige concrete title
- CEILING PRODUCTS
- Emceil flat sheet.
- Duraceil decorative ceiling
- Emlux decorative ceiling
- Qualitite decorative ceiling.
These products are made from fibre and cement. The company new product marketed in 28th November 2001 in Enugu is the duratile concrete tile. Emenite limited was certified 150 9001 – 2000 in 2002. They are the first to obtain such international standard east of the lager. The firm has a total of 225 staffers.
The health, safety and environment legislation as well as specific guidelines of Etex group require employers to prove a safe work place and minimize exposure to hazardous substances in order to protect the employee’s health. It is to assure collective protection by controlling release of the substance at the source, so that it does not get to the cumbient are and constitute health hazard. Employees have to acquire knowledge of the environment they are working in since it is importance to be safety conscious in their daily activities and in the industrial environment.
The accident analysis indicate that due to ignorance of imminent dangers, cardessnes of workers, chemical defects and lack off motivation or punishment to fedaulters, we are often involved in industrial accidents. Based on these, the EMENITE limited management have put in place a booklet comprising of general information on asbestos, its hazards and precautionary measures, approved personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, Helmet, Hand gloves, ear muff, nose mask, Eye goggles, for each work area, hazardous equipment in the company, industrial accidents and prevention measures, personal prefecture equipment and correct uses, first aid fundamentals, developing the safety, protective equipment necessary for each work area, emergency action plants (EAPs) in and outside the environment etc.
This is to ensure a safe, healthy, accident free and pollution free environment for the entire staff and the public. In other achieve this goal, it is expected that every employee in EMENITE limited will read the booklet carefully and abide by the contents in other to minimize causes of accidents and its painful sad consequences.
The rates of industrial accidents have caused very serious harms to many lives and property. It could lead to instant death or incapacitation or injure, it could also lead to loss of income, loss of production and damage to equipment in the industry. This may eventually cause dependents to loss their dear ones or material care. These accidents occur because most of the workers do not know the precautionary and safety measures to be taken in accident prevention.
- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aims and objectives of this study are as follows:
- To identify the most common causes industrial accidents.
- To examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research study will generate information on the nature of industrial accidents.
- It will document information about the accidents that occur in Emenite limited, Emene, Enugu.
- It would help t examine the common causes of industrial accidents
- It would help to examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.
- SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to the rate at which accident occurs in Emenite limited Emene, Enugu.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Lots of research work has been done on industrial accidents both within and outside Nigeria. Hence, there is abundant literature on industrial accidents.
Wesley M. Staton and Natalie A. Brooks stated that accident occurs due to falls and other uses entirely unrelated to power or machinery. And, that accident is related to the environment in which they occur, the personality of the individual involved and the existing social customers or pressures. To be effective, accident prevention must change one or more of these factors.
In the United States alone, accidents are the fourth leading cause of death. In people one to thirty-eight (1 to 38) years of age, accident pose a greater threat to life that all other causes consined.
We can prevent accidents by providing a safe environment, becoming emotionally stable and safety-conscious and making safety practices socially acceptable.
Abdul Rauf in encyclopedia of occupational health and safety defined accidents as emplaned occurrence, which result in injuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property and assets. In other to prevent accident, it is extremely difficult. In the absence of an understanding of the cause of accidents.
Akosa (1987) reported that industrial accident and diseases could be defined as disease and biological agents and physical hazards at work place.
Suchman (1961) states that an event is more likely to be considered as an accident if it is unexpected, unavasidedable and unintended.
Pickette and Honlon (19970) categorized the causes of accidents into two factors namely:
- Conditions in the individual
- Conditions in the environment.
However they rated the conditions in the individual, who is synonymous with the individual’s unsafe behaviours, or human element is most common with 80 percent incidence of accident as against 20 percent through unsafe environment. They also enumerated the components of this unpredictable factor (human element) operating in the individual as follows: lack of knowledge, physical limitation of the body, lack of skills required in performing certain task, inadequate motional state, lack of safety education, improper attitudes and personal procrastinations on stupid and needless risk.
Baner(19974) stated that the causes of industrial accidents in the following order:-
- Mishandling of materials or working tools.
- Faulty machines.
- Faulty or flying objects
- Non- use of protective devices.
He also reported that about two hundred thousand workers are disable each year in the United state of America because of misuse of machines, disregard of guards, failure of wearing protective clothing when operating certain machines and failure to lock main power supply after work.
Stewant M. Brooks and Natalie A. Brooks stated further that in 1977 and estimated 23 million person relieved work related disabling injuries and approximately 13,000 died.
It has been found in various industries that the safe guarding of machinery and elimination of other accident hazard, including the supervision of stainways, proper lighting of passages, checking of plumps, compressors, clauses and hand tools, have reduced the total number of accidents.
Asogwa (1989) enumerated the major causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria under the following headings.
THE AGENTS OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT
Some of the immediate causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria includes unguarded machinery, falling objects, wrong use of tool, explosion, five, projecting objects, fragments of metal and other solid, gases, hot and cold liquids. The immediate causes of accidents in industry are myriad.
THE HOST
Industrial workers are victims of accidents frequently; they are partly or entirely responsible for occurrence of the accidents. Though a workman for instance, might accidentally inflict a crush injury with a hammer on himself or co-workers and would thereby contribute to the immediate causes of an accident.
There is much individual can do to prevent accident from happening to himself and to others. It is probably easier to avoid having an accident than to avoid catching a cold. Safety habits are based on individual attitude.
So, safety education urges is to avoid stupid and needless risk to ourselves and other, to give a attention to safety of our environment and equipment.
In the United State accident caused about 104,000 deaths and 10.6 million nonfatal injuries min the United States in 1977 on financial side, the National Safety council estimated that accidents cost the American people $ 61.5 million that year-medical expenses, hospital, expenses property loss in time, lost of work accidents.
Asogwa in 1984 documented that the need for the reduction or prevention of industrial accidents can best be appreciated if the consequences of these accidents are known. In quantifiable terms. Accidents lead to work stoppages, sickness, absence and payment of industrial injuring benefits. The roofing industries suffer from loss of productivity due accidents, and at times the workman suffers from a reduction in earning, if not from the loss of his job.
According to Parker in 1984, “There is no care for accident, there is only prevention accident prevention in roofing industries is linked with careful job selection, good management, self discipline, trained and content labour, force safe working conditions and active education policy.
Akosa in 1987 stated that the primary prevention of accidents in the industries can also include the establishment of a work safety committee chat will take care of certain parts of the health aspects of works and help in educating them on advantages of accidents prevention.
Although very few industries in Nigeria have safety committee, it is however essential that in all industries where sixty or more workers are employed there should be a body charge with safety and the investigations of accidents and dangerous occurrences. The committee should be involved with safety training and propaganda, safety houses and competition up to date statistics on accidents.
Medical journal in 1987 documented that a safety carried out in Onarka showed the low satisfied workers experiences more stress and describe their job more unfavorably than high satisfied workers. Summary of the review suggested that the quality of working life may be improved by increasing the job satisfaction of the workers. The above mentioned point contribute immediately to the increased rates of accidents in our industries and solution lies in meeting up with the ways of solving the problems to a certain standard. So that, the workers can concentrate more in their job, thereby reducing the rates of accidents in our industries.
Since, the industrial workers contribute substantially to the economic growth of the nation; their health care should be of great concern to different management and the federal and state governments.
Akosq in (1987) stressed that for the provisions of the effective series in the prevention of accidents, government should enact laws and enforce those establishments having sixty or more workers must have at least one physician and nurse probably clinic. He also stressed that, there are many industries in the country that do not keep records of accidents or send returns to factories inspectorate as required by law.
While giving a talk on effective control of industrial accidents, the Imo state commissioner for commerce and industry, Engineer Sunday Ogbugbu said that available records on industrial accidents , in Nigeria industries indicates that between 1974 and 1983, an average of nine thousand twenty four (9024) persons were absent from work for five or more days due to accidents.
Robert W. Allen, Michael D. Ells and Andrew W. Hart (1976) stated that, for effective prevention of accidents in industries, there should be a clearly started and written safety policy signed by the management. The policy should be communicated understood, and applied to all levels of supervision. So that, every employee is aware of management concern for safe operation. The safety policy should be part of a system chat also provides for approving appropriate safety standards, reviewing accident experience, planning for accident prevention measuring progress, and persistent education.
And it also stated that accidents can be avoided if employees
- Understand the hazards of there jobs.
- Know how to circumspect those hazards and
- Put that knowledge into practice so that it becomes a pattern of work behaviour.
There should also be accident investigation. This is a scientific approach to accident prevention in industries. This is a systematic method of collecting information that is used to reconstruct the accident accurately and determined why it happened. Once this has been done, preventive measures can be.
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